MIAGAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

MIAGAO, ILOILO

CHAPTER I

Introduction to the Study

This Chapter is divided into eight parts, (1) Background of the Study, (2)

Theoretical Framework, (3) Conceptual Framework, (4) Statement of the Problem, (5)

Hypothesis, (6) Significance of the Study, (7) Definition of Terms; and (8) Scope and

Limitation of the Study.

Part One, Background of the Study, states the foundation in which the research

study was based on.

Part Two, Theoretical Framework, states the several theories in which the study is

anchored.

Part Three, Conceptual Framework, presents the concepts used for the study.

Part Four, Statement of the Problem, states the Research Question/s that will be

the main focus of the study.

Part Five, Hypothesis, states the assumptions made before the commencing or

starting the research study.

Part Six, Significance of the study, states the persons that can benefit from the

study.

Part Seven, Definition of Terms, states the definitions of the concepts used in the

study both in conceptual and operational use in the research study.

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Part Eight, Scope and Delimitation of the Study, states the criteria and the scope

of the research study.

Background of the study

The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining

anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying (categorizing)

them into groups. The common interpretation is that it represents an index of an

individual’s fatness (Nuttall, 2015). This metric has been related to health disorder and

sometimes even mental issues in every age group, especially in adolescents. BMI can

also be associated with body image and body perception. Although, body image is

sometimes a personal point of view, BMI can surely help in determining the image a

person can have. In some demographics, body fat is related to societal norms and

traditions that result to personal pressure to fit that norm or tradition. For example,

currently in Western societies, young women are often concerned about their body image,

and most consider themselves to be too fat, even though they are well within population-

based references. Abnormal BMI is also considered a societal problem as the social

consequences of being “too fat” are severe. Discrimination begins in childhood and results

in serious emotional scars. Societal discrimination limits career choices, and indeed many

career paths are closed to those considered to be too fat. Also, societal stigmatization

often impairs a person’s ability to express his/her intellectual and other talents; that is, they

become underachievers. In addition, the potential pool of mates is limited because of their

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perceived unattractiveness. Thus, obese people tend to marry other obese people and,

parenthetically, to produce obese children. This societal problem continues to haunt every

one of us, especially to those who are in the critical stage of personal development: the

adolescents. This problem often result to low self-esteem levels because of social

discriminations that are brought by this social norms that put a standard on how fat a

person must be.

Social stigmatization like this often greatly damages the self-esteem of a person.

Societal discrimination is also pervasive in our society especially against people with

excess fat or obese (Puhl & Brownwell, 2001).

Theoretical Framework of the Study

This study is anchored in the following theories:

Leary’s (2012) Sociometer theory proposes that self-esteem is a psychological

gauge of the degree to which people perceive that they are relationally valued and socially

accepted by other people. In conceptualizing self-esteem as the output of a system that

monitors and responds to interpersonal acceptance and rejection, sociometer theory

differs from most other explanations of self-esteem in suggesting that people neither need

Self-esteem nor are motivated to pursue it for its own sake. Rather, according to the

theory, when people do things that appear intended to protect or increase their self-

esteem, their goal is usually to protect and enhance their relational value and, thus,

increase the likelihood of interpersonal acceptance.

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Self-Determination Theory (SDT) states that man is born with an intrinsic motivation

to explore, absorb and master his surroundings and that true high self-esteem (Deci &

Ryan, 1995).

Bandura’s (1994) Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another,

via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge

between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention,

memory, and motivation.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining anthropometric

height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups.

The common interpretation is that it represents an index of an individual’s fatness (Nuttall,

2015).

Self-Esteem on the other hand or also called Self- Efficacy is concerned with people’s

beliefs in their capabilities to produce given attainments. Self-efficacy, or confidence as it

is commonly known, is one of the most enabling psychology models to have been adopted

into

Positive psychology. It is the optimistic self-belief in our competence or chances of

successfully accomplishing a task and producing a favorable outcome (Bandura 1997).

