globalism
Places value on material wealth
Abides by human-made laws
Values them as both means and ends to open up
further the economies of the world
Trains to be shrewd businessperson
RELIGION
Is concerned with sacred
Assumes that there is “ the possibility of
communication between humans and the
transcendent “
Follow divine commandments
Detest politics and the quest for power for they are
evidence of humanity’s weakness
Aspires to become a saint
RELIGION
They are ascetics precisely because they shun
anything material for complete simplicity:
To the clothes they wear
To the food they eat
To the manner in which they talk
missions
The “missions” being sent by American Born-again
Christian churches, Sufi and Shiite Muslim orders, as
well as institutions like Buddhist monasteries and
Catholic, Protestant , and Mormon churches are
efforts at “ spreading the word of god” and gaining
adherents abroad .
Peter Berger
 argues that far from being secularized, the
“contemporary word is …. furious religious. In most of
the world, there are veritable explosions of religious
fervor, occurring in one form of anther in all the major
religious traditions – Christianity, Judaism , Islam ,
Hinduism , Buddhism , and even the Confucianism
and in many places in imaginative syntheses of one
or more world religions with indigenous faiths.”
Ayatollah ruholla khomeini
 Led the Iranian revolution that turned the country
into a theocracy and He bragged about the superiority
of Islamic rule over its secular counterparts and
pointed out that “there is no fundamental distinction
among constitutional , despotic , dictatorial ,
democratic , and communistic regimes.”
Nahdlatul Ulama
 The moderate Muslim association Nahdlatul Ulama
in Indonesia has Islamic schools (pesantren)when
students are taught not only about Islam but also
about modern science, the social sciences, modern
banking, civic education, rights of women pluralism ,
and democracy.
Alexis de Tocqueville
 It was observed in the early 1800s by French
Historian and diplomat and who wrote “not only do the
Americans practice their religion out of self –interest
but they often even place in this world the interest
which they have in participating it.”
Jose Casanova
 confirms this statement by nothing that “historically,
religion has always been at the very center of all great
political conflicts and movements of social reform.
From independence to abolition, from nativism to
women’s suffrage, from prohibition to the civil rights
movements, religion had always been at the center of
these conflicts , but also on both sides of the political
barricades.”
Religion for and against globalization
There is hardly a religious movement today does not
use religion to oppose “profane” globalization. Two of
the so- called “old world religions” – Christianity and
Islam see globalization less as an obstacle and more
as an opportunity to expand their reach over the
world.
• Globalization has “freed” communities from the
“constraints of the nation-state” , but in the process ,
also threatened to destroy the cultural system that
bind them together.
Religion seeks to take the place of these broken
“traditional ties” to either help communities cope with
their new situation or organize them to oppose this
major transformation of their lives.
Religion is thus not the “regressive force” that stops or
slow down globalization; it is “proactive force” that
gives communities a new and powerful basis of
identity.
Religious people can put their mark in the reshaping
of this globalizing world, although in its own terms.
Religious fundamentalism may dislike globalization’s
materialism, but it continues to use “the full range of
modern means of communication and organization”
that is associated with this economic transformation.
It warns that as a result of globalization: “our world
split asunder by forces we often do not understand,
but the result in stark contrast between those who
benefit and those who are harmed, especially under
forces of globalization . Today, there is also a
desperate need for healing from terrorism, its causes,
and fearful reactions to it. Relationships in this world
continue to be ruptured due to greed, injustices, and
various forms of violence”.
The world bank brought in religious leaders in its
discussions about global poverty, leading eventually
to a “cautious, muted , and qualified”.
conclusion
Globalization is seen to have very little to do with
religion. Peter Bayer and Lori Beaman observed,
“religion, it seems is somehow outside looking at
globalization as problem or potential”.
With reason, one will have “to look elsewhere than to
moral discourse for fruitful thinking about economic
globalization and religion”.
The thesis that modernization will erode religious
practice is often called secularization theory.
American President William McKinley claimed “that
after a night of prayer and soul-searching ,he had
concluded that it was the duty of the United States ‘to
educate the Filipinos ,and uplift and civilize and
Christianize them , and by God’s grace do the very
best we could by them.”
Globalists have no choice but to accept this reality
that religion is here to stay.
Globalization has a great impact on religion. As
people and cultures move across the globe , as ideas
are mobilized and transported by media technology
,the religious globalization will go on and on.
 Media and Globalization
 Globalization entails the spread of various cultures.
When a film is made in Hollywood. It is shown not
only in the united States. Globalization also involves
the spread of ideas. For example, the notion of the
rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) communities is spreading across the world
and becoming more widely accepted.
 Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for
the spread of global culture and ideas.
 Media and Its Functions
 Lule describes media as “a means of conveying
something, such as a channel of communication”.
Technically speaking, a person’s voice is a medium.
