RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS Example:

Note:
INTRODUCTION
a. The value of the probability function is always
Descriptive Statistics utilizes different techniques or
measures to describe the properties of a gathered data. nonnegative.
b. The sum of pmf of x cannot exceed1 ∑ 𝑥𝑃 𝑥(𝑥) = 1
These techniques include the measures of central tendency
(mean, median and mode) variability (range, variance and
standard deviation) and position (quartiles, deciles and
percentiles) Inferential Statistics on the other hand, deals 1.
with drawing conclusions or generalizations about a X 1 2 3 4 5
population based on the gathered data. Probability plays a P(x) 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.40 0.05
vital role in inferential statistics, so it is imperative that basic
probability concepts are presented and illustrated in this
chapter. ∑ 𝑥𝑃 𝑥(𝑥) = 1

-This table is satisfied.

Notes to remember:
1. A random variable is a function that maps the
outcome to real numbers.
2. A random variable can take only countable values. –
discrete random variable
3. A random variable takes on uncountably infinite
values is from range of real numbers. – continuous Let’s Practice:
random variable
1. Find P (X=3) and graph its histogram
4. Mass points- values that a discrete random variable
X
can assume.
P(x) 0.05 0.25 .60 0.10
EXPECTED VALUE OF A DISCRETE VARIABLE =6⁄4
Formula = E(X) = Σ x P(X = x) =1.5
Example: Example2: Let X be a discrete random variable with:
The population mean for a random variable and is x 1 2 3
therefore a measure of centre for the distribution of a random P(x) 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
variable. The expected value of a random variable X is often 6𝑥 6𝑥 6𝑥
written as E(X). The expected value is the “long run mean” in the
sense that, if as more and more values of the random variable Answer: E(x)= 1(1⁄6𝑥)+ 2(1⁄6𝑥)+ 3(1⁄6𝑥)
were collected (by sampling or by repeated trial of a probability
activity), the sample mean becomes closer to the expected value. =1(1⁄6(1))+ 2(1⁄6(2))+ 3(1⁄6(3))
For a discrete random variable, the expected value is calculated
by summing the product of the value of the random variable and =14⁄6
its associated probability, taken over all of the values of the
random variable. =1.5
Let’s Practice:
Example1: find for the random variable X with table: 1.) Suppose the value of X is (1,2,3,4) and the pmf is 1⁄ .
14𝑥 2
x 1 2 3 Find the expected value.
P(x) 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
6 6 6
Answer: E(x)= 1(1⁄6)+ 2(1⁄6)+ 3(1⁄6)

=6⁄6

=1
Example2: Let the random variable X with the table :

x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
4 4 4 4
Answer: E(x)= 0(1⁄4)+1(1⁄4)+ 2(1⁄4)+ 3(1⁄4)
 MEAN, VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
Formula:
Formula:
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑛𝑥) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
E(x)= ∑𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) q = 1-p
Example: p =1-q
1. n= number of trials
x 0 1 2 x= number of successes among trials
f(x) 0.25 0.5 0.25
p= probability of success in one of the n trials
q= probability of failure in one of the n trials
E(x)= ∑2𝑥=0 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)
Example:
= 0.25(0)+0.5(1)+ 0.25(2)
1. The probability of winning a match for team A is 0.6. Find
=1 the probability of winning 3 matches out of 5.
Variance and Standard Deviation q=0.6 p=1-0.6=0.4 x=3 n=5
Formula: Solution:

Var(X)= o2= ∑[(𝑥 − 𝑢)2P(x)] P(3)= (53)(0.6)3 (0.4)2

SD= o=√∑[(𝑥 − 𝑢)2 𝑃(𝑥)] =0.3456

x P(x) x-u (x-u)2 (x-u)2P(x) Let’s Practice:

1 0.10 -1.85 3.4225 0.34225 1) A test is conducted which is consisting of 20 multiple
2 0.20 -0.85 0.7225 0.1445 choice questions with every multiple choice questions
3 0.45 0.15 0.0225 0.010125 having its four options out of which only one is correct.
4 0.25 1.15 1.3225 0.330625 Determine the probability that a person undertaking
Total O2= 0.8275 that test has answered exactly 5 questions wrong .
O= 0.91
POISSON DISTRIBUTION HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
FORMULA: Formula:
𝜇 𝑥 𝑒 −𝜇 𝑘 𝑁−𝐾
( )( )
P(x)= 𝑥 𝑛−𝑥
𝑥! P(x)= 𝑁
( )
𝑛

N-Population size
Example:
n-sample size
1. A company makes electric motors. The probability
an electric motor is defective is 0.01. What is the k= number of success in population
probability that a sample of 300 electric motors will
x= number of successes in a sample
contain exactly 5 defective motors?
1. There are 6 cubes and 34 pyramids in a toybox. If
GIVEN: 𝜇 =3 you draw 8 of them from the basket with
x=5 replacement. What is the probability that exactly 3
out of 8 toys are cubes?
35 𝑒 −3 Solution:
P(x)= 5!
N=40 n=8 k=6 x=3
=0.10082
6 34
( )( )
3 5
P(3)= 40 P(3)= 0.0724
( )
8
Let’s Practice:
1) If electricity power failures occur according to a Let’s Practice:
Poisson distribution with an average of 3 failures
Suppose there are 15 males students in STEM and of them
every twenty weeks, calculate the probability that
are females. If they are group into 3, what is the probability
there will not be more than one failure during a
of getting 2 out of 3 are female?
particular week.