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In this study, Body Mass Index is the independent variable and the researchers will

determine whether there is a relationship between the BMI and the Self-Esteem of the

chosen respondents for the study. Self-Esteem is the dependent variable.

Figure 1 shows the assumed relationship between the BMI (IV) and Self- esteem (DV).

Figure 1.1

I.V D.V

BMI SELF-ESTEEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the existing relationship between the Body Mass

Index and the Self-esteem levels of all the members of Miagao National High School

Grade 12 GAS-B students.

The study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the BMI of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students

S.Y. 2018-2019?

2. What are the levels of self-esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12

GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019?

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3. Is there a significant relationship between the BMI and the self-esteem levels

of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students for S.Y. 2018-

2019?

Hypothesis

1. There is no significant relationship between the BMI results and the self-esteem

levels of MNHS Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

Members MNHS' Grade 12 GAS-B section of S.Y 2018-2019. This will serve as

proof whether their BMI results affect their self-esteem levels and to prevent problems like

obesity and being overweight by giving proper knowledge on this matter.

Parents. This will be a clarification as to what causes certain emotional problems

to their child. This can serve as a warning to the societal and personal stigma their child

may have.

Administrators. This may let them know of certain psychological and physical

problems like obesity and low self-esteem that exist within the school and the students,

and create solutions in order for it to be addressed.

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Teachers. This will serve as a basis in determining certain emotional and social

problems their students may have and to provide a solution to this problems if they

emerge. This can also start proper counseling methods by the giving of proper

understanding and knowledge.

Future Researchers. This may serve as a basis to start a new research as to the

field of psychology and related disciplines as this research paper.

Definition of Terms

Body Mass Index- Body Mass Index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for

defining anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying

(categorizing) them into groups. The common interpretation is that it represents an index

of an individual’s fatness (Nuttall, 2015).

In this study, “Body Mass Index” refers to the measurement of body fat ratios of

the respondents.

Self-Esteem-The feeling of confidence and satisfaction in oneself. The most

broad and frequently cited definition of self-esteem within psychology is Rosenberg's

(1965), who described it as a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self.

In this study, “Self-Esteem” refers to the level of self-esteem of each

respondent.

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Senior High School-Senior high school (SHS) refers to Grades 11 and 12, the

last two years of the K-12 program that Department of Educations has been implementing

since 2012. Students begin to study in SHS the subjects that will introduce them to their

preferred career path. (Taken from Department of Education).

In this study, “Senior High School” refer to the grade level of the respondents that

will take part in the research.

General Academic Strand- This strand is purposively designed for those

students who are still indecisive of what course or degree they want to pursue in college.

A student who finished this strand can proceed to any college program. However he/she

has to take some subjects not taken in Senior High but required by a particular college as

a bridging program to assess his/her preparedness in the field of study chosen. (Taken

from usjr.edu.ph)

In this study, “General Academic Strand” refers to the educational track the chosen

respondents is taking.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study covered Miagao National High School's Grade 12 GAS-B section. This

study only focused on getting the BMI results and self-esteem levels of each and every

member of the said section.

A physical exam was conducted in order to get the BMI results of every student

within the section.

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On the other hand, in order to measure the self-esteem levels of the respondents,

a questionnaire was given to them that is adapted from the RSE or Rosenberg Self Esteem

scale.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies on: Body Mass Index,

Self-Esteem, and Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem.

The quest to find the right index to measure the relative body weight started right

after the ending of World War II with the reported of increase of mortality in overweight

policyholders, it was also then when epidemiological studies were focused on weight and

cardiovascular diseases. It became evident then that the best index was the ratio of the

weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters, or the Quetelet Index

described in 1832. It was Adolph Quatelet (1796-1874), a Belgian mathematician,

astronomer and statistician, who came up with these formula after his passionate efforts

on probability calculus applied on the ratio applied on human metrics and that led him to

conclude that 'the weight increases as the square of the height'. Later in 1972, the Quatelet