However, when commenters refer to “media” (the
plural of medium), they mean the technologies of
mass communication. Printed media include books,
magazines, and finally digital media cover the involve
radio, film, and television. Finally, digital media cover
the internet and mobile mass communication. Within
the category of internet media, there are the email,
internet sites, social media, and internet-based video
and audio.
 “Media” it is more difficult to determine what media
do and how they affect societies. Media theorist
Marshall McLuhan once declared that “the medium is
the message.” he did not mean that, as a form of
technology, reshape societies.
 Since it was introduced in the 1960’s, television has
steered people from the dining table where they eat
and tell stories to each other, to the living room where
they silently munch on their food while watching
primetime shows. Television has also draw people
away from other meaningful activities such as playing
games or reading books.
 Today the smart phone allows users to keep n
touch instantly with multiple people at the same time.
Prior to the cellphone, there was no way for couples
to keep constantly in touch, or to be updated on what
the other does all the time. The technology (medium),
and not the message, makes for this social change
possible.
 McLuhan added that different media simultaneously
extend and amputate human sense. New media may
expand the reach of communication, but they also dull
the users’ communicative capacities. To be able pass
stories verbally from person to another, storytellers
had to have retentive memories. However, papyrus
started becoming more common in Egypt after the
fourth century BCE, which increasingly mean that
more people could write down their stories.
The question of what new media enhance and what
they amputate was not a moral or ethical one?
“New media are neither inherently good or bad”
- According to McLuhan
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism
 McLuhan used his analysis of technology to
examine the impact of electronic media. Since he was
writing around the 1960’s he mainly analyzed the
social changes brought about by television.
 McLuhan declared that television was turning the
world into a “global village.” By this, he meant that, as
more and more people sat down in front of their
television sets and listened to the same stories, their
perception of the world would contract.
 In the years after McLuhan, media scholars further
grappled with the challenges of a global media
culture. A lot of these early thinkers assumed that
global media had a tendency to homogenize culture.
 Commenters therefore, believed that media
globalization coupled with American hegemony would
create a form of cultural imperialism whereby
American values and culture would overwhelm all
others.
 In 1976, media critic Herbert Schiller argued that
only was the world being Americanized, but that this
process also led to the spread of “American” capitalist
values like consumerism.
 For John Tomlinson, cultural globalization is simply
a euphemism for “Western cultural imperialism” since
it promotes “homogenized, Westernized, consumer
culture.”
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism
 Proponents of the idea of cultural imperialism
ignored the fact that media messages are not just
made by producers, they are also consumed by
audiences. The field of audiences studies emphasize
that media consumer are active participants in the
meaning-making process, who view media “texts” (in
media studies, a “text” simply refers to the content of
any medium) through their own cultural lenses.
 In 1985, Indonesian cultural critic Ien Ang studied
the ways in which different viewers in the Netherlands
experienced watching the American soap opera
Dallas. Rather than simply receiving American culture
in a “passive and resigned way” she noted that
viewers put “a lot of emotional energy” into the
process and they experienced pleasure.
 In 1990, Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes decided to
push Ang’s analysis further by examining how viewers
from distinct cultural communities interpreted Dallas.
Thus, people from diverse cultural backgrounds had
their own ways of understanding the show.
 Apart from the challenging of audience studies, the
cultural imperialism thesis has been belied by the
renewed strength of regional trends in the
globalization process.
 Asian culture, for example, has proliferated
worldwide through the globalization of media.
Japanese brands- from Hello Kitty to the Mario
Brothers to Pokemon- are now an indelible part of
global popular culture. The same can be said for
Korean Pop (K-pop) and Korean telenovelas, which
are widely successful regionally and globally.
Hello Kitty remains proof of Japan’s continued
influence over global culture.
 The most obvious case of globalized Asian cuisine
is sushi. And while it is true that McDonalds has
continued to spread across Asia, it is also the case
that Asian brands have provided stiff competition. The
Philippines' Jollibee claims to be the number one
choice for fast food in Brunei.
Social Media and the Creation of Cyber Ghettoes
 Apart from the nature of diverse audiences and
regional trends in cultural production, the internet and
social media are proving that the globalization of
culture and ideas can move in different directions.
While Western culture remains powerful and media
production is still controlled by a handful of powerful
Western corporations, the internet, particularly the
social media, is challenging previous ideas about
media and globalization.
 Anyone with an internet connection or a smart
phone can use Facebook and Twitter for free: these
media have enabled users to be consumer and
producers of information simultaneously.
The massive protest of the Arab Spring were largely
enabled by social media.
 Social media also have their dark side. In the early
2000s, commenters began referring to the emergence
of a “splinternet” and the phenomenon of
“cyberbalkanization” to refer to the various bubbles
people place themselves in when they are online. As
such, being on Facebook can resemble living in an
echo chamber, which reinforces one’s existing beliefs
and opinions.
 Russian dictator Vladimir Putin has hired armies of
social media “trolls” (paid users who harass political
opponents) to manipulate public opinion through
intimidation and the spreading of fake news.
