..i,.

','
., :i t'. lj ,.. y.,,,, , l, , . J, .

i i jr, ,. iit.r .,-;,

of States
Hans Schattle

t, .:t.t.i)i

rrvrnoouctro-N
. , ;l: .i,: revolved around states. The
early years of lhe
3,!ny,a"r,
c:ntury have shown
ba.tlzahon, at least in the
,,
tr,u, gio_
shon ,ur,, h,rs'nor
displaced rhe srate.
globalization
has dispersed polrri_
,Howeve4
and economic power well
1al beyond th. s;
Govemrirents now jgckey
f". .-;*r",lrr.
advantage aiongside intematiorial
political and
econoruc uls dtutioru, barsnati
onal c ivi I s oc i_
efy organiafions and multinational
comora_
trons. States now hold themselves
u..or,riuii"
to-a host of rniemational
noimi ,ra ,r"^J"ir,
often wirh the express. purpose of gaiunr
l eg I tmiacy at horne
and'respec tabi titv lUrona-
Srrtcs frequently find therrrs.iu",
or'r;;;;;_
paracularly * ,fr" p".ti"g o, o.,
fftc,l3sltions,
capiratrsm, with dirm:rished
:1j]"*,
tles to protect the economic
Japaci_
well_beLng of'the,,
pcpuladons. And states now
face;;;"k*j;;i
pressrues, with adrlances toward
supranational
integradon on the one hand rnet
*itf, ior.", oi
locai fragmentation on the
other.. fire tat" lrrieL_
national reiations theorist fu,r., R.r*u,
(2003: 11-16) &amed these cornpeting
dynaur-
ics as 'fi'agmegraticni, aud
this firU"i.""".o,
 106 HE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION

has emerged ,arith parficular clarity in Eurcpe: administ'ative staff successfully upholds a
pubiic discontent with the European Union claim to the monopoly of the legitimate use
and distrust of goveming elites across the con- of physicai force ia the enforcement of its
tiaent has prcmpted a rising tide of far-right order' (Weber, 1997: 154). What exactiy
nationalist politics and animated secessionist constitutes the 'legitimate' use of force is a,
movements in'stateless natiotns from Scotldhd matter debated,t6,;this dhy, not only i:r mat-
to Catalonia and beybnh. if *rn. of these ters of war and peace but also dornestic poii-
movements are successfi.rl, they will result, of tics (considei jssues plated to Civil liberties
corrse. Ln stili morp stafes p*.*r riei, r"a ir"tilt.itEarliai: Aia.1ttlp;1ffi-
voices and promoting their interests globally,
W9 n9ed, only,,reyiew the ever-expanding
membership rolls of.the United Nations to see who cast states (1995: 8) as
quite simply how todayrs bra of globali"ation
is indeed a.rr era of states. The United Nations
had 51 foundingmembers shortly after the end
of the Second World War in 1945; by the end
of 2012, the United Nations had 193 member ttrat 'state'is this defiuition
states; maoy of these states emerged as a result is prior to government
of decolonization in'the 1950s and 1960s and
- govenlnents and
even constifirtions come and go, but states
the breakup of the Soyiet Union in 199i. more readily endure; note also that Buil,s
Controversies over which poiiticat communi- definition does not assume that th.ese particu-
lies have the nght to belong to the United
Narions General Asspmbly illustrate the power
and syrnbolism of statis'rq the globai age.
Palestile, for exampid, gained recogrution in
November' 2Ol1 ui"a ''nonmember obseiver
state' of the Uruted Natiorrs (a status also held
b1'th: Vatican) amid much debate over whether
a boost for Palestine was also a knock aeainst
Israel. The Republic of China (Iaiwan), ilean-
u,hile, completely 'lost lts United Nations
membership' ariu itl pednd#ht seai on "tne
Secunty Councfl in. 197l,:when"th" p"5pl"',
Republic of China (which tooli Ovef,#ainland
China in 1949) replaced taiwiiii uA Chiru',
representative' on I the.Uriited Ndtion! as, tiie
result of a period of rapprochbment with the
Umted States: Taiwan has been tying without
success for years to be griitrttea ,nontmembdr
obseler'srandiag withiil the United Nations.
T1-re most commonl/'citedi'defilition of
'state' comes from Mak,Weber, the Gennan
sociaL theorist frdnl the late nineteeuth and
earLy twentieth c€nturi.ds,rl'hdtied both,stat6_
hood And polrtics to co'erciVe huthority over
specifi c territories. In Weberrs words., trans-
Iated ihto;'English:',.Ai bbmpr.lit6ry plttidat,
organization $iith contixirous.Opetations ;will
be called a "state,, if and in so far as its communities and the fusion of ,nation' and
 GOVERNMENTS IN
A GLOBALLY INTERCONNECTED
WORLD 't07

populations
straddle borders

. l-*].rn,?l
tong distances to ner
si,,,..,i;;"#;;;:ffi:#ilili[l:,,,;
that. governments enforce,rltriri;.;;;;;;
or move

challenging both the individuat,fieea;

vilaiity that comes fronr.i!tiural ;;"u ;lL,r
u
.r;;tir;;
lnd I:f the nation-srate neirher can be nnr
ue wlsned -, shn, ra
".lrJ
away, source of so many
the framework in which .u,r, ,,
h istoryt m ost
the moder,n ;;rr;;;,:;
endurjn g and succesf
democraiy. rt .""t;" .,"5
uiel;.;;.;:
i:.t_Ip: rac ::.i.
of democracf but div.ersiiy;
1"'i1ii"'"
1rl, Jhe
It is basic ro the ruie l;;i;,;;"i
of taw, nei";j;;.;.;;;;;,
a domestic.matt., of
f:-l.i."i
oecause rrrost internal ""tion_rur., O"r,
structu re d o, .; ;;;;Jl,. :1" J' l:::," ],, ::..1
::: f::l gf al, whire srobarizarioi ,.,'i.".,,11;
rnn,tmerab/e paths
across staie boroers
rhese very unevenly ana
nos ,
:11".9
to rhe
Oispr.opcn,onalel,
benefjr cf those with access
to h;q; l. ,=,;;]
fluid capiral. Conversely, it
has made belonoinn r^
;i'.;i ';
a natron-state and having
ctear r,9.15
nation-state more, not less,
importani.

It,ig essential,;then, to understand

ttre wavs rn
'*hich globatization h", p;i;l;
ued arid continues to reshape,ir.
;";;;;_
functions of states and how
."r.I'#a
-
mafters for citizens. The
dnd wh.r rhi"
sections of Ur.-'.frrl-
ter thar follow take a closerlook
ropics that illustate ongoing ",
fi;;;;;,:
.h;g", .;;;
roles of states and the'rllationship;
states and citizens; economic
;.;.;,;
irt.rO"p.ra-
ence, ecouomic and political
irrt"nrrr;,_.)"
ilteroarional law and *:r"rrui
national.advocacy nefworl<s,
nor:ris|'#.:
murucation platfomrs. \ile
and r; ;;;
will ulro
of potitical d;;;;;';;;
forms "*urnir.
l,* ","*
expressions Li p...,i..,
:f:TTc,ur.gl'eh
orgtobal cilizenship, and the prrrrit
.
'cosmopoiitan oi
democracy,. nuif,.. rfro,,
or bypassing sares, the ..ononr,.,
:l:d,,rtpolitical and
socral, cultural dynamics of
globalization are fixated,on states.

