B.Sc.

II year Physics Practical’s

Group - I
General Physics and Sound
Sr. Title of Experiment Date Page Signature
No. No.
1 Y by Searle’s Method
2 Young’s modulus (Vibration of bar)
3 Modules of rigidity by (Torsional
Oscillations)
4 Surface Tension of Mercury (Quincke’s
Method)
5 Surface Tension (Method of Ripples)
6 Searle’s Viscometer
7 Velocity of Sound by Kundt’s tube and
Audio Oscillator
8 Velocity of Sound by Resonating
Bottle

Group - II
Optics
Sr. Title of the Experiment Date Page Signature
No. No.
1 Fresnel’s Biprism
2 Searle’s Goniometer
( Equivalent Focal length)
3 Searle’s Goniometer
( Cardinal Points)
4 Determination of Cauchy’s
Constants
5 Resolving Power of Plane
Diffraction Grating
6 Resolving Power of a Prism
7 Palarimeter
8 Double Refracting Prism

1
 Group – III
Electronics and Computer Programming

Sr. Title of the Experiment Date Page Signature

No. No.
1 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
2 Colpitt’s Oscillator
3 Phase Shift Oscillator
4 Logic Gates & De Morgans Theorems
5 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
6 C- Programming –
a. Area of Circle
b. Area of Rectangle
7. C- Programming – Use of If-else&
For Statement
a. Finding largest of three
numbers
Or
b. Impedance of LCR circuit

8. C- Programming – Use of While &

Do-While Statement
a. Conversion of temperature
from Celsius to Farenheit Scale
Or
b. Calculation of Fringe Width

Group – IV
Electricity

Sr. Title of the Experiment Date Page Signature

No. No.
1 Constants of Ballistic Galvanometer
2 Comparison of Capacities ( De-Sauty’s
method)
3 Mutual Inductance
4 Carey Foster’s Bridge
5 Calibration of Bridge wire by Griffith’s
Method
6 Wien’s Bridge
7 Measurement of High Resistance
8 LCR Series Resonance

2
GROUP - I

3
 1. Y- by Searle’s method

Aim: To determine Young’s Modulus (Y) of material of the given wire by

Searle’s method.
Apparatus: Two identical bars, given wires, stop watch, screw gauge, vernier
calliper,
Diagram:

Formula:

Y =

= x slope of Vs T2

Observations:

i) Radius of Experimental wire (r):

L. C. of Micrometer screw gauge = ___________ cm.

i) r1 = ii) r2 = iii) r3 =

Mean r = _________________ cm

ii) Moment of inertial of metal bars (I):

Mass of bar (M) = _____________ gm

4
 Length of bar (L) = ______________ cm

Breadth of bar (B) = ______________ cm

M. I. of bar,

= ________________ gm.cm2

Observation table:

Obs. Length of Time for 20 oscillations Time period

No. wire (sec) (sec) T2 (sec2)
t1 t2 t3 t (cm/sec2)
( ) cm T=

1
2
3
4
5

Calculation:

Results:
Young’s modulus of material of wire,
i) Y = _________________ dyne/cm2 (by calculation)
ii) Y = _________________ dyne/cm2 (by graph)

Questions:
1. Define Young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity.
2. Give unit for y and n.
3. What is dependence of period of oscillations with the length of wire?
4. How time period of oscillations depends on moment of inertia of metal
bar?
5. Why radius of experimental wire should be measured more accurately?

5
 2. Young’s modulus (Vibration of bar)

Aim: To determine the Young’s modulus (Y) of the material of given bar and
also mass (m) of vibrating part of the bar.

Diagram:

Observations:

i) Breadth of the bar (b):

L. C of vernier calliper: ________________cm
i) b1 = ii) b2 = iii) b3 =
Mean b = ____________ cm
ii) Thickness of the bar (d):
L. C. of micrometer screw gauge = ________________ cm
i) d1 = ii) d2 = iii) d3 =
Mean d = _____________ cm
iii) Length of vibrating part of bar (l) = _________ cm

Formula:

6
 M= X Intercept on X axis OD

Observation table:

Mass Time
Time for 20 oscillations (sec) Period
Obs. attached at
T2
No. free end of
t1 t2 t3 Mean t T= Sec 2
bar M (gm)
1
2
3
4
5

Graph:

Calculation:

Results:
i) Young’s Modulus of Material of bar (Y) =______________
dyne/cm2

7
 ii) Mass of Vibrating part of bar(m) = _______________ gm
3. Modulus of rigidity by (Torsional Oscillations)
Aim: Determine Modulus of rigidity of the material of a wire by dynamical
method using solid cylinder.