Index was changed by an Epidemiologist named Ancel Keys to appropriate the term in to

its current wide usage during the time (Eknoyan 2007). The body mass index (BMI) is the

metric currently in use for defining anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults

and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups. The common interpretation is that it

represents an index of an individual’s fatness (Nuttall, 2015). This metric has been related

to health disorder and sometimes even mental issues in every age group, especially in

adolescents. According to World Health Organization Europe Regional Office Body Mass

Index can be classified into several groups. Scores lower than 18.5 in the scale is

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categorized as Underweight. 18.5 to 24.9 is categorized as Normal and scores 25.0 to

29.9 is categorized as Pre-Obesity. Scores higher than 29.9 is categorized as the three

levels of Obesity. Scores ranging from 30.0 to 34.9 is categorized as Obesity I, scores

35.0 to 39.9 is Obesity II and scores higher than that is considered as Obesity III or the

most severe cases of Obesity.

Abnormal BMI, especially being overweight and obese has been linked to chronic

diseases and early death (Cechini et al. 2010). According to the study the GBD 2015

Obesity Collaborators in 2015, there was a record of 107.7 million children and 603.7

million adults that are obese and it is also steadily increasing through the years. High BMI

accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who

were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to

cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since

1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in

underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. Obesity has been declared an

epidemic as it continues to affect the world today (James, Kalamara, Leach, & Shayeghi

2012). In the year 2000, the human race reached a sort of historical landmark, when for

the first time in human evolution the number of adults with excess weight surpassed the

number of those who were underweight. Excess adiposity/body weight is now widely

recognized as one of today's leading health threats in most countries around the world

and as a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension

(Caballero 2007). Increases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both

sexes, all ages, all races, all educational levels, and all smoking levels. Obesity is strongly

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associated with several major health risk factors. Obesity and Diabetes are also linked

and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. It is also estimated

that 300,000 US adults die due to causes related to Obesity (Mokdad et al. 2001).

According to the World Health Organization, worldwide obesity has nearly tripled

since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of

these over 650 million were obese. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight

in 2016, and 13% were obese. Most of the world's population live in countries where

overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. 41 million children under the

age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2016. Over 340 million children and adolescents

aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016. Obesity is preventable.

All human beings are susceptible to sustained weight gain and there is no

exception to it, but there can be differences on how humans get fat, based on sex. Women

generally have a larger proportion of body mass as fat, and are more likely to deposit fat

subcutaneously and on their lower extremities; men are more likely to deposit fat in the

abdominal region. Excess adipose tissue in the abdominal region, especially visceral fat,

is associated with more health risks. Men may be faced with more health risks. Women

have higher rates of reuptake of NEFA into adipose tissue; however, they also have higher

rates of fat oxidation during prolonged exercise. It was also discovered that fat and fertility

are linked in women, through leptin. Low leptin levels reduce fertility. Ovarian function of

adult women is associated with their fatness at birth (Power &Schulkin 2008). Obese

women are also at risk of diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, puts women at dramatically

increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity substantially increases the risk

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of several major cancers in women, especially postmenopausal breast cancer and

endometrial cancer (Hu 2004).

BMI abnormality has also been linked to social problems as obesity has been

strongly linked to poor body image, but not all obese persons suffer from this or are equally

vulnerable to these kinds of problems, but there is still this problem about poor body image.

This is situation is factored by degree of being overweight, being female, and binge eating

(Schwartz & Brownwell 2004). In the study ‘Fat talk and self-presentation of body image:

Is there a social norm for women to self-degrade?’ by, Britton, Martz, Bazzini, Curtin, and

Leashomb (2006) they studied about the “fat talk” which is basically an informal dialogue

which individuals would express about body dissatisfaction. In study 1, females would

resort to self-degrading her body during the activity which eventually led to other females

to like her and men also because of her self-accepting response.