TfiE STATE IN A WORID OF

ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE

Globalization is commonlyequated
wirh the
rrsrng mornentum of global
I t dea 3f a nation-state
is arguably pernicious
fr.ee_market
I has Deen a recipe for ,, in the. finat decades ;;;;;_
confiicis b.ih",;,;r;;;;.; i]fitatism
rtetn century, the accompanying "f rise in
 108 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBATIZATION

:t' i
,' * 'l-) - ii'l-

transnationai enterprises, and the resulting , Friedmap is outlook has.bpen icriticized :as

disparities between easy flows of money an overstat€d pArtis.an-;apologialfor,lmatket

and commodities across international bor- globalism' thetrirpniea4y, eelebptes,thEfad-,
ders and the legal barriers and logistical rn g econom,ic r Eoveleigpty: bf,ctates;,.vrhile
hurdles that keep most workers tied to their also giving generous latitude to Americal '

home communities. Both champions and

critics of the so-called Washington
Consensus and its 'neo-liberal'emphasis on
dere-euiation, pnvatizatton and free trade
see globalization as imposing a forced
choice upon states: either confonn to free-
market principles or mn the risk of being
left behind. Oae well-known advocate of
neo- liberaiism, j ournalist Thornas Friedman,
translated this orthodoxy pto pl5in English the: falt oi siiviat
when he calne up with fie phrase ,Golden condiCi6ns':forrt d
Stlaitjacket'to describe how states are now aird free aride'Ib
forced into policies that suit the preferences
of iovestment hrruses and corporate execu-
tives (the 'Electrouic Herd;l ,in,Friednants
parlaace) 'rho swiftly; move, money and
resources into countries favoured' as ddapthble
to the clemands of,intemational businiss -
and rvithdraw even:rmore fapidly from

-his hero has. grown- exponentially

thanks to the
dernocratizations of finance, technology and
i-.rormation - so much so that today it is begin-
ning to replace, governrnents as ,the ,primary
source of capital f,or both,companies and coun-
tries to grow. lndeed, as countries increasingly.
have to run batahced bu.dgeti.'to tit into .,ll-,u
Colden Straitjacfet, ttreil'economies becbine
ever mDre dependentron the.ElectioHic Hbid for
growth capital, So to thr:ive in todAy?s globaliza:
tion system a country not,only, has-to pEt,Qnther
Golden Straitjacket, it has.to,join this Electronic
Hero. (Frredman, 2000: ,]07)
: t'
'!jt
'"-

and punish states aud theii goven:m'6nts in

:lre saire v,.ays that they buylnd sell snares ' ,-.i
Neoliberal theory is a procjuqt packaged
of urdrvidual companies. fo, expon
to underdeveloped nations, Rich corintries like'the
 GOVERNMENTS IN
A GLOEALLY INTERCONNECTED
WOSLD
109

tJ 5 ,-Germany, France
or Ho,and don,t practrce ir to i-
the
:aTe deiree at horne because ,nu,,
in their hometowtrs, move (if
+L ^i_ r

wouto oe up ;'nir'ms .,r,jllf pl";;;-;;^;;**' rhey canl

thev ca to
arthe consequences.
oe,ar urui ;nsiri,nu, ir
t
e
,., nll]
p";;.il;;;;ffi ii.,,:; F;, ;";rfiT: ::frYJi?J:ffi :T;
advice about free an{
cp.n ,rr,let ,r*rrffi; ;; . lunderempiov.J,workers.
,
while cnrics r.roirr
i:*::'."i:HJIT',::#;li:*r*
j-j',, to the disposal,ri,, ur rabour
as a, i,rherc,,
.".",,.;i' :; ',;Jt,:Y::
Ine rich countries ,.r"i.tl flaw of economic globalizarion, j,.,
world,s wealth and ,",.. ,," o
raw materrals u.o nrrul*io problem ancj beliJve ,1r., -in ,i. .*,;;r;:r..
to their (cheap)taoor
tearajas Duir. ,ooi:dt'jli' on *o.t.,, ;;.*il',11'*,0,,,'
.distocared

*,:t:1.r,:.ntur-yousty
pettttve_ st4tegiei
fine-tune their :frt.;;r-rr"L'ot;*;"ilil#H;,
corn- the ,,
tU. **fa ;;;r"*"
ro- 'emergiag',1narket, lor.r."oojtluo]ro,n
national govenunent.
ortr, a"Ii"ffi; wages, terrible wor\i1g
place,,thg
ipterests pf qxLro; il;;il:X """il,i*r, );;;",
environmenral standards rhat
and tuading partners ly1ll" anracr
.h."d ;;;;il;ffi';; multinational corporations tl-r.,
* il.",,.,
theu own qilizens. u&."
f;;;;;:,; if,,^.,i,]f t{,rous'r, subconnacro,,ii,,-,r,,,,
ntgorraror ciyde pr.r,o*li] 'developing'"o,i,tri",
,rrr'e.,"r;,..6'",r.
lt:lt"l
\Lvrt) ,"1f..
natled South^K-ore4's wnere when starlling incidents
sh'ong positio occur - sLrclr
Ln il:e worid ecoromy,
he uoted rhut th. nr'l of fires ;t;;i;"ri," in" t li ,,
ernmeut systematically ::^..^":,
boosrs
-.uoro"y buildrng .,,ttupr. ir,.r*., ,
by a
keeprng the national "*r;r"l; 1o'; ?]1"^*.d
Apnl 20i3, rn wlich *or" Lu, iioo
under-,val-ugd and by ofteu
{;;;# *"rt*,
ptrces beloy their own
seiltg;;;;; died.at factones making,giqthrrgin.
.yl"g fromBeuefroitq'WafMart ;;;ii",.
domestil pi""r-, I
meaniug that south ror"uo-"oogi;;;;; The more n'",r"r.*i
overcharge Soutb- Korean "ii,iqii";'Ii."o""-i.
globalization cali for states
to d; i;; r;;;.,
"irir;;';;;
same ki.rds of cars, computers th" selves, ia the words.of Cana.Ji^;-;;j;ir,
and mobile
phones that it exports Tony Clarke, the power ro 'detennrne
ro citizens .c,-
counines, At the same ti&e, "r "j*,
South K;r";il
nomic, social auci __.,
,;lrlr1 irr;;;;onr.ic for nationar ;;;"?;:T,T;tlft:;;il;:
ft"* -oi
course and
to devi-
ensure that kansnational co;po.r,io,r,
:::: marching o.ar.r u*
'hlechonic -$e ,:eet these priorities' and to set
Herd'. , ihe stage

1!e
tire rqpanese,
they
ley,.,-l:1.:,:o
ATe,i..n Hff.fJ;:;""r"fj'r'$:I;",i,,Xo#l
i:ii",'+j l:1.:,,.::;,,,':;i:;i,#1^:J[,i r:.,",",ii.,tii,[;i,uori.v*u*ng
Rather,: they. have lnvestment aud frnance' (Ci4rke,
on trade,
concentratuoin
world class capabitities o.r.iorino quoted l,
none They did
wnere:Letrli;;;ffi Cavanagh and Mander: zbo+, sil.'ii""
higher national standards * ."-.r.g,i,
1l1is bylpTqte-cti^j
rng rn vsrioqs ways -a ,rl'rrl"l ket,states,
ne-w.iniint-irorriri., iil" *ri"r
stee,, consumer electronits,. f"i.-;;; and consurner_labeilirs
uno r"rniaonO.rl- campalgns targeting indushjes
rors.... The rort ruri.rrfri fron. .on.I
Korean r^m^:^i^"
are e.jrner trrose rire s'teei,":;;;;;:8";]:; rrave prompted many .i,r."r,-,o
witn governrnenr invesrment
::,:u,p:u,
acknowledge soruces of econolnic
,tt^,.-f?:".-.d
Lrrose rrKe 5amsung,that or pendence ir,.;;"
are giant famiry dorni- and suppc..rt voluntary .;;;,
;i::[^H;l'ffiilf,*'ln extensive"pu.i., an. hi'gher standards rt-rr
:1^:_"_ld:.r^ rhe
o,v o, quaii-me."0,,/;J;;?;:TT:JT,";: f:tT:'1.:j,i"*":iand the to.ur.o,-,,u,i.
'ocK;ng industries and technorogies. global conglomelares dc
20:,2) fpiesiowiz, :1:: 't Yn1:h
business. Still, tl:e rising puU_,. .".ogni,iJn.