Diagram :

Observations :
i) Mass of the metal Disc (M) = _________________ gm
ii) Measurement of radius of metal Disc (R):
L. C of vernier calliper: ________________ cm
Diameter of Disc (D):
D1= ___________ cm , D2= _______________ cm
Mean D = _______________ cm
R = D/2 = ______________ cm.
iii) Radius of Experimental wire (r):
L. C. of micrometer screw gauge: _____________cm
Diameter of wire (d):
d1 = _____________ cm , d2 = _______________ cm
Mean d =_________________cm
r = d/2 = ________________ cm

iii) Moment of inertia of Disc (I) = MR2

8
 =

=___________ gm.cm2

Observation Table:
Obs. Length Time of 20 oscillations(sec) Period
No. of wire t1 t2 t3 Mean T2
t T= Sec2 cm/s2
‘ ’ cm
(sec)
1
2
3
4
5

Calculation:

Result:-
i) η = _________________ dyne/cm2 (by calculation)
ii) η = _________________ dyne/cm2 (by graph)

4. S. T. by Quincke’s Method
Aim: To determine the S. T. and angle of contact of mercury by Quincke’s
method.

9
Apparatus: Flat glass surface, levelling screws, level bottle,travelling
microscope, mercury.
Diagram :

T – Top surface.
M – Surface of maximum
horizontal cross section
B – Bottom surface.

Formula

Notations :
T – S. T. of mercury. g – Acceleration due to gravity.
q - Angle of contact. r - Density of mercury.
h and h’ – Heights as shown in the diagram.

Observations :
Density of mercury r = 13.6 gms / cc.
Acceleration due to gravity g = 980 cm / sec 2.
L. C. of travelling microscope = ------- cm.

Observation table :

10
Obs. Microscope reading at Height h Height h’ S. T.
No. ( T – C ) cm. ( T – M) cm. dynes / cm.
Surface T Surface M Surface C

1.

2.

3.

Results :
1. The S. T. of Mercury T = ------------- dynes / cm.

2. Angle of contact q = --------- deg.

Procedure :
Clean the glass plate. Using the level bottle make the glass plate perfectly
horizontal by adjusting screws on which it is kept. Pour some mercury on the
plate, so as to form a large flat drop. Illuminate the mercury drop by a lamp.
Focus thetravelling microscope on the drop. Adjust the horizontal cross wire on
top surface A of drop. Note the reading. Focus the travelling microscope on the
image of filament of lamp in the drop ( B ). Focus the microscope on bottom
surface of drop ( C ). Note the reading. Find h and h’, hence calculate the
surface tension and the angle of contact of mercury.

5. Surface Tension (Method of Ripples)

Aim – To determine the surface tension of given liquid (water) by ripple
method.
Diagram –

11
Formula –

T= (2n2λπ - g)

Observation –
1) Density of liquid (water) (ρ) = 1 gm/cm3
2) Frequency of Vibrator (n) = 100 Hz.

Observation Table –
Obs. Number of Scale Reading Distance between Waves length
No. waves N x1 cm the m waves = x/Ncm.
x cm
1
2
3
4
5

12
 6

Mean  = …………………cm

Calculations –

Result –
Surface Tension of given liquid (T) is _________ dyne/cm.
Questions:
1. Define surface tension
2. Give units and dimensions of S.T.
3. What do you mean by ripple?
4. In the present experiment how ripples are formed?
5. To observe and measure the wavelength of ripples which effect is used?

6. Searle’s viscometer

Aim : To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given liquid using

Searle’s viscometer.

Apparatus : Searle’s viscometer, stop watch, balance, weight box,

Caster oil, Vernier callipers etc.

Diagram :

13
Formula:

η =

Notations :

 - Coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.

