Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Reason
Moral Judgement
Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction,
intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) Good or Bad as
measured against some standard of Good.
Impartial Decision
Impartiality is the idea that the same ethical standards are applied to everyone.
Emotion vs Feelings
Feelings are sparked by emotions and colored by personal experiences, beliefs, memories, and
thoughts linked to that particular emotion. Strictly speaking, a feeling is the side product of your
brain perceiving an emotion and assigning a certain meaning to it.
Emotions are physical and instinctive. While they are complex and involve a variety of physical
and cognitive responses (many of which are not well understood), their general purpose is to
produce a specific response to a stimulus.
Ethical Requirement
Ethical standards are a set of principles established by the founders of the organization to
communicate its underlying moral values. This code provides a framework that can be used as a
reference for decision making processes.
Moral Standard
Norms that individuals or groups have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right or
wrong, as well as the values placed on what we believed to be morally good or morally bad.
Moral standards normally promote “the good”.
Norms plus values equal moral standards.
Cultural Relativism
View that moral or ethical systems, which vary from culture to culture are equally valid and no
one system is really better than any other.
Culture
Has t he most profound influence on our definition of morality or what we deem to be moral or
immoral
Dilemma
A dilemma is a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting
options, neither of which is acceptable.
Moral dilemmas, therefore, are situations where persons, who are called “moral agents”
in ethics, are forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of
which resolves the situation in a morally acceptable manner.
There are several categories of moral dilemmas within philosophical thought. They can seem
complex, but learning the basics of them can help identify them and mould a solution for them:
1. Epistemic moral dilemmas
Freedom
Idea of reason
the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.
Freewill
Responsibility
The exercise of freedom always brings with it responsibility before God: in every free act
we either accept or reject God's will.
Intention
Intention is not limited to directing individual actions, but can guide several actions
toward one and the same purpose; it can orient one's whole life toward its ultimate end .
One and the same action can also be inspired by several intentions.
Indirect Voluntary Actions
An effect can be said to be “willed indirectly” when it is not willed either as an end or a
means for anything else, but it is something that necessarily accompanies the desired
action.
Merit
Merit refers in general to the recompense owed by a community or a society for the
action of one of its members, experienced either as beneficial or harmful, deserving
reward or punishment.
1. Deal with matters that we think can seriously injured or benefit humans, animals, and
the environment.
2. Not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative or bodies;
Levels of Dilemma
At the conventional level, conformity to social rules remains important to the individual.
However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people and social
systems.
- Social rules and laws determine behavior. The individual now takes into consideration
a larger perspective, that of societal laws. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain
social order that is worth preserving.
- According to Kohlberg, this is the highest stage of functioning. At this stage, the
appropriate action is determined by one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience.
Moral Act
Any action that results from a deliberate choice between good and evil or between
different degrees of goodness is moral act.
Culture
Kinds of Norms