#,[Tfi.Jff;"ifiH
rn countr:esrosin*,"f.'fi:i,1:l;il'il:'*:,Hl':T# 1*
;;d d .U,{;: ::fr:ffi;"ll;*,#.:i ;t,fi1 m,;,::,:*jjl;;{,i"[:
110 THE SAGE HANDBO0K 0F GLOBALIZT\TION

w'here it has a significant impact. Nor have
possible pathways to creating binding global
standards gained much fraction. One obvious
lan-
step foru,ard, for instance, that has long
affords citizens of ,;the:, membe.rr :states the,
rights to live; worlg vote :and, er/en run for
office in European parliamenaary election-"
outside one's native member itate. .

guished on the back burner would be to Far more,cohesive thrn the ,big intema-
attach the conventions of the Intemational tional organizatious p-ut more di.ffirseithan
Labor Oryan:zation to the nade rules of the conventional nation:staies;
'the EU has
World Trade Orgawzution. Instead, the evolved into a supranational polity with.i*
standards that good states uphold to protect ownkinds ofpowetstirgg!6!hitlbt$bdmpet-
their citizens are likely to remain elusive .ingnationalinterests.,The'fitstdeeadeof'the
more widely rn the global economy for some . twetrty-first ce4turyr;closed with: massive
time to come. ln this sense, the Bang{adesh uncertainty about.therEU's'lorig-term pros-
fues arid building' collapse unforhrnately pects;esiecihllyrihdigbtiofepubEEdebt:crriiis
renrind us how little has rqally changed since that highlighted, sta* diveigedco:acfosil the
these issues frit eatapuited to thi public Eurozoneandhesituryamot!.tne'ivealthi6r
spotlight n-vrtv 20 vears earrier
ffH#;:nt::;i,*";I,Hfflr:lir,t':'#:
EcoNorrrcAND poLrncAr ::;I'H"*ffi"?:*ffiffffi,1li";"h:
THE
INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF By the ,,,** of Z0t2,i
EUROPEAN,|INIOru frryncll "*fi.JJ*op";,
crisis would,yield'more:intesa-tiou

Alongside the risios economic interdepend- [tTJl,3,,1iH;X*f,]m,15,if:,fffiI

er,.ce of the past half century, states have to accompany rronetary union: This,means
fonned regional partnerships with their the budgets of the Eurozone cctuntries wiil
neighbours, from loosely-knit organizations likely be subject toiappioval and oversight by
promothg trade and gcoriomic cogp6ration the.Ewopean Coornissloq and long estab-
such as ,the African Union and the Association lisb.ed , rules that ,wLre suppdsed I to iimit
of Soutleast Asian Nations (ASEA]9 to tad- buriget deficib (to three p# cent of yeariy
rng biocs such as the NortL American Free gross domestic product,.oi GDP) and pub[t
TradeAgreemem qN.urel andthe caribbean iebt (to oo per ceitordorl *"'io*-;;;[y
Communit-v (comunidad. del caribe). Europe supposed [o. be enforc.ea rn" rr*p"*
clearll; stanCs ouq as the politicat pariiauient 'also. I 'passia leglstation i!
9o_ntipent's
elitesimade the leap into' mhrket ptlgration ggptember zot: tb"imprc*"ot iniri,ioi"gr.-
shortly aftbr the Second World W* withlthe tion and supervisii5n ofthe birnking Sectoi
launch of th'e 'Euidpeaii' Corit and'St6el The fi::ancial'rcrisi$6iacerbatejthe :dem-
conmunitir Today, the European union (EtD ocritic deficit, -til'ii*, tu"t ,o#t.olo[-
has 27 member states (with'Croatia becoming passes the lack of popular representation ip
the 28th member state in July 2013), a single Lu.opu* poticy maung, the iongstanding
curercy and monetary systeri (among 17 predominance of national elites ii sUaoinl
nember srates), and a sripranational European ihe d.irection of tub pu i";i;t* dd;:
Parliament with growing, regisrative powers
alongside the council of Ministers, the EU
ment fiom their respective puuriis, ;J,h.
relativeiy low salience ,;p-;"*t
legislative
.institution
gqmFrised of offi.cial European'icle"tiryLi"gae"r "less mobiie ";"i
and
representatives from'national goven:men's. less affluent citizens across EuroDe. Growins
In recent treary revisions, the EU has public di{enchanhnbri*iftil'Eii. fu;ile
expanded into foreip and securig'poricy and ty perceptioo, u+al rtu;,I"iJil;"
rnstihrted, rvith th€' 1992 signing of the i*e+ocitty tort grouha ,o th#Ufr;tdfi;;
Maastricht Treaty, a colnmon citizeostr-ip that ad.vance tir" e"o'oomic and social weifare
 GOVERNMENTS ]N
A GLO BALLY INTERCONNECTED
WORLD
11.1

Ffiffi,fH"ffiH ffi trTffffj and borsters nationar reguratory

rnechanisnrs

ffiffi#*#fJ*i
ffff*d;iffi
#iilffiF::;
,i;H:' iliil'Ti
l:"# d;};JI[Ti;fffiT,.iT, ff:r:
:H't:ffii,?"1fr1,1,1*;**j
l&"i. s{fferdetention and :'itl
g;ug"r ,r.r ii;iJr"rition rhemserves
!".,o+ri-rali,gies- *'
mrsmnts,'uria'u"#;ii;iiryfjll:5"f9 ' t4e European U;# in
m gmnts,, ada'
i
iii.'i*irierr3#;:;ffi:,"T1 As Mars,,.t r,"-,^L^-
ilt# [Ij#H;il,,yT:; if ; mm ;L;,x
finffiIffi#rffitd-fo"Gnil; ru,tv-io,",a
rer out oroffrce
-.-?f."**y" as

."ffiffi iffi,,#Iffi:nfi #tJilTffil fiffi ,,Fi[:of;nfi ,,l:T,1],.;i:,' li;

---!!'v r'ov1-r{r"uounnen$,.luriip;nidence'dur-.
yi11;risekntrrffiriar luiiip;rudence.dui-. lj:r19^I,J,u,"';a
wffi";';;; ;.I.
1;1, Y}ein,er or not their
,it o.., tofE'rjlk"I
ing t'the-
4h. p6
past:harf-c.e,nrrv;1ru
*;: ?I, witri theirpo,,t*;i ,#:i!*tio1. a." in sync
f';-3qig#HJtrif$f,ffif"l6; :
""ilifiE; #i,ffri"ffi";;.,'i+'hTtr
ffi ii5
inregration urro ,rouljl ;f:":-"..1,^u^y:f",
i*h^ri"l.lii, i1X ;,,ffi
and its oierreoeio^."
ts piedec
i
ors, i;;t i ,9idy.
es
sucir as' "diiect ",.^r,l
s