 Putin imitators replicate his strategy of online
trolling and disinformation to clamp down on dissent
and delegitimize critical media.
 Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan are
threatened by online mobs of pro-government trolls,
who hack accounts and threaten violence. Some of
their responses have included threats of sexual
violence against women.
 Fake information can spread easily on social media
since they have few contents filters. Unlike
newspaper, Facebook does not have a team of
editors who are trained to sift through and filter
information.
 Global online propaganda will be the biggest threat
to face as the globalization of media deepens.
 As consumers of media, users must remain vigilant
and learn how to distinguish fact from falsehood in a
global media landscape that allows politicians to
peddle what President Trump’s senior advisers now
call “alternative facts” though people must remain
critical of mainstream media and traditional journalism
that may also operate based on vested interest, we
must also insist that some sources are more credible
than others.
THE GLOBAL CITY
Lesson 8
“Cities were always like people, showing their varying
personalities to the traveler. Depending on the city
and on the traveler, there might begin a mutual love,
or dislike, friendship, or enmity. Where one city will
rise a certain individual to glory, it will destroy another
who is not suited to its personality. Only through travel
can we know where we belong or not, where we are
loved and where we are rejected.”
—ROMAN PAYNE, CITIES & COUNTRIES
INTRODUCTION
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain why globalization is a spatial phenomenon;
2. Identify the attributes of a global city; and
3. Analyze how cities serve as engines of
globalization.
START
Globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical
spaces.
You can see it when foreign investments and capital
move through a city, and when companies build
skycrapers.
Globalization is spatial because what makes it move
is the fact that it is based in places
Cities act on globalization and globalizations act onc
on cities.
Why Study Global Cities?
START
1950
30 percent of the world lived in urban areas.
Why Study Global Cities?
DEFINING THE GLOBAL CITY
Lesson 8
THE GLOBAL CITY
! to the San Francisco Bay Area to become some of
Lesson 8
THE GLOBAL CITY
Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularize the term
“Global City” in the 1990s.
Defining the Global City
New York
London
Tokyo
Saskia Sassen initially identified
three (3) global cities:
$19,300 billion
Movie-making mecca Los Angeles can now rival the
Big Apple’s cultural influences.
The growth of the Chinese economy has turned cities
like Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou into centers of
trade and finance. The Cinese government reopened
the Shanghai Stock Exchange in late 1990, and since
then, it has grown to become the fifth largest stock
market in the world.
Defining the Global City
In, Australia , Sydney commands the greatest
proportion of capital. However, Melbourne is
described as Sydney’s rival “global city” because
many magazines and listshave now referred to it as
the world’s “most livable city” – a place with good
public transportation, a thriving cultural scene, and a
relatively easy pace of life.
Other consider some cities “global” simply because
they are great place to live in.
Defining the Global City
Instead of asking whether or not one city is a global
city , it is better to ask: In what ways are cities global
and to what extent are they global?
INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY
Lesson 8
THE GLOBAL CITY
! Today, global cities become culturally diverse. Manila
So what are the multiple attributes
of the gobal city?
Indicators for Globality
ECONOMIC POWER
Indicators for Globality
New York may have the largest stock market in the
world but Tokyo houses ha sthe most number of
corporate headquarters (613 company headquarters
as aginst 217 in New York, its closest competitor).
Shanghai may have a smaller stock market compared
to New York and Tokyo, but plays a critical role in the
global economic supply chain ever since China has
become the manufacturing center of the world.
Shanghai has the world’s busiest container port,
moving over 33 million container units in 2013.
Sassen remains correct in saying that economic
power largely determines which cities are global.
Indicators for Globality
IT programmers and engineers from Asia have moved
the key figures in Silicon Valley’s technology boom.
London remains a preferred destination for many
Filipinos with nursing degrees.
Economic opportunities in a global city make it
attractive to talents from accross the world.
Indicators for Globality
Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city
because of its strong market, efficient and
incorruptible government and livability.
Global cities are also centers of authority. Wahington
D.C. May not be as wealthy as New York, but it is the
seat of American State Power.
People around the world know its major landmarks:
The White House, The Capitol Building, The Supreme
court, The Lincoln Memorial and the Washington
Movement.
The headquarters of the United Nations is in New
York, and the of the European Union is in Brussels.
An influential city near the Pilippines is Jakarta, which
is not just a capital of Indonesia but also the location
of the main headquarters of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The European Central bank, which overseas the
Euro, is based in Frankfurt.
Global Cities are centers of higher learning and
culture.
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark is now
considered one of the culinary capitals of the world,
which it is top restaurants incimmensurate with its
size.
In Souteast Asia, Singapore is slowly becoming a
cultural hub for the region.
“A concrete jungle where dreams are made of”
-ALICIA KEYS
is not very global because of the death of foreign
residents, but Singapore is, because it has a foreign
population of 38%.
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES
Lesson 8
THE GLOBAL CITY
!
Global cities conjure up image of fast-faced, exciting,
cosmopolitan lifestyles. But such description are
lacking
Global Cities create winners and losers.