D – Diameter of drum on which thread is wound.

a – Inner radius of the outer cylinder.

b – Outer radius of inner cylinder.

m –mass of pan + mass in the pan.

g – Acceleration due to gravity.

H – Height of cylinder in liquid.

h – corrected height = H + h’

h’ – height correction from the graph

14
 T – Periodic time of rotation of cylinder = ( t / n’ )

n’ – No. of turns of thread on drum.

Observations :

1)L.C. of Vernier calliper = S/N = ( 0.1/10 ) = ------ Cm.

Diameter of drum D:

i) -------- Cm ii) ------- Cm iii) ------- Cm

 Mean diameter D = -------- Cm

2) Inner diameter of outer cylinder 2a :

i) -------- Cm ii) ------- Cm iii) ------- Cm

Mean diameter 2a = -------- Cm  Radius a = ------- Cm

4) Outer diameter of inner cylinder 2b :

i) -------- Cm ii) ------- Cm iii) ------- Cm

 Mean diameter 2b = -------- Cm  Radius b = ------- cm.

5) Mass of each pan m1 = ------- gm

6) Mass in pan m2= ------- gm

7) m = m1 + m2= ------- gm

8) No. of revolutions n = -------.

Observation Table :

m = Mass of pan + mass in pan = ------ gm (Constant)

Ob. Height H Time for ‘n’ T=t/n mT Corrected Mean

revolutions t height
Nos in Cm in Sec mT/h
in Sec
. h = H +h’
Cm

15
 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Graph : Plot the graph of mT against H.

Intercept on negative H axis gives height correction h’ = --------- Cm

 Corrected height h = H + h’ = -------- Cm

Calculation:

16
Results: Coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid  = ------- poise.

Procedure:

Using vernier calliper measure D, 2a, 2b, etc. Find the mass of pan. Fill
Caster oil in outer cylinder, measure the height of inner cylinder H in Caster oil
Wound about 10 turns of a thread on the drum. Put suitable masses in two pans
so that inner cylinder can rotate slowly and uniformly during fall of pans.
Record the time of fall. Determine the periodic time T of rotation of the
cylinder. Repeat the procedure for five different heights. Plot the graph of m T
against H. Find height correction h’. Find the corrected height for each reading.
Calculate coefficient of viscosity (  ) of Caster oil

***********

17
 7.Velocity of Sound by Kundt’s tube and
Audio Oscillator

Aim - To measure the velocity of sound in air by using Kundt’s tube and
audio – oscillator.

Diagram –

Formula –
1.Velocity of sound va= n λ

2. Velocity of sound at room temperature V0

18
Observations:-
1. Fixed distance between piston and speaker (x) = 80 cm

2. α = 0.00367/0C

3. t = room temperature = .................. 0C (Given)

Observation table :-

Obs. No. Freq.of Number of Loop Wavelength Velocity of

audio well length sound in air
λa = 2 cm
oscillator. defined = x/P cm at room
n (Hz) loops (P) temp.
va=nλ cm/s
1
2
3
4
5

Calculation :-

Result –
Velocity of sound
i) in air va = ___________ cm/s
ii) at room temperature vo = _____________ cm/s

Questions:
1. What are stationary waves? How are they produced?
2. Define mode and antinode.
3. Define Velocity.
4. Velocity of sound in air depends on what factors, explain the
dependence.
5. How the stationary waves are observed experimentally?

19
 8. Velocity of Sound by Resonating Bottle

Aim – To measure the velocity of sound in air by using resonating bottle.

Figure:

Observations:
1. Length (depth) of the neck ( ) =__________cm
2. Radius of Mouth, r1 =_____________cm
r2 =_____________cm
r3 =_____________cm
mean, r =_____________cm
3. Cross sectional area of the neck (a) = r2=______________cm2
Formula:-

Observation Table:-

20
 Frequency Resonating volume of air
of the cm3 1/n2
Obs. No.
tuning Hz-2
Vi V2 V3 Mean V
fork n Hz
1 512
2 426
3 384
4 320
5 288

Graphs:
Plot graph of V  1/n2

Result:
1. Velocity of sound in air at room temp. ν = ____________ cm/s
2. Volume of neck V0 = _______________ cm3 (from graph)

Questions:
1. Define velocity of sound and write an expression for Newton’s formula
for velocity.
2. State and explain the dependence of velocity of sound in air on
temperature.
3. What is resonance?
4. How are the forced vibrations are produced in the resonator.
5. What is resonator?