"tr:r',.;;-";il;#i"d. * "":ffi,r.i: m,,,m ;:l*:

meaning thhtE"uraws -tq **td""#""v* :+;i1l96ileLuo**rarionortheSecond
worro wu, uofiie liquidation,of
natious{ laws:whe,r t.i:
y" .iF ; l****; their former
into''coirflicfrard d.mbcr :;qil## **", of pubric
rr""gr" i.L,r"u, re4) rhe;;cain, 1
""ui1- disconteit in
the-93soirie
f#:l',.i-ry,Itt'tu .'*l,rl"'},o,p,"1 or
iF'##'f{',fH'ft:} stirr moi,e eco-
adapt their,, oil, il*1,":
normsiithe priiicipie'
n.ilr*"iurli
*"i,f'ffi il#r"Tryfl::"1;:1*:#*ri::,;,m*
ffi democratic
should'receiver 'n"i r"i;;i"**l deficit
oecame ensbriried"ci1 1i1 ,.^ ffi;i'r'.-TLemorenier,-profile,
decisivery with bord

-in-raw across rurop" nr"riJffi

u directry_
(Marquand, 2011). The
q,fiH'tffii:r:{#Fil*liJHf: 3lq"t"d
Iu p,""id,,,li' Ji""ri,,t iirusration or i,o*
XT
;t, ;*r*r"i""T; ;;,ffi'"; -intemational-golllboration
r*Le; rru, u"."1.".,*g
-
Europe
t*o** ai"I."n;j li*tplo
uphotds'i!"
orHuriran*er'i(E:sri;;,r*."ri;tf"T.:ff
and'obligatio^ zurtut"r,;r *-Jri^
'r"Tt[fl
47 0f its''mimber'gpte1,,fuy'ILai+ii,.til, i"r"i"""?T;m:*:ii
without giving up sovereignty
in absorute
zatlor'can.fi]6.ECHR cases
againgt a member
state, ard state.g can alsfr
each orher' The cburt
ini#;Er""rlffi
hur trui iu"lr**t THE RrsE oF TNTERNATI'NAL tAW
it::i'HlHfr 'ntf,il;Tiif:;##$n^,biirv-,v-enie'r',n,ruc,prEs

**,g#ili*ffi *ij:,ffi #f ; '';+:#x,,*#kTi,,*l*H#}i *

\ /ef
rutue is iegaidea
lyboge jchot-
lgqding
Pralry in 1 648 t!4t ghpi}pione,{ absorute

I[ i*G;ffi;
*s
1r |?]i's v.disgrddta
lopgwels tte m"on6er.sf+q"r to pro.;".tii"i,
ff:Hff#*ir3'i##]rl*t"U:r,:l
nterests into the interaaiio""r Nlions uiit ,n, *"ronly.shengthened
nationat govenrments
*i"r, ;;J'r"l .ou""tiu"-ril;;;;
" the
world readers ro srarr
directld tlweio
ts build .;r;;;;; .,,",i,*jr,"#ffi;'irrrr*
',inte*'d;r;s;;;;:] izationtrratwcurd
*r,,uu,e globar aiuiogu" andpr.oinote
hirman
't1z THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION
rights and tundamentai freedoms. Leaders of
the Allies began tradring themseh'es collec'
tively as the 'Uaited Nations'while fighting
the u'ar. and tlte San Francisco conference in
the sunur.er and autumn of 1945 set up the
or:ganization that continues to this day' The
system has huge limitations: the United
Natior.s (tN) has npver hanscended the
stares system and i:rstead operates mainly as
a lbnrm for states to air theii differences and
try to resolve them; This is especi4lly appar-
ent u ithin the Secrrrity Council and its out-
dated composition *rat ?wards veto power to
each of the five couakies that won the
Second World War, as weli as the General
Assembly's reiative lack of pov/er and its
state-based configuratiori. Aspirations in the
foundrng peiod of tle UN, by many wortd
federaiists, includiiig Albert Einstein, that the
United Nations might orre'duy f.rogresg into
an irstitution repreS€nting the wolld's peo;
ples not on the basis of theii nationql mem-
tership but on thb basis of their humanity
remain a ciream deferred. The UN has also
been hobbled over the years by key state
actors themselves: fAst with the Cold Wai
stalemate belween the United Statei and
tl-,e So.iiet Union that made it difficuli for
the Security Council to reach collective,
decisions, and more recently by the US-led
invasion of Iraq ih 2003 withbut the sdnc-,
tion of the Security Council. This Sent a
rlessage that states invading other coun-
tries unilaterally aud i-n contravention of the
LIN Charter would fepe .+q-,-mg4ningfrri.
equ enb es'ot:tneii'aitious t eyoha criti-'
c o ns
.isor und resenrni:ni. fhe trNlha; uito uten
unable to prevent many atrocities and geno-
cides around the rn orld durin! its history.
Concerns about the timrations ofr the UN
have been'offset first by the foimation,of ad'
hoc tribunalsr that evenhrally borivicted iurirer.
ous individuals'from Rwandd and th'e form6r
\ ugoslavia' of war, ciimes, anC' more siarifi-
cantly by the pcrmanent:sshltshmEaf :ir2OO2
of the Intemational, CriminaliCourt (ICC); with
rts roLe i:r prosecuting individuals, accused',of
genocide. and other, ,cnmesi agai:rst humanity,
The formation of the court rspresented an
important exp3nsion. of public accountability
beyond the state, though gnce again ;vith limi-
tations; several key cqudties,,Epqt noably
China, India, and the United States, are not
among +he 122 couirtries that as of January
2Ol4 h:ad ratified the court's. founding teaty,
the R.ome Statute. ttis again rttustrates horv
s tates retain a qonrqaqding. prcsqnpe, in,today's
interdqendent world qqt, gpiy.,_by c[qtitg the
iemrs of membership, of emerging,intema-
tional instiiutions but also by,deciding whether
or not to accept their jurisdiction in,1he first
place, This trutgrscorcs,broader,global limita-
tions: 'xhile many states choose,fo hold them-
selves-accountablg,tqinJeF4qon3!lawa,s,we1ll
as international conventiOns,. adbergnce to
intemational law ultimately rem4pp a. matter
of choice, and s'tates m,9ffPn eyadg ,1n1ema-
tional law without consegqencq',,The. same
holds tnie for the landm;t-rigbq Joiutetio-lt
of the UnitedNations andtheir accompanving
;"#";J io,n**t
"i"if
po *e,.p"tiii".1
rights and social, economic,and qultural right;
once again, it is up to. natiou-states, to, sip
these covenants and uphold,thcm-
These disclaimgrs aside, the. mere exist-
ence of institutions such as. the United
Nations and the Intemational Criminal Court
and the .ever-widening piUUc valiciatrorl, of
key i-nteraatioq?l humon. rights declargtions
relate n im?otant vra.ys with. global. goyern-
i
ance in a world of.stalps, As, thq nu4oper of
states worldwide has risen steadily, g1lgnai
Ieaqeri theiejqidshi
:l iges fiyf
lprnea
to the u-N and Eurgngau rights.declarations
for i;rspiration whgn di1$iqg.consltu$gns
and have cifteh siped hrilnan rigbtS cgiven-
tions quickly - sometides .more qriicklll than
they can.properly rmplgmeg! anp .uplold
them - as a way of byilairiq_ $1, glqb{
respectabiiity for theii iiew p6litie.at","ana
legal systerqs. The United Nadois coa.its
many iiterlocking instihrtiors, {ilqq,.flrork
with countjes aioriild tne' wiiiitt i6'ldt{]aiic.
human rights and humanitiui[h {*treb.; dnd
the Se curity Council itsef 'fo'uda' E0hiinsus
:
to follow,the Cctctrine of -trbsij'bi{dibility to
protect:,(R2P) wheu it authorizdd: in,:'early
2011 a 'no-fly zoue', an arms embargo, and
Hiir G.'ERNMENTS
-- -r'|r,lrv,E,rr) lN
rN A GLoBATLY
INTERCoNNECTED
ffj WORLD 113
h