Global cities also have their undersides. They can be
sides. They can be sites of great inequality and
poverty as well as tremendous violence.
Cities can be sustainable because of their density.
As Richard Florida notes:
"Ecologist have found that by concentrating their
population in smaller areas, cities and metros
decrease human encroachment on natural habitats.
Denser settlement patterns yield energy savings;
apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to
heat and cool than detached suburban house's."
Cities only 2 percent of the world's landmass, but they
consume 78 percent of global energy. Therefore, if
carbon emissions must be cut to prevent global
warming, this massive energy consumption in cities
must be curbed. This action will require a lot of
creativity.
Example:
-many foods product travel many miles before they
get to major city centers.
The major terror attacks of recent years have also
targeted cities. Cities especially those with global
influence, are obvious targets for terrorist due to their
high populations and their role as symbols of
globalization that many terrorist despise.
The same attributes that make them attractive to
workers and migrants make them sites of potential
terrorist violence
Real estate magnate Donald Trump ,the president of
the United States, security experts believe that
properties around the world that carry his name may
be targets of terror attacks. There are Trump Towers,
for example, in places like Istanbul and Manila.
THE GLOBAL CITY AND
THE POOR
Lesson 8
THE GLOBAL CITY
! kinship network anymore because couples live on
We have consistently noted that economic
globalization gas paced the way for massive
inequality. This phenomenon is this very pronounced
in cities. Some large cuties, particularly those in
scandinavian, have found ways to mitigate inequality
through stateled social redistribution programs.
Many cuties particularly those in the developing
Countries, are sites of contradiction
Mumbai Jakarta Manila
It is common to find gleaming buildings alongside
massively shantytowns. This duality may even be
seen in rich urbqn cities.
In the outskirts of New york and San francisco are
poot urban enclaves Occupied By African-American
and immigrant families who are often denies
opportunities at a better life.
As a City attracts more capital and firced to relocate
to far away but cheaper arras. This phenomenon of
driving out the poot in favor of never wealthier
residente iscalled gentrification.
In Australian cities poot aboriginal Australians have
been most acutely affected by this process.
Once living in public urban boksing they where force
to ñove farther away from City centers that offer more
jobs, more government services, and better
transportation due to gentrification.
In france, poor Muslim migrants are forces out of
Paris and have clustered around ethnic enclaves
known as Banlieue.
In most of the worlds global cities the middle class is
also thinning out. Globalization creates high-income
jobs that are concertrated in global cities.
Meanwhile mang middle-income jobs in
manufacturing and business process outsourcing (call
center, for example) are moving to other countries.
This hollowing out of the middle class in global cuties
gas heightened the inequality with in them. In place
like New York, there are high trolling American
investment bankers whose children are raised by
Filipinas mainds. A large global City may this be a
paradise for some, but a purgatoryo for others.
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Lesson 9
When couples are asked why they have children, their
answer are almost always about their feelings. For
most, having a child is is the symbol of a successful
union.
Behind the laughter and tears lies the question: Will
the child be an economic asset or a burden to the
family.
Rural families view multiple children and large kinship
network as critical investment.
-Urban families, however, may not have the same
their own or because they move out of the farmland.
The 1980 United Nations report on urban and rural
population growth states that "these areas continued
85% of the world, rural population in 1975 and and
are projected to contain 90% by the the end of the
20th century"
-In 2011, it accounted for for over 37% of the world
population.
- Between 1980 and 2011, it grew numerically from
2.2 billion to 7.6 billion people during this period.
95% percent of this population growth will happen in
the developing countries, with demographers
predicting that by the middle of this century, several
countries will have tripled their population.
-Demographers predict that the world population will
stabilize by 2050 to a billion, although they warn that
feeding this population will be an immense challenge.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns
that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of
population growth, food production must increase by
70%.
The FAO recommends that countries increase their
investments in agriculture, craft long term policies
aimed at fighting poverty and invest in research and
development.
Demography is a complex discipline that requires the
integration of various social scientific data. As you
have seen, demographic changes and politics have
impacts on the environment, politics resources and
others. Demography accounts for the growth and
decline of the human species. It may be about large
numbers and massive effects, but it is ultimately
about people.
INTRODUCTION
Rural Communities often welcome an extra hand to
help in crop cultivation, particularly during the planting
and harvesting seasons.
The poorer districts of urban centers also tend to have
families with more children because the success of
their “small family business” depends on how many of
their members can be hawkinf their wares on the
streets.
INTRODUCTION
Urbanized, educated and professional families with
two incomes, however, desire just one or two
progenies.
Rural families view multiple children and large kinship
networks as critical investments.
THE PERILS OF OVER POPULATION
Lesson 9
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
! such land distribution.