Self-Esteem or also called Self- Efficacy is concerned with people’s beliefs in their

capabilities to produce given attainments. Self-efficacy, or confidence as it is commonly

known, is one of the most enabling psychology models to have been adopted into positive

psychology. It is the optimistic self-belief in our competence or chances of successfully

accomplishing a task and producing a favorable outcome (Bandura 1997). People high in

self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships, and to

make better impressions on others than people with low self-esteem, but objective

measures disconfirm most of these beliefs. Narcissists are charming at first but tend to

alienate others eventually. Self-esteem has not been shown to predict the quality or

duration of relationships. High self-esteem makes people more willing to speak up in

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groups and to criticize the group's approach. Leadership does not stem directly from self-

esteem, but self-esteem may have indirect effects. Relative to people with low self-

esteem, those with high self-esteem show stronger in-group favoritism, which may

increase prejudice and discrimination. It was also concluded that the benefits of high self-

esteem fall into two categories: enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings. It was also

concluded that self-esteem— the global a with a broad range of mental disorders and

social problems, both internalizing problems (e.g. depression, suicidal tendencies, eating

disorders and anxiety) and externalizing problems (e.g. violence and substance abuse)

(Baumeister, Campbell, Kruege, & Vohs 2003).

While high and healthy self-esteem shows significant good changes and

characteristics to the person, Trzesniewski et al. (2012) found out in his study that low

self-esteem during adolescence predicts negative real-world consequences during

adulthood. This also complements Donnellan’s (2005) study that revealed a robust relation

between low self-esteem and externalizing problems. This relation held for measures of

self-esteem and externalizing problems based on self-report, teachers' ratings, and

parents' ratings, and for participants from different nationalities (United States and New

Zealand) and age groups (adolescents and college students). This externalizing problems

are determined as aggression, antisocial behavior and delinquency.

BMI and Body Image are strongly related and both ideas have been linked to self-

esteem. Body image concerns are associated with overall poor self-concept in early

adolescents, including poor physical, social, and academic self-concepts as well as low

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overall self-esteem. People with poor body image are known to be more likely to diet and

to be susceptible to eating disorders. The adverse outcomes of poor body image among

children and adolescents suggest an urgent need for these issues to be addressed in both

health and educational settings. Body image during adolescence is influenced by factors

including self-esteem, gender, media messages, and pressure or support from peers and

family. Similarly, self-esteem is influenced by factors such as body image, body weight,

academic performance, and sporting ability and participation. In particular, heavier body

weight has been found to predict lower self-esteem in girls. Self-esteem plays a central

role in the mental health of young people. Positive self-image and a strong sense of self-

worth are likely to help young people become more content with their bodies. It is also a

protective factor in terms of better mental health and social behavior. Body image,

dissatisfaction, and self-esteem are not only issues for young people during puberty and

adolescence, but are also significant issues for people throughout the life span, although

the nature of the concerns may change over time. People with lower self-esteem are

increasingly likely to report discontent with their body size or shape, regardless of age or

gender. Since body image represents a large part of a person’s self-concept, it is

unsurprising that self-esteem and body dissatisfaction are related (O’Dea 2012).

Certain researches and studies have already been conducted to discover

the relationship between BMI and Self-esteem of different ages, may it be in

adolescents, adults, or even aged people based on different demographics. Finch,

Jeffrey, Linde and Rhode (2007) conducted a research about the relationship of

BMI to depression and weighing frequency in overweight women. The research

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suggested that overweight and obesity are associated with depressive symptoms,

particularly in in women. Its sample was taken from a large-population based

survey of 4655 women aged 40 to 65 in the greater Seattle area, that were

surveyed from November 2003 to February 2005 using associations of

depression, self-weighing frequency of BMI, with demographic factors

(Race/Ethnicity, Employment status, Smoking status, Age, Marital status and

educational attainment) entered as covataries. After processing the data it was

found out that higher self-weighing frequency and negative depression status

were independently associated with lower BMI with no interaction with depression

and self-weighing. Another research was conducted by Allegrante, Kristjánsson,

Sigfúsdóttir (2000) where it was focused on the adolescents. The sample was

taken in Iceland where it revealed the BMI and Self -Esteem are somewhat

correlated to each other. To further the investigation, Biro (2002) revealed in his

study that aimed to discover the relationship between BMI and self -esteem in both

black and white races. Another research was conducted in Saudi Arabia by

Alfozan, Barnawi, Habib & Motairi (2015) where it also resulted to a conclusion

that self-esteem and as well as the quality of life decreases with the increase i n