i [*iil:4r*;l,$:fr,:rrx,;:;i ffim.;;tr[*fr!]lf:**;#r
i ffi X-":i'""""",1;:,:Ll'J#j#i:,-fl"1"*,;**T:,-'"T:u.inkages,ha,

revolutionarv forc;9
brnd

a u.ttrr .rrun.rl, ot- ble narional i j:i:l-1..4:ddes,

co,rpati-
''lr'-m:m##;;'l{}i; .as

itii}:,:J,$'nr
9r't"t"-iij',"*?'"
,*'"J
i'
#F= ;;l,ilg li*ii*r": *#n *ilI,,l#:
off economic insrab,iry:
", ii.;;; ;;i;;-Jffi;Tl,
U:*m;?tr,
y
tlfii:,ffi
6.bi"o#'loor, ;1{: f ,i,m,
;rl*L::iffitti'tt't" ist'organizai'ons; balrkruptcy judges in rnur-
inrervention:*,.1,:T.i.,'"ff
ff Ti#i?,1*#,Ei#,;;:g,,1T,,:1*:f
::il::
:::1"Ill"il"T0il#;"iilfJ,'d,T i',r", ula",, ]lianssovernmentar neh'orks,
*rnr*::u*r:?:fr .q*H,,;lt
the inrbrvened-in L,tr;---r;o
!eaci,'
stateb have'applied
rffi
[ifr*];.::"-.ff ;* :h:;
r"^rii ;;; #;ffi:.?J;HT:fr:i;I#,r;*I
R2P t"l""1"trihi'.
theLibyrinrb.iolutignoust_edGaddahthanks relationshiisarnongthemselves.
rnrernationar
r"* s"io#iio" fur*" Slaughter
iit#:X ;lffii,i;:Hpll-jJ#ii:1", ;", il. ;; # i,u,.,go;"rnmentar ne,wcrks
argues

,,.oi oii:oth;:,", ,;ffi ilJff"#+:

andmilitary.for'ces.had.;-"*&:i;;;;r" tiitr1xxil,!11, i*:**x;tjf
.t.ocities ernment to ,rolt,r" corective
a'gainsr thousands p;obrems that
protesrers' "i;",d;;r;;; .", -r'i""Lll"rr.d
':incruding a chemicar-;;;;;r,
-s) on a giobar scare,
altack in August.zot: thut e004: uui-ir.uring, more centrarized
U,ea ao-iltl_ io.*, or,uurlor,,r- such as a prospective
j',",}L"#
{ii- llff##:li:*i? y"* e. s,a,e i,',"'r,,
s6u uu,."..ir"a ;*ru:;,ml#
:rniritarT strikes
l __,Tt "0
asainst
insriutlons _ _#;i"1:?lt,ji;jlx.l,ff".xlll

dffffHr ;t"Trd',i'*T::11*
worked out bv the
organisa,i""-i*"iu"
[-;*jr;;*i ::_,-*;" ;l;;,0
Prohib:tiou of Chemicaiw""p"",
;; ;" ".;;;:,."",Ir1ffim::tTflTj
tionaldimensi*;istuugr,, er,2OO4:3t).

iJ1[1,ilfit!1i*:HfffiHjj,#s::rfl
the statist
an imporrant"t*iit"ti,i, oin?r;ffibc
shift: the protection
s::,#,
.*ii *:l]:il,r:,;;u;;;,,.,
;;i}utr'o-ffirli.*rrr"r*
;;;H#fiff j?::::ltr*:
ura
beings' at least in some "irrri".,
r*rtrJ r"*u around thc rvoricl
,# intogreaterhiriony.urirrointemationarnom.rs
takes higher'priorifv trran
any parlicular government
tr,i-f.o,""t;;; il;;;r.';#";1r" arsues
1ror1 ;;;;i
tnrervention And a3 internaliglql ;;"U;;;"*J,u ,o handrethatgrobal relying on

theorist Michail o:*l,o"u t"tu,ior* issues

i. pr"r"ruut" tJ"...lutiug a worid goverrunenr
ambiguous status of Ii2F !;ril,-il ["T;"uri"ui',iilasi]re and undesirabre
*is,r, #;;frr"] The size and scope of spch a goverlmenr
pr::senrs
an unavoiiabrq'a'o ouoglo,,.u,,.u,
ift.,]lii:X'i','llff?:;,f",#;ffiil$
ertirei uuuoaoS,rlil;","b;;;r,"r,"r,'j] to individual liberf Furrhrr, ,rrJat""^i,v
imposesu*.uur1i.el.n1,.ri.'r#.ri"... j_\ir"rTi:',f
,
"r
huinal rrghts' r.D3yt r,'zott'iii1v' v,rvrvuu .hfl :,r:',o",HU;;**:
(#il;; ror_l,Jjl""wever, Slaughrer sers
114 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION

r BF4r'qon-

rights:i,Keek and
 GOVERNMENIS IN
A GLOEALLY INIERCONNECTED
WORLD 115

Srkkirk coined the pbrase ,boomerans

tern of inrluen.r;1rra,ii) fo'.t. moveme:r:aTe in iee8,
il##j#: when cuzen
can happen *h:: {o*.,r",i"ri',.JlJ li
#:,*:lli*t##,j1;i::*1.::;:
:fiffi::.,T*ffH,i'*?:ll,L::*** {T;r,!ffiLt it *ourd creare a ,bi,, or
;;#r$i
'""":,i:;:;'f;i:::ll; [*::,,::'1?H ;::Uf,n:#n*
;ffift1#;::T.ir,iT:.n:ffffi_u firilu:I#i,.",fljtt#i#f,,i;:
u" i"e,.i#y ;lL;H;,H:1,f;l:.;:tr,tr
aud changes io 0"T"":3-r^orilJI;#;r. ;t;,mffiI*jtrIii#*:;
Trade organizJon
(wTo) in seanre.
ilfi'frii'?*1i::T'; HT:,f :nI: :i1*:,;'."bffi th,, .on,i,,,.,o
Sorne
con fr .n, r h e