21
GROUP - II

22
 Adjustment of spectrometer

(A) Illumination of Slit:

(i) Keep the slit open
(ii) Keep the source, in-front of slit on collimator axis.
(B) Leveling
(i) Level the instrument using level bottle by keeping the telescope once
parallel to leveling crews and then perpendicular to line joining leveling
screws. Repeat alternately.
(ii) Level the prism table by keeping the level bottle parallel to two leveling
screws and then perpendicular to the first position. Repeat alternately.
(C) Parallel light adjustment by Schuster’s method:
(i) Keep the prism on prism table at its centre with base, almost parallel to
collimator axis.
(ii) See the spectrum with necked eye and keep the prism at minimum
deviation position.
(iii) See the spectrum through telescope and adjust the position of telescope
at minimum deviation for yellow.
(iv) Shift the telescope to short wavelength side (blue)
(v) rotate the prism table so that edge of prism approach the telescope till
yellow comes on cross wire and then adjust telescope tube length to
make the spectral lines sharp.
(vi) Rotate the prism table so that edge of prism approaches the collimator,
till the yellow line comes again on the cross wire and then adjust
collimator tube length to make the line sharp.
(vii) Repeat V and VI alternately till lines remains sharp for any kind of
rotation
(viii) Now collimator gives out parallel rays and telescope focuses the parallel
rays sharply i.e. spectrometer is ready for use.
(ix) Do not disturb the tube lengths.

1. Fresnel Biprism
Aim: - To obtain interference fringes & to measure Mean Fringe width by
calculating the wavelength (λ) of the given monochromatic source of light
(Sodium Source).

Diagram:-

23
Observation:-
1. Smallest division on main scale of micrometer attached to eye piece

S= __________
2. No. of rotation required to complete one division on main scale
n=__________
Then, Pitch of the micrometer attached to eyepiece
p = S/n = __________
3. No. of divisions on circular scale = N =__________
Least count of micrometer attached to the eye piece
= p / N =__________cm
4. Observed distance between slit and eyepiece = a =__________ cm.
5. Given bench error = b =__________ cm.
6. Actual distance between slit and eyepiece = D =(a ± b) =__________
cm.
Observation Table:-
For fringe width :- (X)
Fringe
width
Fringe
Micrometer Total between Mean
Fringe Coincide width
main scale reading 12 ‘x’
No. division X=x/4
reading cm successive cm
cm
fringes
cm
0
4
8

24
 12
16
20
24

For Distance between two vertical sources S1 & S2 (d):

a) Select a convex lens of focal length, = 20 cm.

b) Place the eyepiece at a distance nearly equal to 4f from the slit.

c) Introduce lens stand between biprism & eyepiece without disturbing the
slit, biprism assembly.

d) Obtain magnified & reduced sharp image in the focal plane of eye piece
by adjusting the position of lens and position of eyepiece

Micrometer reading for Micrometer reading

Magnified images for reduced images
Obs. d1=m ~ n d2=m ~ n
No. LHS RHS LHS ( RHS
cm cm
m cm n cm 2)cm (r2)cm
1

Formula:-

Calculation =

25
Result = Wave length of given source is λ= ___________ Å.

26
 1. Searle’s Goniometer (Equivalent Focal Length)

Aim: To find the equivalent focal length ‘f’ of a system formed by two convex
lenses for four different distances ‘d’ between them and to plot 1/F d
hence determine intercepts on both the axes and interpret them.
Ray Diagram:-

Observation Table:-
1. Distance of Goniometer lens and scale=L = ------------------------ cm.
2. Focal length of given two convex lenses, F1=……cm, F2=………cm
Observation Table:
Distance Goniometer scale reading Meter scale reading
between
L1 &L2 L.H.S. R.H.S. Mean L.H.S. R.H.S. Mean
d cm
h1cm h1cm h1cm h2cm h2cm h2cm cm-1
cm
1 1
2 2 1.5