BMI of the students. Nihiser et al. (2007) also investigated the Body Mass Index

Measurement efforts of the school in order to properly address weight -related

problems. Lichtenstein, Silverman, Smith, Reichenberg & Sandin (2018)

concluded in their recently finished study that: Both extremes of body mass index

(BMI) associated with increased risk for postpartum depression (PPD) and that Low BMI

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associated with 50% increase in PPD risk. A study by Hesketh, Wake, & Waters (2004)

also conducted a study on Body mass index and parent-reported self-esteem in

elementary school children: evidence for a causal relationship. Their data showed an

increasingly strong association between lower self-esteem and higher body mass

across the elementary school years. Overweight/obesity precedes low self -esteem in

many children, suggesting a causal relationship. They also suggest that prevention and

management strategies for childhood overweight/obesity need to begin early to

minimize the impact on self-esteem.

BMI or Body Mass Index is a measurement of ratio of fat in an individual. It may

greatly influence desire on body image and satisfaction. Sex can play a part in BMI

determination and body image as Badmin, Furnham and Sneade (2002) claimed that boys

were as likely to want to be heavier as lighter, whereas very few girls desired to be heavier.

Only girls associated body dissatisfaction with the concept of self-esteem. Male self-

esteem was not affected by body dissatisfaction. It is highly linked to many factors such

as Age, Sex and Self-esteem. Caterson, Franklin, Denyer, Steinbeck, & Hill (2006)

discovered in their research that obesity impacts the self-perception of children entering

adolescence, especially in girls, but in selected areas of competence. Obese children are

at particular risk of low perceived competence in sports, physical appearance, and peer

engagement. Not all obese children are affected, although the reasons for their resilience

are unclear.

Goold, Klaczynski & Mudry (2004) examined the relationships among negative

stereotypes of obesity, “thin ideal” beliefs, and perceptions of the causes of obesity and of

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control over weight, body esteem, and global self-esteem. A negative correlation between

beliefs in control over one's weight and self-esteem was mediated by both negative

attitudes toward obesity and thin idealization. Additionally, body esteem and gender were

related but this relationship was mediated by beliefs in control over weight and valuation

of the thin ideal. Central to the theoretical foundation of this research, however, was the

observed negative correlation between negative attitudes toward obesity and self-esteem.

This relationship was mediated primarily by the belief that obesity is caused by personality

shortcomings. This last finding is explained from a social identity perspective.

On the other hand, a systematic review of the Self-esteem and quality of life in

obese children by Griffiths, Hill & Parsons (2009) found out that a literature search

identified 17 self-esteem and 25 quality of life studies of cross-sectional, longitudinal or

intervention design published since 1994. Child-completed and parent-proxy assessments

were consistent in showing significant reductions in global self-esteem and quality of life

in obese youth. Competences particularly affected were physical competence,

appearance and social functioning. There were no clear differences in effects between

children and adolescents, and evidence on gender and ethnicity was lacking.

To summarize this review, BMI or Body Mass Index is a metric system used to

determine the fat deposit of a person as opposed to his height. Abnormal BMI, such as

overweight and obese are prone and susceptible to early mortality due to them being

susceptible to cardiovascular diseases like, heart diseases, diabetes and even cancer.

The quality of being fat also differs in different sexes. Male deposit fat in the abdominal

areas, while female in the thighs. Though women are easier to oxidate fat, they more

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prone to obesity than men and that puts them in the danger of diseases like cancer and it

can also affect their fertility.

Self-esteem also has been defined as a personal view of one’s self and the

knowledge of one’s ability to give acceptable results and to create a favorable outcome. It

is also one’s view of one’s competency, in every aspect of life. High self-esteem can create

favorable situations like adaptability, good image of one’s self, self-confidence, likability

and attractiveness. On the other hand, low esteem can cause depression and anxiety, low

performance in all aspects of life.