-!!1".:1':::"',f'*"*iT:i:IIf"T'lll'[Ji"'''",rF#:i;::J":T-T.HJ,1:;
srates kansron:r their
p"li.i., _a;#Jj [iT
. r,,*"" n,L";"Jr?,Tff?:j]:J,[J ff,,f:,]..*
fffiffii1"y,*.T5tr1 .igr,u'ii ;;ru"_iiii.,,rarher than for en arfe,-
corncidentauv, ur juu.o*ut
the same rime
as Keck and Sikkinkpubijshed,ur"
N'orwegian Nouer coor-in""*:-
[t',];#r:l;lr'"J#:"il:T#****
i""t,ie local .onooi-:trrtainability
ric"""""gl, and cultural
rmporrant 'actor within' ffi; diversiry and Mander, 2004:
societv- calred atte''ti-o"
ransnationai:cirit n-riiiiil;;
p rh";r";ffi;I,";"rrrirr-#j,iiur,-ra" the
"*., surge in pubric con_
and arr its impri_
f*il:t,ffffir,J#ffi,*H."T""r cations r"a,g,l_Lg numbers,
or
Landmines *iG.oora-ato5 FeoPle during this perioa to begm th;fig"of
".,eryduy
Jody williuoul themselves as 'global cit2ens'Ind
rvhose Vermont barn
lwhere J; ;;i;;;;*-.' ,o r-iJil,i,
,ff :*y;;:*::t #;ifl',T
P.ze also ti**ot ut of the centrality of ffi :ii;!6{[lr*.--,",xi: ;i *:
tu$:l empathlz (Schattle, zoos)'
s;e,res; after
",, as
to ban landmines
,t" sr"31r*."., #ri,J,i T"l:ilitrH.,#"ff;;: #il::Ji*#i
a
cally targeted states anarveapo,
of wa*plriFr-200i, the public
ottarva Treaty'that now
r:s'J-ti#; rfi * chaliengiug
of the
the"iriuiliry
.washington movernenr
n* roo ."".Lr i,
board (similar to the rry*"rtor"r'cJil; ,rersion:of
consensus,
J"oro*i" globarization entered a
court' however, some,of th:;"ila';',#;; dordrums ,i"r*lioian,t
herp rhat the first
wro me.iirg rr"ia unpr g/r1
l,*'.T;1;,lXii#JY;"4"'"' il.;" q"il';ote rocation dirricurt r took place in
Dorrar,
ro
rhea there is u"-s,staioed
global cirizens ;:iffitil:f:1i;ff
or
.'tr;f:j.:T*:li*
ifi:ifl' -",:'::iru.'illfff,'r""tJ[*r "'t.vio ";il; ,..k,ne to trave] into
r r econo""" ;i;;.*ution.rrr,r*r,"h"-
ibera
jl,lTj:ilj:i*:;:"1*:
ars and activisrs
origins of this movement
*""-rr r";;;p"";
-t:,
ill,ffj
gr"u"ii.J..r'*irr-rr, rt:
as a vehicre for
caurpaigri' Iaunched
to the -ffi;;,
transnationa Jito"rlr't-loi"r.'"i l"yo"a the nation-stare
Mexico, by the' Zapaaiia i-'?% il .orrtior"d to expand. and
Army of NurlooJ c_oherenr, become rnore
Lrberatron @j6rcito Zapatista ourtr.ui.uriy with the enrry of
a" riu".u.io., rhr.
Nacional) ia response ,q -rrrrrJso.,^r;;;;:,
rree Trade Agreement.
qr.i;* ru""rrJl" a counterpornt to rhc
wor.ld Eccaour;r;;r, (Sreger
Another a,d \\/irson,
20r2).
"..iy-;;;;;;; And yet, power disparities r.rzr'e
 't16 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION

solidified during the past decade: while the contact'with fe[lorr,activists and: the :,govem-
Wbrld Economrc Fomm is lavishly funded, ing or corpcate institutions of interesfi,
efficiently organized, and easy to observe
online (at least superficially) x'ith a compre-
hensive website and abundantly archived
documerrts and transcripts of proceedings
(print, audio and video), the World Social
Forum can be trickier for everyday people
to fo11ow, partly because its, culture pf
a,oiding hierarchy and centalized control
lear.'es it without,a single pennanent web-
site. U.Iailc this does not keep the World
Soci.al Foruin's active members from com- :i. ; , t'', ' :.:::'l'" l.'..' 'ii :l . ,i;'lrr .'i.i
municating with each other all year round, it Global,aotivists, then .direct a glrcatrdeal, of
renders this civil society clearinghouse less energy.at states, and Whether or,not panticu-
transparenr, in soure important respects, lar campaips by global,civil societ5ractiv:
than its more powerful counterparts under-
written by rhe woridts largest corporations
and national governments. The disparities rn
power and public_visibiligy hand:an advan-
ta-ee in the globalization debates.to market
a:rd state forces that ultimately;back neo-
liberalism rather than ,morq ,poci.qllV work p4rsers ;c,an .convirce,keyif,gatekeepr:
,and
enyironmentally responsive alte.mati;s. gr$',that importantlsharedri valueslarb, at
ScholarsFip io thiq field has advanced stake. What. works,in one,,counky'some-
steadily. especially by.examirling the ways times backfites in anbther: the;Irisfu s6ieb-
transnatioual activism has opened up new rity,musician,Bono, for instance, made a
points of t-rteraction between domestic poli-
iics arrd iateraational rglgtio"s.. Fron the
perspective of contentious politics, Sidney
Tarow (2005: 59-60) UaiitrownUow domes-
tic polifical and social activists .come to see
their local grievances in tcnns that connect
them to economic globali2ation'i Asra result,
thev tum to what Tarrow calls ,globai fram-
i:rg' and link their particular local or nationai
clairns wirh more widely recogni2ed ciai-s,
causes'and slmbois tlan tt"ir-originai issue
might have seemed to warraut. (Tarrow
describes, for example, how American activ-
ists f,rghting to save conmunity gardens part_
nered rvith farmers from developing countries
outside the 1999 World TradjOrlanizatioi
sumrnit i:l Seattle.) Tarrow also has explored
t1cu, transnadonal activists tend to be .rooted
cosmopolitans' who stay plal.ried mainljr
rvithia their respective hbme counkies ani
Iocal communrties alongside occasional for_
a1,s abroad
that place them more directlv in govemment and its
 GOVERNMENTS IN
A GLO EALIY ,NTERCONNECTED
WORLD 117

especiallv after
iisttH-il*'-'o'on pronrinent demo- lzoo.e,]e)
craticactivists;;,T
bx
^aaplngto nt in a'rong orher
'socially d""ilt
y"il ;#; "#';ffi # 8,ffi i:,,,t;
groual neru,ork, ,-ur.n*

;I,}*if,|,ffi:j['*:":"d;t;;f;t.
*: n* i.
*y.".-.:=,,. ",.,
o-ryd;i *o'li",ro cup), and
i'. liL
",
open'up partiallv, whiie so
; c.rr*;.ii;;;"r': ut;,-"r*, #L,,ir"., an.inherenr lbrrh
,o..ur ,r,* t"f,;:ffiLff":#ffil,?i: ,i detici.n.y
,;;b;-h,;. casr themserves urto
still working l"yarena: rhe
," *""iprr"; ,ill,"jfi}:is global
;;';r:#;i,litT; t:l:::j.:;;
for tl
^,'u "*rn
aiir* i'J'",., ,or0). social meal-]
e.'urents

;lFfrTi'4=dfril *:ilry],T,ffi
work pagBers, Facebsol(
tocaiiFed couuternarts
rvli", ffiffi , trflffi ;,f#*ffi
._-_ o.i.
;
loya a, *"rra i"i
ttgureheavilyt*rt"j,tr^i;#ffiil Grcbal goverrrance is
seen as a fierd of opporr,_
m rransnaiional advocacy nityto'rarim-i..'on* own ints,s515,316.,
attermath of
*ouror"ntr; L,-thi ; .;;';;;;.rt in which
r!i, inu'u';.;:.".. poriticar institu-
'the Arab soro,t,;;;',#;.., 1o"r around comrnon o,o.
scholars and corn:nenoil^-'i]""1'-Y.:]:itt' jects hfacr,ihe;;