This lengthy discussion bring back ideas of British
scholar Thomas Malthus who warned in his 1798. “An
essay on the Principle Population” that population
growth will inevitability exhaust world food supply by
the middle of the 19th century. Malthus prediction was
off base but it was revived in the late 1960s when
American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne
who wrote “The Population Bomb” which argued that
over population in the 1970s and the 1980s will bring
out global environmental disasters.
They proposed that countries like United States take
in the promotion of global population. The rate of
global population increase was at it`s highest between
1954 and 1975 when nation`s were finally able to
return normalcy after the devastation wrought by
World War II. The growth rate raise from 1.8 percent
per year from 1955 and 1970. By limiting the
population, vital resources could be used for
economic progress not be “diverted and wasted” to
feeding more months.
This argument became the basis for government
“population control” programs worldwide. In the mid-
20th century, the Philippines, China and India sought
to lower birth rates on the beliefs that unless
controlled. As early as 1958 the American policy
journal foreign affairs had already advocated
“contraception and sterilization” as the practical
solutions to global economic, social and political
problems.
Advocate of population controlled contend for
universal access to reproductive technologies, ( such
as condoms, the pill, abortion, vasectomy) and more
importantly giving the women's right to choose
whether to have children or not.
Politics determine this “birth control” programs.
Developed countries justify their support to population
control and developing countries by depicting the
latter as conservative societies.
These policy formulations lead to extreme policies like
the forced sterilization of twenty million violators of the
Chinese government`s one child policy.
IT’S THE ECONOMY,
NOT THE BABIES!
Lesson 9
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
!
The use of population control to prevent economic
crisis has critics.
For example, Betsy Hartmann disagrees with the
advocates of Neo-Malthusian theory and accused
governments of using population control as a
substitute for social justice and much endeed reforms
The population did grow fast in many countries in
1960s and growth. The acknowledged the shift in
population from the rural and to the urban areas.The
transportation, housing, air pollution and waste
management are major problems.They also have
become, and continue to be, "centers of economic
growth and activity.
The median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for
males in the cities means a young working
population.According to two experts.
WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
Lesson 9
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
!
The character in the middle of these debates—
women—is often the subject of these population
measures. Reproductive rights supporters argue that
if population control and economic development were
to reach their goals, women have control over
whether they will have children or not and when they
will have their progenies, if any. By giving women this
power, they will be able to pursue their location—be
they economic, social or political—and contribute to
economic growth.
In North America and Europe, 73 percent of
governments allow women is, the better are her
prospects of improving her economic position.
Women can spend most of this time pursuing either
their higher education or their careers instead of
forcible reducing this time to take care of their
children.
Most countries implement reproductive health laws
because they worry about the health of the mother. In
1960, Bolivia's average total fertility rate was 6.7
children. In 1978, the Bolivian government put into
effect a family planning program that included the
legalization of abortion. By 1985, the TFR rate went
down to 5.13 and further declined to 3.46 in 2008. A
similar pattern occurred in Ghana after the
government expanded reproductive health laws out of
the same concern as that of the Bolivian government.
As a result, “fertility declined steepy...and continued to
decline after 1994.” Such examples seemed to draw
the attention of other countries.
The religious wing of the anti–reproductive rights flank
goes movement and sustainability further and
describes abortion as a debaucherry that sullies the
name of god; it will send the mother to hell and
prevents a new soul, the baby, to become human.
Muslim countries do not condone abortion and limit
wives to domestic chores and delivering babies. The
Philippines, with a Catholic majority now has a
reproductive health law in place, but conservative
politicians have enfeebled through budget cuts and
stalled its implementation by filling a case against the
law in supreme Court.
In the United States, the women's movements of the
1960s was responsible for the passage and judicial
endorsement of a pro–choice law, but conservatives
controlling state legislatures have also slowly
undermined this law by imposing a restriction on
women's access to abortion. While pro–choice
advocates argue that abortion is necessary to protect
the health of the fetus in the mother's womb as the
reason for reversing the law.
THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
Lesson 9
GLOBAL DEMEOGRAPHY
! investments in agriculture, craft long-term policies
Feminist believe that government assumptions that
poverty and environmental degradation are cause by
overpopulated are wrong. These factors ignore other
equally important causes like the unequal distribution
of wealth, the lack of public safety nets like the
universal health care, education, and gender equality
programs.
One of the goals of 1994 United Nations International
Conference on Population and Development suggest
recognition of this issue. Country representatives to
that conference agreed that women should receive
family planning counseling on abortion, the dangers of
sexually transmitted diseases, the nature of human
sexuality, and the main elements of responsible
parenthood.
These arguments are acknowledged but to turn them
into policy is still fought at the national level.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
Lesson 9
GLOBAL DEMEOGRAPHY
Population Growth and Food Security
7.4 billion - Today’s global population has reached
9.5 billion - it is estimated to increase to in 2050
11.2 billion - by 2100.
The median age of his population is 30.1, with the
male median age at 29.4 years and female, 30.9
years.
Ninety-five percent of this population growth will
happen in the developing countries, with
demographers predicting that by the middle of this
century, several countries will have tripled their
population. The opposite is happening in the
developed world where populations remain steady in
general, but declining in some of the most advanced
countries (Japan and Singapore) .