Unhealthy or abnormal body mass index results is also linked to body image and

satisfaction of the body image. People are very much discriminated by society based on

their body image due to existing social norms about body image and this pushes to them

to develop low self-esteem. This poses person’s psychological state as it puts them under

pressure from the social norm of being “too fat” or “too thin”, thus leading to social

problems like self-pity, self-aggression, alienation to the society and even depression and

anxiety. This problem also leads to low self-esteem which is determined to be a root cause

of externalizing problems such as aggression, violence and delinquency.

As a conclusion, it is very important to study the BMI and Self-esteem of our

chosen demographic because of all the discovered facts in the literature review. We may

prove it wrong or partly wrong or right or partly right. It is very essential to study how their

Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem is related because it may uncover certain truths like,

body image perception, body image satisfaction, self-consciousness levels, susceptibility

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to mental and psychological problems and their quality of life. This discoveries maybe a

start of a new research for the future generations.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This Chapter is divided into five parts: (1) Research Design, (2) Participants of

the Study, (3) Setting of the Study, (4) Data Collecting Tools and (5) Data Analysis

Tools.

Part One, Research Design, states the Design used for the Research Study.

Part Two, Participants of the Study, states the respondents that participated in

the research study.

Part Three, Setting of the Study, contains the specific setting of the study (e.g.

Place, School, and Time).

Part Four, Data Collecting Tools, contains the instruments used for gathering the

data from the respondents of the study.

Part Five, Data Analysis Tools, contains the tools used for processing and

analyzing the data gathered from the respondents.

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Research Design

The design that was used in this study will be Quantitative-Correlational. The

study will try to discover the relationship between the Body Mass Index and the Self-

Esteem of Miagao National High School Senior High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-

2019 using numerical or statistical data.

Participants of the Study

The participants of the study or the respondents will be Miagao National High

School Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019.

Setting of the Study

The study was done inside the campus of Miagao National High School Senior

High School and within the School Year 2018-2019 during the first semester of the school

year.

Data Collecting Tools

The tools or instruments that was used in collecting the data would be a survey

form to gather the weight and height of the respondents for gathering the BMI using the

metric formula:

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To gather the data regarding the self-esteem of the respondents and questionnaire

adapted from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used.

>> Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale

Strongly Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree

1. I feel that I am a person of worth, at

least on an equal plane with others.

2. I feel that I have a number of good

qualities..

3. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I

am a failure.

4. I am able to do things as well as

most other people.

5. I feel I do not have much to be

proud of.

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6. I take a positive attitude toward

myself.

7. On the whole, I am satisfied with

myself.

8. I wish I could have more respect for

myself.

9. I certainly feel useless at times.

10. At times I think I am no good at all.

Scores are calculated as follows:

 For items 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7:

Strongly agree = 3

Agree = 2

Disagree = 1

Strongly disagree = 0

 For items 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 (which are reversed in valence):

Strongly agree = 0

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Agree = 1

Disagree = 2

Strongly disagree = 3

The scale ranges from 0-30. Scores between 15 and 25 are within normal range; scores below

15 suggest low self-esteem.

Weight (Kg) =

Height (M) =

Data Analysis Tools

To analyze the data gathered from the respondents of the study, the IBM SPSS

23 Statistical tool was used. It was also used to create certain inferences for the data

gathered.

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>> Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale

Strongly Strongly
STATEMENT Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree

1. I feel that I am a person of worth, at

least on an equal plane with others.

2. I feel that I have a number of good

qualities..

3. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I

am a failure.

4. I am able to do things as well as

most other people.

5. I feel I do not have much to be

proud of.

6. I take a positive attitude toward

myself.

7. On the whole, I am satisfied with

myself.

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8. I wish I could have more respect for

myself.

9. I certainly feel useless at times.

10. At times I think I am no good at all.

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Chapter IV

Results and Discussions

This chapter consists of two parts: (1) Descriptive Analysis, and (2) Inferential

Analysis.