*H#*:1":i:;;{S'-ri i.",",:*",',1;'.,?i;*: :lili*r"i+ir

if.":"+"d* }:J.','[fi
20 to; r*i"a"
:
;:,:"f "r.J:i;l"Jii,X1; :i1..:i[11
""J citizeus
everydav .;;-;; il ; :.;:{ii..: ;"i:
1o media
::',t: new r;il*i*"'# --.ll- ":s
persrst, the wo,'td eeoporircar contraoj(rions
]lt'log to navigut" *Jr"o"rlrii cannot shrfr frorn a praq_

[T:: Tjt"#ffi;,#: gr"uile; :--J; u",

_+11,i,,'*
H: ; ::-..:iIlJ"jI.;* *dj:*
giobar ,*o-i#",a1-:ffi'J;"if,H::i#
o":*":l I::#;l ,,1;,;"'o;;:";;;i.,'",llilL!lil'
',:_:'-'
.rhe,fields or iot"*utfin;i';";ffi; f'he
, ,." siiver
.,,..:" lining
and political communication. is that new rnedia opens
rrp potenrial for ciri:
irl,,,rar rrrr- --. -.-. "lljyl;i ;;;":'r:I"::rt,T: jil::?
NEw
fl,.T,fi11i".T:fl".:Xi;l;lin,**
l:::,1: lhat
historicar 1ar
inertia of"venruatty-o',1;;;;.'i;:
nation;;;;ia#iir,
2009: 42)., Citir"n
bar *.i*r"*,'
g 1o

corporate globalization
;";rj"I#:il;,:t::'Jj
and the
zen mobilization thai helped
*lrr" .lii-
tym for Barack Obama,s
UrifJr"r,,rr-
,r"".rrzul-jbO,
elecrion campaign alI if
f rr,,.r., io,.;;.;;;r,
,insurgent
,r-:.: !"1 :t p,otitics, .rr.rr.,,g-
optimisrn thdt old_1,vavs that stares
:1t*,,:,"
oomlnaDce. The Occu "*.. ,1.j,
n,. *"u #"J:;.;i ::T *:lJi:;
119'r,1
tnequaliry took this ,insurgent p"riu.r:,"'.
lly^i:y.1.*ith protests
"."rttng
that swiftly spread
* ,r* i.,l
:1 191, ,o aor.n, oi
countnes.
A new intellectual
,been ernerging
fault line, though, .has
at thq nexus of pohtical
 118 THE sAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZAIION

communicatiou and internationai relations

regarciing whether the new communica-
tions technology is giving the upper hand
to citizens or states. While growing num-
bers of 'nefwork-oriented' scholars such as
Castells are trying to pull together evi-
.lence tracirrg the extent that citizens in the
'net generation' are,'gaining ground, scep-
tics argue that authorilarjgn. states are
working hard to consoli{p}q, thqir power
advautages and preserve power imbalances
that ultimatelywill stengttren their coer-
cive authority over citizens. In his book
The Net Delusiott: Th'e Dark.Side of
Internet l"reeCom, Evgeny Morozov
describes the many uphill battles facing
d e u'. oc racy activists in dictatorships around
the world and warns that'constitutional
deriocracies such as the United States, are
not always careful enough to avoid unin-
tended outcomes when advocating for dis-
sidents in countries such as Iran andChiaa.
An ofrlcial in the US State Department. for
instance, sent an email message to Twitter
in June 2009, iu the midst of massive street
demonstrarious i-rr Tehran following i dis-
puted result in Iranrs presidential election,
.isking Trvinel on behalt of the Obama
adrninistration tp' detay .5outjne mainte-
nance ro its network ih order to ensure that
protesters rvould be able'to keep micrb-
blo gging w ithout interruiiion. In
Morozov's liew; this 4ove'ty-the United
States governmbnt wastriiisguided:

The more Westernipolicymakers talk up the threat

ihat bloggers_pose to. authoritarian regimes, the
more irkely ihose regimes are to limtt the maneu-
,cr so;ce where those bloggers operate ... lf, orr
closer exam nation, it turns out that the lnternet
nas also empowered the secret police, the cen_
iors, 3nd the prooaganda officeS of a modern
a.-risorltariarr regime, it,s quite likely that the prc-
cess c{
.Cemocratization will, become. harder, not
easler (Morozov, 2011 27)

Technological advances,hdve aiso made it

easier tbr authoritanan states frorq Russia to
Saudi Arabia tor Myanmar to sileir.ce pesky
bLogeer-s using software programs tha;fiIter
Internet content and .den-ial-of-service,
releases. This.,has , Qeea

i
j
i
 GOVERNMENTS
IN A GLOEALLY
INI ERCONNECTED
WORLD 119
compouuded in the social medi a asc.
ambassadors uo-:yr
public,diplomacyf 'il"il;;;;tu"; f#:: Tj,ff?],t,,
subsidized rournarism
ri6r.,v rn[#r?f: fif-.:. :*?T.* iufonned democratic
is
Facebook
s,",0_1,_r*in*'i"j,,
Drog postinss wlitien
i" uoii-r]," ffir*"
#,H:l ;:*"ffi television
ij;T"*:,-**;;".,;: [*,0._
networks d"p.J.,,r
:::^Tl
;l# j;H3o'r'1'.n*,.,i .na;': i::: as advertising
on
|fTJ,'Jfffif ''eupr'"'"'".,",'#.'i'1o,..",
is redi-
1r.s,x"i ;";#'T,fl"Yli:t",lJJ,:ff:* ;;";;;',i"#,rfn$
.,E #[1:
::.".I
acrtve :-,,S"*,,;i.,?n..,,,,]il,l
'.e-generir.nentl. "rir"o #,.j#1" ;;ffi*,1lJj.i i5
woridwide in tadem,wiiu lrr.
garr"
,r"* *rr,
**rii*i",r, *;;;'rh##;y
"Iional
thumbprurts on evenrs
in
'* .o**il:i:. s, world views and
,"rl i*,=,i,^l,*",.rurers sha_
[ilffi:,i#lY.:"
*i more rhan
"# ;T"flTffi;:;T'ff ;'ffi il#h*:*ir;jtjij* rhe
311i'-

iilffi,l'c,oJt',l:|.
ana initiati'va-s'#
(colernan
,: ,*,i'v *iirlal*npruying
etu,rrt.., 200;j. "olottnt and o"*Lrir"""r#versies ia or evei igno.i,g
their own- back-
. Evel more visible to media mavens , Iutgt Al lazeera.tends to go
..ri'^o,l ,ir.
i;'
iiifi$l H,:::t il, :'l r:;
o; o'
"' "
i il,
"',i : il,;: li ll? ';l'*H x;;* : y-* :lr:
*",,0;ii'iu,'r6orr rn this n"* ,*o.la
sre.u.1i-1aeili;i:'#;f-J[:,,H1ff;fi:"",
isthe;4,aqed;uiV*Su;d"arir-"i""r#r or
onjc p,".,o.",
?_r{w;;rd'
Kingdom), Al Jazeera,Errrirn
"iffi
state-nm broadcasting, tt" tirr"i
,;:ll,ff"ilj ;;'";
l,::1,Tlj
iq")".j,
Arabiya (saudi'Arabia),-riunce,)i, i, fl.r"",::i;}T*
,3r1g*."i,T, the government
n,Lrri, shering out the inonev.
minish.ies