Population Growth and Food Security
Demographers predict that the world population will
stabilize by 2050 to 9 billion, although they warn that
feeding this population will be an immense challenge.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns
that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of
population growth, food production must increase by
70 percent; annual cereal production must rise to 3
billion tons from the current 2.1 billion; and yearly
meat production must go up to 200 millions tons to
reach 470 million.
The problem here is that the global rate of growth of
cereals had declined considerably from 3.2 percent in
1960 to just 1.5 percent in 2000.
The FAO recommends that countries increase their
aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and
development. The UN body also suggests that
countries develop a comprehensive social service
program that includes food assistance, consistent
delivery of health services, and education especially
for the poor.
If domestic production is not enough, it becomes
essential for nations import. The FAO, therefore,
enjoins governments to keep their markets open, and
to eventually move towards a global trading system
that is fair and competitive, and that contributes to a
dependable market for food.
The aforementioned are worthy recommendations but
nation states shall need the political will to push
through these sweeping changes in population growth
and food security. This will take some time to happen
given that good governance is also goal that many
nations, especially in the developing world, have yet
to attain.
What is Migration?
There are two types of migration: internal migration,
which refers to people moving from one area to
another within one country; and International
migration, which people cross borders of one country
to another. The latter can be further broken down into
five groups.
First are those who move permanently to another
country( immigrants).
Second refers to workers who stay in another country
for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a year).
Third are illegal migrants.
Fourth are migrants whose families have “petitioned”
them to move to the destination country.
Fifth group are refugees (also known as asylum-
seeker) .
Example : those “unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of persecution on
account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group or political opinion.
247 million people are currently living outside the
countries of their birth. Ninety percent of them moved
for economic reasons while the remaining 10 percent
were refugees and asylum-seekers. The top 3 regions
of origin are Latin America (18 percent of global total),
followed by Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16
percent) and the Middle East and North Africa
(14percent). On a per country basis , India, Mexico,
and China are leading with the Philippines together
with Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in the world.
Fifty percent of global migrants have moved from the
developing countries to the developed zones of the
world and contribute anywhere from 40 to 80 percent
of their labor force. Their growth has outstripped the
population growth in the developed countries (3
percent versus only 0.6 percent) such that today,
ACCORDING TO think-tank McKinsey Global Institute
“First-generation immigrants constitute 13 percent of
the population in Western Europe, 15 percent in North
America , and 48 percent in the GCC countries”. The
majority of migrants remain in the cities. The
percentages of migrants in cities are 92 percent in the
United States, 95 percent in the United Kingdom, and
99 percent in Australia.
Table 1. Migrant Contribution to Destination Country,
in dollars and as percentage of national GDP,2015
A 2011 Harvard Business School
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE SENDING
COUNTRIES
These remittances make significant contributions to
the development of small- and medium-term
industries that help generate jobs. Remittances
likewise change the economic and social standing of
migrants, as shown by new or renovated homes and
their relatives’ access to new consumer goods. The
purchasing power of a migrant’s family doubles and
makes it possible for children to start or continue their
schooling.
Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting
“households out of poverty…but not in rebalancing
growth, especially in the long run”.
Governments are aware of this long-term handicap,
but have no choice but to continue promoting migrant
work as part of state policy because of the
remittances impact on GDP. They are equally
“concerned with generating jobs for an under-utilized
workforce and in getting the maximum possible inflow
or worker remittances.
The Problem of Human Trafficking
In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO)
identified 21 million men women, and children as
victims of “forced labor”, an appalling three out every
1,000 persons worldwide. Ninety percent of the
victims (18.7 million) are exploited by private
enterprises and entrepreneurs; 22 percent (4.5
million) are sexually abused; and 68 percent (14.2
million) work under compulsion in agricultural,
manufacturing, infrastructure, and domestic activities.
Human trafficking has been very profitable, earning
syndicates, smugglers, and corrupt state officials
profits of as high as $150 billion a year in 2014.
Integration
A final issue relates to how migrants interact with their
new home countries. They may contribute
significantly to a host nation’s GDP, but their access
to housing, health care, and education is not easy.
There is, of course, considerable variation in the
economic integration of migrants. Migrants from
China,
The aforementioned are worthy recommendations but
nation states shall need the political will to push
through these sweeping changes in population growth
and food security. This will take some time to happen
given that good governance is also goal that many
nations, especially in the developing world, have yet
to attain.
What is Migration?

There are two types of migration: internal migration,
which refers to people moving from one area to
another within one country; and International
migration, which people cross borders of one country
to another. The latter can be further broken down into
five groups.
First are those who move permanently to another
country( immigrants).
Second refers to workers who stay in another country
for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a year).
Third are illegal migrants.
Fourth are migrants whose families have “petitioned”
them to move to the destination country.
Fifth group are refugees (also known as asylum-
seeker) .