Part One, Descriptive Analysis, describes the raw data gathered from the

respondents.

Part Two, Inferential Analysis, described the processed data (using SPSS

Software) and presented certain inferences from the data that was processed and

tested.

This study was primarily used to investigate if there is a significant relationship

between the Body Mass Index Levels and the levels of Self-Esteem of Miagao National

High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-2019.

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Descriptive Analysis

Body Mass Index of Grade 12 GAS-B Students

Figure 1 showed the Body Mass Index Levels of Grade 12 GAS-B students. Out

of the 40 respondents, 24 were found with Normal BMI (18.5-24.9), 14 were Underweight

(below 18.5) and 2 were Slightly Obese (Above 24.9).

Figure 3.1. Body Mass Index of Grade 12 GAS-B Students

Body Mass Index of Grade 12 GAS-B

Students

Slightly Obese BMI

Underweight BMI

Normal BMI

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Self-Esteem of Grade 12 GAS-B Students with Normal BMI

Figure 2 showed the Self-Esteem levels of Grade 12 GAS-B students with

Normal BMI levels. Out of the 40 respondents, out of the 24 respondents with Normal

BMI levels, 22 were found with Normal Self-Esteem (15 to 25 score at RSE scale), 2

respondents were found with Low Self-Esteem (below 15 at RSE scale).

Figure 3.2. Self-Esteem of Grade 12 GAS-B Students with Normal BMI

Self-Esteem of Grade 12 GAS-B Students with Normal BMI

Low Self-Esteem

Normal Self-Esteem

0 5 10 15 20 25

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Self-Esteem of Grade 12 GAS-B with Abnormal BMI

Figure 3 showed the Self-Esteem of respondents with abnormal Body Mass Index

Level (Slightly Obese and Underweight combined). Out of the 16 respondents, 14 were

found with Normal Self-Esteem (15 to 25 at RSE scale), the remaining 2 were found with

Low Self-Esteem (below 15 at RSE scale).

Figure 3.3. Self-Esteem of Grade 12 GAS-B with Abnormal BMI

Self-Esteem of Grade 12 GAS-B with Abnormal BMI

Low Self-Esteem

Normal Self-Esteem

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

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BMI and Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-

2019.

Table 1 shows the Body Mass Index and the Self-Esteem of Miagao National High

School Grade 12 GAS-B. As shown in the table, the Grade 12 GAS-B students have

normal BMI levels (M=1.70, SD= 0.56). Their Self-Esteem is also normal (M=1.90, SD=

0.30).

Table 3.1.

BMI and Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018-2019.

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

BMI 40 1.00 3.00 1.7000 .56387

Self-Esteem 40 1.00 2.00 1.9000 .30382

Total Number of
40
Respondents

Scale Description
1-1.66 Low
1.67-2.66 Normal
2.34-3.00 High

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Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y 2018 – 2019 when

classified as to Body Mass Index

Table 2 shows the level of Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grad 12

GAS-B students. As an entire group, Grade 12 GAS-B students have normal levels of

Self-Esteem (M= 1.90, SD= 0.30). When grouped according to BMI levels, those Grade

12 GAS-B students with underweight, normal and obese BMI levels exhibit normal Self-

Esteem (Ms= 1.85, 1.91, 2.00, Sds= 0.36, 0.28, 0.00) respectively.

Table 3.2

Self-Esteem of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y 2018 – 2019

when classified as to Body Mass Index

Category Mean Description Std. Deviation

A. Entire Group 1.90 Normal 0.30
B. Body Mass Index

Underweight 1.85 Normal 0.36

Normal 1.91 Normal 0.28

Obese 2.00 Normal 0.00

Scale Description
1-1.66 Low
1.67-2.66 Normal
2.34-3.00 High

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Inferential Analysis

ANOVA Results for the difference in Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School

Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018 – 2019 when classified as to their Body Mass Index levels.