i'iH,?:T.':::1?HlH:i,H;r rn, :;**ff

grcwi'g industry aud
-
il.: r: rrnar word, ,h.ugh
the cacophony of globar
,n.oir,-rr,r*,0,,-
i#,11 #:*.'#i,*:*rj:x jlTi
""i,*"i",""01'jl
iI i:i*T]' ^:i:;,::' r:: gT: ":,* lli : :
d rp 1
c cm a ri
t' ;i";;;i,;".,J
Televisiou ,,ews. p-layeo -a **
u"u
"mir, ".i,s ,"Eff I;,::
broaccasters'
pr'otal roie during the '"iini
i:f
before the'rpii'w"aa"t"r,h;"y;::i
:b;"
Trade
dismantlii* organizarion
meeting in seante and has continued
il+Yi:11';:?,;TJffi
i-Tt-t-*":.to
*fl;*i
rril="&r, G:*::,heu (Kidd, 2oo3),
open the che"ko;i;;;.# L1d wtuf.'dia and wikil""r" Jili",lJ, r"ri
ine a nuar browto,l;
to

blrng East German

state.to keep its ingi,?';;: d;_ il,L1".rT,L#::";:,":ff#;:::*l;*:
"irir"r, fr,.L., now for citizens
ily{ i':'x:,f;:;i*i;:{* media'
iii$ revolutions,
"r.t.r?porriUf"
'"''''i".r .,0',f,xn o"nu."n mains,rea n
and 'altemarrve
ro

lljlrrg by proteste;r
filmeci
uroua"urtio;';ff; *yta9 perspectives media, and to gain
phorrqs and
*itn tnrii ;rtil to
fronr.arouncl rr.. *Jna,
the days *r,",, .ol""iionr'i
sr.rdios (rmagine ironri"e "-;;i ,;';";
forwarded via :.:::-o"rt
rorwl,a;r;;
;TT:ffi;*T;:::l:". r."* .",,- ",,*,
'-lJ"'$il'n:J#::[i,b,?*?,J.";;*.,*Jo*Jff#J,]?;:ff i:,"Jff T:*
the channels of globai^potiti""i
::j':l: contotiea, ara rur-tri;,rr;:5 ."",-rr."-
: : ::: i'.. tJ :,,?; " :yJ : H:,,,'il #: lll.i: ii,
1:,, ,.ave
swuvrori
i""."fi ; *ft'.ff.?:r ;. : f:
zen-driven outlets. Although
,n" :l,r,i.i
 120 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION
divide' remains a oroblem (Norris, 2001;
Mossberger et a1.,2007), the world's 'digital
citizens' forfunate enough to have lnternet
access and the capabilify to make the most of
c'bclspacc now face the enviable chailenge
of seekrrg out these competing sources of
info nation, separating the wheat from the
chaff, evaluating for themselves which
sources are credible and compelling enough
to follovr on a conti:ruing basis,. and explor-
ing many perspectives,rather than copfrning
themselves to 'echo charnbersl that merely
reiaforce lheir personal poinls of view
(Jamieson and Cappella, 2010; Sunsteia,
20C9). Cood citizenship ia the global media
rge takes effort, but the amenities are many!
CONCLUSION
Today we see more states than ever and more
constitr,tional democracies that profess com-
mitnents to human rights and the rule of law.
These states claim for themselves an ever
wider.:ing array of regulatory powers and
bureaucratic functions anh b.ota &emselves
increasiagly accountable to intenutional
norus and pnnciples. We also see more cid-
zens, ci.zil society orgaqqStions aud corpora-
tions than ever seekiag to transcend the
boundaries ofstates and place their enterprises,
endeavours and daily livis bryond aay pard;-
lar_territory or political com:rlunity narowly
defiaed in :spatial terms -
'eveh,,&s 'states.
respond b1, tightening'up the legai require-
ments foi citizeruhip stahrs aud tqlin'[ to curb
unar.rthorized irnraigraticln.' The state as we
knou' jt is neirher being eclipsed nor gaining
exclusive rnonopoly power over citizens,and
theu' a1legiances., As yale' Ferguson and.
Richard Mansbach have noted
e0l2:2g0):
when all is said and done, it
is difficuh to general_
ize about the impact of globalization ori ,t.t.r.
Globalization has been facilitated by state behav-
ro'even as it constrains state autonomv and
-edr- ces
;tate capacity. Fcjr national leaderi. the
c'a .n that gtobalization limits autonomy provides
lusti{icaticn for policibs they.wish to ,nA.rtrf.
while denving responsibility for them,
i : .; .i.,t.-. t
Several related, concluding., pe.ints,r i,15"",
emerge from our, analysis: If r': i::lf
. Gtobatiration
'coincides
wim saleg, iia,1n!..a
has spurred the creation of many new states -
with many nations and ethnic, linguistic and
religious communities long sribmergeiJ within
existing states rising up'and demanding state-
hoodforthemSelves. ".' : ' :
. States now operate in a World in which'power
is'dispersed both horizbntally (ciVil society and
i the m a rketplace) r a nd:i verticA ly,'.(i riten atio na i
I
.organizations, I subnatiqnal political,authorities
i
andsecessi0n,movements), ii,. i;ri i....i,i,. .,.
. Globalization shapes states, andtstatesiin tum
shape globalization, and this circular:flow encom-
passes many elements, such as trarlsnationai capi-
tal, investments, ideas, brands, artand music, film,
broadcasting, sporting even6 and so forth.
. Becbuse the benefits'diid costs ofglobalization
are unevenly distributed acrosi stjtis'and popu-
lations, life chances -for'individua'l' citizens are
heavily determlned by fie particular states they
are from - and how these states'measure up in
safeguarding,baslc rights,and ensurirtg the provi-
sionof basic.needs.. ,i:i: r.."i_,'.. i 1
. States set the agendas and also drive the terms
of cooperation that govern the world,s leading
international organizations, from the United
Nations to the World Tiade 0rganilation,'stares
also craft and uphold the common standards that
emerge from these institutions.
. Globalization places statei into direct'competi.
, tion. StateS'noW compete on ei varlety,of fronts:
' economic policiei that offer'the, most.favour-
able, incentives,,foq rnultinatlonal I ;corpoiatlons,
to loc_ate qitfin their: jurkdictipns,itout:ism cam.
paigns that attract the world's .upwardly rnobiie
pgpulations and their lisposable incomes, and
political systems that meet basic minimurn
standards of of democratic.legitimacy and moral
credibility. Relative newcom"er striei on in,
global stage or siatbs still transltioiiinq from
authoritarian systems tcj free-mdrket ioital-
. ism and constitutional'democracy pa! brp..irttv
close attentlon to how thelr couniries itaif
uo in
the league tables., i, ;. t; l
,';, ,.. .
'
o Globalization has sparked cornpeting; dynam-
rcs.ot power diffusion and poryer; qg.nsolidation
(Sihattle, 2012). While ctttzen iaiviiu
and civit
soclety organizations, aided by lnt'ernet com-
-platfbrms,
munication and social media have
clearly gained leverage in worid politics, each
 GOVERNMENTS IN
A GIOEALLY INTERCONNECTED
WORLD
121

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e i t o n' i fii,
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ffi ]
e s re e n

0,1, S.ov
* rti
ereig nty. roronto:
i' I) o' i; Ji!;!:,:' i:
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'rylf 1 9id aur c{ L o..
co mp reh ens
cal rights.
i,";; ;llilJ".iIf
as well
-urj :,i.^#fi :
-
l!!!u,rnargr, Human Rishrs,
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rri ini"c,t ru^ii'r

nghts, rvhich ard er

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the expense of orhers,.

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