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Different pump sources are used for different laser mediums to achieve
population inversion.
Some of the most commonly used pump sources are as follows:
1. Optical pumping
4. Thermal pumping
5. Chemical pumping
Optical Pumping
As the name suggests, in this method, light is used to supply energy to the
laser medium.
An external light source like xenon flash lamp is used to produce more
electrons (a high population) in the higher energy level of the laser medium.
When light source provides enough energy to the lower energy state
electrons in the laser medium, they jump into the higher energy state E3.
The electrons in the higher energy state do not stay for long period. After a
very short period, they fall back to the next lower energy state or meta stable
state E2 by releasing radiation less energy.
The meta stable state E2 has greater lifetime than the lower energy state or
ground state E1. Hence, more electrons are accumulated in the energy state
E2 than the lower energy state E1.
Thus, population inversion is achieved.
Optical pumping is used in solid-state lasers such as ruby lasers.
Thermal Pumping
1. Coherence
2. Directionality
3. Monochromatic
4. High intensity
Coherence
Directionality
Monochromatic
High Intensity
We know that the intensity of a wave is the energy per unit time flowing
through a unit normal area.
In an ordinary light source, the light spreads out uniformly in all directions.
If We look at a 100 Watt lamp filament from a distance of 30 cm, the power
entering your eye is less than 1/1000 of a watt.
In laser, the light spreads in small region of space and in a small wavelength
range. Hence, laser light has greater intensity when compared to the ordinary
light.
If we look directly along the beam from a laser (caution: don’t do it), then
all the power in the laser would enter our eye. Thus, even a 1 Watt laser
would appear many thousand times more intense than 100 Watt ordinary
lamp.
There are many types of LASERs available for different purposes.
Depending upon the sources they can be described as below.
Excimer LASERs (the name came from excited and dimers) use
reactive gases like Chlorine and fluorine mixed with inert gases like
Argon or Krypton or Xenon.
These LASERs produce light in the ultraviolet range.
5. Chemical LASER
Lasers in medicine
Lasers in communications
Lasers in industries
Lasers in Medicine
6. Lasers are used to study the internal structure of microorganisms and cells.
.Lasers in Communications
Lasers in Industries
3. Laser light is used to collect the information about the prefixed prices of
various products in shops and business establishments from the bar code
photolithography
5. Lasers are used to drill aerosol nozzles and control orifices within the
required precision.
Disc (CD).
3. Lasers are used to measure the pollutant gases and other contaminants of the
atmosphere.
7. Lasers are used for detecting earthquakes and underwater nuclear blasts.
Lasers in Military
2. The ring laser gyroscope is used for sensing and measuring very small angle
3. Lasers are used to dispose the energy of a warhead by damaging the missile.