1 1
2 2 1.5
1 1
1.5
2 2
1 1
2 2 1.5

Graph: Plot 1/F against d

27
Result –
1. For d=0,Intercept on 1/F-axis OA = 1/F =____________cm-1
Then F =______________cm
2. For 1/F =0,or F=0 Intercept on d-axis OB = d =______________cm

Interpretation (Significance) of intercepts:-

1. Intercept OA on 1/F axis corresponding to d = 0.
Reciprocal of the intercept viz 1/OA gives the focal length of the
combination when the separation between the two lenses (Poles) is zero.
2. Intercept OB on d axis corresponds to 1/F = 0
i.e. the focal length of the combination when the separation between
them d = OB given by 1/F = 0 or F = ∞
i.e. the lense combination acts like a parallel slab when d=OB cm.

28
 2. Searle’s Goniometer (Cardinal Points)
Aim – Plot the cardinal points for a system of two co-axial lenses of unequal
focal length.

Apparatus : Searle’s Goniometer, Plane mirror, stand etc.

Diagram:

Observation Table:-
1. Distance of Goniometer lens and scale=L = ------------------------ cm.
2. Focal length of given two convex lenses, F1=……cm, F2=………cm.
Distance Goniometer scale reading Meter scale reading
between
L1 &L2 L.H.S. R.H.S. Mean L.H.S. R.H.S. Mean
d cm
h1cm h1cm h1cm h2cm h2cm h2cm cm-1
cm
1 1
2 2 1.5

1 1
2 2 1.5
1 1
1.5
2 2
1 1
2 2 1.5

29
Graphs:
Plot the cardinal points of graph paper by selecting suitable scale.

30
 3. Determination of Cauchy’s Constants.

Aim – To determine the Cauchy’s constants A & B

Diagram:

Observation:-
1. L. C. of spectrometer =_________min

2. Angle of Prism ( ) = 60°

Observation Table :-
Spectrometer reading Minimum
Obs. Colour of Wave
deviation µ
No. spectral line
(Hg-Source)
length
λ
q1 q2 δm=
(direct
Å q1~q2
reading)
1. Yellow 5780
2. Green 5460
3. Blue-green 5025
4. Blue 4358
5. Violet 4078

Formula :-

31
 Cauchy’s equation:

Graph: plot a graph of  1 / 2

4. Intercept OP = A = _______________

5. Slope QR/PR = B = ________________ (Å)-2

Calculation :-

32
Result:-

Cauchy’s Constants

1. A = ______________
2. B = ______________( Å)2

Questions:
1. What is normal dispersion?
2. Explain the characteristics of normal dispersion.
3. What is the nature of dispersion produced by prism? Linear or non
linear?
4. Define angle of minimum deviation.
5. At smaller wavelengths the refractive index of the material of prism
_______________ more rapidly.

33
 4. Resolving Power of Plane Diffraction Grating.

Aim: To determine the resolving power of the given plane diffraction grating.
Apparatus: Spectrometer, Diffraction grating, Hg source, Magnifier, Auxiliary
slit etc.
Diagram:

Formula:-

R.P.=

where,
n = order of the spectrum
a = width of the auxiliary slit at just resolution of yellow doublet
e = grating element
q= angle of diffraction
 = mean wavelength of yellow doublet

34
 Given  Å,  Å
5769 + 5791
 = ----------------------- = 5780 Å
2
d = 5791 – 5769 = 22 Å

Observation Table:-
I) To determine the grating element using Yellow doublet.
L.C. of the spectrometer scale = __________min
Color Wavelength Spectrometer 2ql~ r Angle sinθ cosθ
� A.U. Reading q

L.H.S. ( R.H.S.
(r)
)
Yellow I 5791

Yellow II 5769

II) To determine measure the slit width for n=1

L. C. of the auxiliary slit =__________cm
Slit width to merge yellow doublet = a1 = _________cm
Slit width to resolve yellow doublet = a2 =_________cm
Mean slit width (a) =__________cm