Table 3 shows the ANOVA results for the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National

High School Grade 12 GAS-B students when classified into their BMI levels. The ANOVA

test showed a T-prob score of 0.762 which is above the P value of 0.05, this suggests an

insignificant relationship between the Body Mass Index and the Self-Esteem of Miagao

National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students; hence, the null hypothesis that states

“There is no significant relationship between the Body Mass Index and the Self-Esteem of

Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students” is accepted.

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Table 3.3

ANOVA Results for the difference in Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School Grade

12 GAS-B S.Y. 2018 – 2019 when classified as to their Body Mass Index levels.

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups
.052 2 .026 .273 .762

Within Groups 3.548 37 .096

Total 3.600 39

P>0.05 Not significant at 0.05 alpha

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Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter consists of three parts: (1) Summary, (2) Conclusions, and (3)

Recommendations.

Part One, Summary, summarizes the essential points of investigation and

findings in this research study.

Part Two, Conclusions, present the inferences taken up from the inferential

analysis of the data of the research study.

Part Three, Recommendations, presents some recommendations based on the

inferences, findings and conclusions of the study.

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Summary

This sections summarizes the major point and findings in the study in

accordance to the research questions, namely:

1. What are the Body Mass Index levels of Miagao National High School Grade

12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019?

2. What are the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School Grade 12

GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019?

3. Is there a relationship between the Body Mass Index levels and the Self-

Esteem levels of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y.

2018-2019?

Summary of Findings

This section provides the summary of the findings based on the research questions

stated above. This section focuses on the research topic of whether there is significant

relationship between the Body Mass Index levels and the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao

National High School Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019.

1. When grouped as a whole, the Body Mass Index levels of Miagao National High

School Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019 is Normal.

2. When grouped as a whole, the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School

Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019 is Normal.

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3. According to the ANOVA test, there is no significant relationship between the Body

Mass Index levels and the Self-Esteem levels of Miagao National High School

Grade 12 GAS-B students S.Y. 2018-2019.

Conclusions

This sections consists of the conclusion inferred from the inferential analysis done

on the data provided by the respondents for this research study.

1. Majority of the members of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y.

2018-2019 have healthy Body Mass Index levels.

2. Majority of the members of Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B S.Y.

2018-2019 have healthy Self-Esteem levels.

3. There is no relationship between the Body Mass Index levels and the Self-Esteem

levels of the Miagao National High School Grade 12 GAS-B 2018-2019.

Recommendations

With all the conclusions of the research stated the recommendations of the

researchers are as follows:

1. It is recommended that the students try to have a balanced and healthy lifestyle to

avoid the risk of problems associated with abnormal BMIs such as being Obese or

Underweight.

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2. It is recommended that the School Administration educate the students about the

importance of Healthy Lifestyle and Exercise.

3. It is recommended that students refrain from comparing themselves to others as

different persons are entitled to their own specific strengths and weaknesses and

by doing so, they will criticize themselves.

4. It is recommended that the school administration help students reevaluate their

strengths and weaknesses and to help them like themselves more.

5. It is recommended that parents may encourage their children to think of

themselves more highly and to not put themselves down.

6. It is recommended that future researchers replicate this type of research on a

different section or demographic to further determine whether there is relationship

between the two variables (Self-Esteem and BMI).

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Appendices

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Descriptive Statistics

Std.

N Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation

BMI 40 1.00 3.00 1.7000 .56387

Selfesteem 40 1.00 2.00 1.9000 .30382

Valid N
40
(listwise)

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Descriptives

Selfesteem

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Std. Std. Lower Upper Minimu Maximu

N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound m m

underwei
14 1.8571 .36314 .09705 1.6475 2.0668 1.00 2.00
ght

Normal 24 1.9167 .28233 .05763 1.7974 2.0359 1.00 2.00

Obese 2 2.0000 .00000 .00000 2.0000 2.0000 2.00 2.00

Total 40 1.9000 .30382 .04804 1.8028 1.9972 1.00 2.00

ANOVA

Selfesteem

Sum of Mean

Squares df Square F Sig.

Between
.052 2 .026 .273 .762
Groups

Within Groups 3.548 37 .096

Total 3.600 39

49