Example : those “unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of persecution on
account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group or political opinion.
247 million people are currently living outside the
countries of their birth. Ninety percent of them moved
for economic reasons while the remaining 10 percent
were refugees and asylum-seekers. The top 3 regions
of origin are Latin America (18 percent of global total),
followed by Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16
percent) and the Middle East and North Africa
(14percent). On a per country basis , India, Mexico,
and China are leading with the Philippines together
with Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in the world.
Fifty percent of global migrants have moved from the
developing countries to the developed zones of the
world and contribute anywhere from 40 to 80 percent
of their labor force. Their growth has outstripped the
population growth in the developed countries (3
percent versus only 0.6 percent) such that today,
ACCORDING TO think-tank McKinsey Global Institute
“First-generation immigrants constitute 13 percent of
the population in Western Europe, 15 percent in North
America , and 48 percent in the GCC countries”. The
majority of migrants remain in the cities. The
percentages of migrants in cities are 92 percent in the
United States, 95 percent in the United Kingdom, and
99 percent in Australia.
Table 1. Migrant Contribution to Destination Country,
in dollars and as percentage of national GDP,2015
A 2011 Harvard Business School
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE SENDING
COUNTRIES
These remittances make significant contributions to
the development of small- and medium-term
industries that help generate jobs. Remittances
likewise change the economic and social standing of
migrants, as shown by new or renovated homes and
their relatives’ access to new consumer goods. The
purchasing power of a migrant’s family doubles and
makes it possible for children to start or continue their
schooling.
Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting
“households out of poverty…but not in rebalancing
growth, especially in the long run”.
Governments are aware of this long-term handicap,
but have no choice but to continue promoting migrant
work as part of state policy because of the
remittances impact on GDP. They are equally
“concerned with generating jobs for an under-utilized
workforce and in getting the maximum possible inflow
or worker remittances.
The Problem of Human Trafficking
In 2012, the International Labour Organization (ILO)
identified 21 million men women, and children as
victims of “forced labor”, an appalling three out every
1,000 persons worldwide. Ninety percent of the
victims (18.7 million) are exploited by private
enterprises and entrepreneurs; 22 percent (4.5
million) are sexually abused; and 68 percent (14.2
million) work under compulsion in agricultural,
manufacturing, infrastructure, and domestic activities.
Human trafficking has been very profitable, earning
syndicates, smugglers, and corrupt state officials
profits of as high as $150 billion a year in 2014.
Integration
A final issue relates to how migrants interact with their
new home countries. They may contribute
significantly to a host nation’s GDP, but their access
to housing, health care, and education is not easy.
There is, of course, considerable variation in the
economic integration of migrants. Migrants from
China,India, and Western Europe often have more
success, while those from the Middle East, North
Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa face greater
challenges in securing jobs. In the United State and
Singapore, there are blue-collar as well as white-
collar Filipino workers (doctors, engineers, even
corporate executives), and it is the professional,
white-collar workers that have oftentimes been easier
to integrate.
Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development
 If you live in Metropolitan Manila and travel to
school ( or to work) every day, the moment you step
out of your home, you are already exposed to the
most serious problem humanity faces today: the
deteriorating state of the environment. As you walk
out of the gate, the fetid smell of uncollected garbage
hits you and you go near the trash bin, curious about
what is causing the smell. You see rotting vegetables,
a dead rat, and a bunch of what not packet in plastic.
These three "wastes" are already indicative of some
environment problems- the vegetables ought to be
added to a compost pile; that rat either buried or
burned ( to also get rid of the lice that might jump into
the hair of the children playing nearby); and the
plastics washed and recycled because, unlike the
other two wastes, it cannot decompose.
 You hop on the first bus and as it approaches
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the traffic
slows down considerably. It is the normal Manila
morning traffic where, as the joke goes, the turtle can
outpace even the fastest of motor vehicles. You look
out of the window and see the smoke coming out of
diesel vehicles, and as you lift your head up to the
sky, you see nothing but smog, courtesy of the cars
and buses, as well as the coal plant and several
industrial sites located alongside the Pasig River. You
notice the oil spots on the river, not to mention the
tons of effluents ( human and non- human wastes)
floating alongside each other. In the city you live in,
there is a dying river, an increasingly poisonous sky,
an enormous amount of waste, and a declining quality
of life.
 It is at this point that you recognize the ecological
crisis happening around you, and how the
deterioration of the environment has destabilized
populations and species, raising the specter of
extinction for some and a lesser quality of the life for
the survivors and their offspring.
 Man-made Pollution
Humans exacerbate other natural environment
problems. In Saudi Arabia, sandstorms combined with
combustion exhaust from traffic and industrial waste
has lead the World Health Organization (WHO) to
declare Riyadh as one of the most polluted cities in
the world. It is this "human contribution" that has
become an immediate cause of worry. Coal fumes
coming out of industries and settling down in
surrounding areas contaminated 20 percent of
China's soil, with the rice lands in Hunan and
Zhuzhou found to have heavy metals from the mines,
threatening the food supply.