Calculation:-

35
Result:-
Resolving power of the plane diffraction Grating = ____________

Procedure:
R.P. of grating:
A) Adjust the spectrometer for parallel light by Schuster’s method.
B) Normal mounting of grating (i) mount the grating on grating stand, with
its plane almost tar to collimator axis (ii) see, the direct slit through
telescope and adjust the position of telescope, so that slit’s image
coincides with the cross-wire (iii) read the position of telescope in one
windows as ‘x’ (iv) add or subtract 900 from x (i.e. x + 90) and shift the
telescope to position (i.e. x + 90) telescope in normal to collimater (v)
Rotate the vernier (prism table) till reflected white image is seen in the
telescope. (vi) read the position of vernier as ‘y’ in one window. (vii)
Then rotate the vernier by 450 i.e. (i.e. y + 450) adjust its position
perpendicular to collimater axis. (viii) fix the vernier (ix) see the first
order spectrum (yellow lines) on either side and take telescope reading
as q1and q2
q1 ~ q2
Angle of diffraction q= ----------------
2
C) Auxiliary slit width, for just resolution (i) keep the slit full open and fix
it at the telescope objective. (ii) reduce the slit width till yellow. Doublet
is just resolved i.e. a very thin dark line appears at the centre of yellow
patch. (iii) now take the micrometer reading (iv) close the slit and take
another reading of micrometer. (v) the difference in two reading III and
IV gives the slit width ‘a’ for just resolution (vi) calculate e and R.P.

36
 5. Resolving Power of the Prism.
Aim:- To determine the resolving power of the prism.

Diagram:-

Observation:-
1. L. C. of spectrometer =_________min
2. Angle of Prism ( ) = 60°
Observation Table:-
I) To determine the minimum deviation for Yellow doublet.

Colour Wavelength Spectrometer reading δm= A~B

λ
(Å) A B(Direct
reading)
Yellow I 5791
Yellow II 5769

II) To determine measure the slit width

L. C. of the auxiliary slit =__________cm
Slit width to merge yellow doublet = a1 = _________cm
Slit width to resolve yellow doublet = a2 =_________cm
Mean slit width (a) =__________cm

37
Formula :-

Given B = 10 x 10-11 cm2

Calculation:-

Result – Resolving Power of prism is =____________

38
 7. Specific Rotation of plane of Polarization by
Polarimeter

Aim:- To study the variation in the angle or rotation of plane of polarization

with concentration of sugar solution & hence to calculate the specific
rotation using polarimeter.
Figure :-

Formula :-
Specific rotation,

Deg. Gm-1 cm3 dm-1

Where, � = rotation of plane of polarization

m = concentration of the solution of gm/cc.
L = length of polarimeter tube
Observation:-
i) Length of the polarimeter tube in which solution is filled l = 10 cm
ii) Least count of polarimeter =________deg.
iii) Polarimeter Scale reading for distilled water,
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
Total reading A0 =
iv) Concentration of parent solution = 0.20 gm/cc
(20 gm of sugar is dissolved in some distilled water and dilute it to
100cc)

Observation Table:-
Obs. No. Conc. of Polarimeter Rotation of Specific Mean 

39
 sugar reading plane of rotation deg m-1 cm-
3
solution A deg polarization dm-1
‘m’ �=A-A0
(gm/cc) deg
1

Procedure: Prepare sugar solution as per given in slip, at least 5 different

concentrations. Initially fill the polarimeter tube by distilled water and take the
reading for uniform illumination i.e. A0 reading.
Then fill 20% sugar solution and take the reading for uniform illumination as
above i.e. A reading.
Repeat the process for different concentrations of sugar solution (i.e. 9%, 8%,
7%, and 6%).
Hence, find the specific rotation of sugar solution by graph.
Specific rotation – It is defined as the amount of rotation produced by one
decimeter of solution by the weight of the dissolved substances in unit volume.

40
8. Double Refracting Prism
Aim:- To determine the angle of minimum deviation for both ordinary and
extra ordinary rays for a given double refracting prism, use polaroid to
identify ordinary &extra ordinary rays. Calculate µ for both the rays &
hence determine whether the crystal is ‘+ve’ or ‘–ve’.
Figure:-

Observation:-
1. Angle of the prism (A) = 600
Observation Table:-
Colour Reading for
of spectral line Direct m =
Spectrum spectral at minimum reading (a ~b)
line deviation (b)
position (a)
Yellow µoy =
Ordinary
Blue µob =

Extra- Yellow µey =

ordinary Blue µeb =

Calculation:-

41
Result:-
Since µe ____ µo, the given crystal is ____________.

42