 GREENPEACE INDIA
Reported that in 2015, air pollution in the country was
at its worst, aggravated by the Indian government's
inadequate monitoring system (there are only 17
national air quality networks covering 89 cities across
the continents. Furthermore, 94 percent of Nigeria's
population is exposed to the pollution that the WHO
warned as reaching dangerous level while Gaborone,
the capital of Botswana, is the 7th most polluted city
in the world. The emission of aerosols and other
gases on car exhaust, burning of wood or garbage,
indoor-cooking, and diesel- fueled electric generators,
and petrochemical plants are projected to quadruple
by 2030.
 Waste coming out of coal, copper, and gold mines
flowing out into the rivers and oceans is destroying
sea life or ----- the bodies of those which survived with
poison( ---- tuna, prominently). The biggest copper
mine in Malanjk and in India discharge high levels of
toxic heavy metals into under streams, while in China,
the "tailings" from the operations on the Shanxi
Maanqiao Ecological Mining Ltd., producing 12,000 ---
- of gold per year," have caused pollution and safety
problems. Conditions in China have become very
critical as the (toxic products of production
processes...are being produced which more rapidly
than the Earth can absorb. Meanwhile, ------ a
century, coal mines in West Virginia have pumped
"chemical- laden wastewater directly into the ground,
where it can much into a poisonous cocktail of
chemical." The system "goes ----- generation and
could soon render much of the state's water
undrinkable."
 Pollution in West Africa has affected "the
atmospheric circulation system that controls
everything from wind and temperature to rainfall
across huge swathes of the region." The Asian
monsoon, in turn, had become the transport of
polluted air into the stratosphere, and scientists are
now linking Pacific storms to the spread of pollution in
Asia. Aerosol is tagged the culprit in changing rainfall
patterns in Asia and the Atlantic Ocean. These
climatic disruptions have similarly caused drought all
over Asia and Africa and accelerated the pace of
desertification in certain areas. Twenty years ago,
there were over 50,000 rivers in China. In 2013, as a
result of climate change, uncontrolled urban growth,
and rapid industrialization, 28,000 of these rivers had
disappeared.
 People's health has been severely compromised.
An archived article in the journal Scientific American
blamed the pollution for "contributing to more than half
a million premature deaths each year at the cost of
hundred of billion of dollars." The International Agency
for Research on Cancer blamed air pollution for
223,000 lung cancer deaths in 2010. In Indonesia and
Malaysia, the link between forest fires and morality
had been well-established. The aforementioned coal
mining in West Virginia ( mentioned above) has also
made people sick, some with "rare cancers, little kids
with kidney stones[and] premature deaths," and
children born with congenital disabilities and adults
having shorter life expectancy.
 It has been the poor who are most severely affected
by these environment problems. Their low income
and poverty already put them at a disadvantage by
not having the resources to afford good health care,
to live in unpolluted areas, to eat healthy food, etc. In
the United States, a Yale University research team
studying areas with high levels of pollution observed
that the "greater the concentration of Hispanics,
Asians, African-Americans, or poor residents in an
area, the more likely that dangerous compounds such
as vanadium, nitrates, and zinc are in the mix of fine
particles they breathe." In China, the toxicity of the
soil has raised concerns over food security and the
health of the most vulnerable, especially the peasant
communities and those living in factory cities. In 2006,
160 acres of land in Xinma, China was badly
poisoned; the entire village was abandoned. Hong
Kong faces the same problem.
 In Metropolitan Manila, 37 percent (4 million people)
of the population live in slum communities, areas
where "[t]he effects of urban environment problems
and threats of climate change are also most
pronounced... due to their hazardous location, poor
air pollution and solid waste management, weak
disaster risk management, and limiting coping
strategies of household." Marife Ballesteros
concludes that this unhealthy environment "deepens
poverty, increase the vulnerability of both the poor
and non-poor living in slums , and excludes the slum
poor from growth.
 One of the major ironies of urban pollution is that
the necessities that the poor has access to are also
the sources of the problem. The main workhorse of
the public transport system is the bus. However,
because it runs mainly on diesel fuel, it is now
considered " one of the largest contributors to
environmental pollution problems worldwide." This
problem is expected to worsen as the middle classes
and the elites buy more cars and as the road systems
are improved to give people more chance to travel.
 The other mode of transportation that the poor can
afford is the motorbike ( also called the two- and
three-wheeled vehicles). According to the Centre for
Science and Environment in Delhi, India, " two-
wheelers form a staggering 75%-80% of the traffic in
most Asian cities. " Motorbikes burn oil and gasoline
and "emit more smoke, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and particulate matter than the gas-
only four-stroke engines found in newer motorcycles."
Finally, adding to this predicament is the proliferation
of diesel-run cars. These vehicles usually command a
lower price because of their durability and low
operating cost, and hence affordable to the middle
class. However, they also release four times the toxic
pollution as the buses.