1. What is Modulation? Why do we need modulation And Multiplexing?

Modulation

Modulation is a process through which audio, video, image or text information is added to an
electrical or optical carrier signal to be transmitted over a telecommunication or electronic
medium.

Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a popular networking technique that integrates multiple analog and digital
signals into a signal transmitted over a shared medium.

Why do we need modulation

1. Reduction in the height of antenna

2. Avoids mixing of signals
3. Increases the range of communication
4. Multiplexing is possible
5. Improves quality of reception

Why do we need multiplexing

Multiplexing technique is designed to reduce the number of electrical connections or leads in

the display matrix. Besides reducing the number of individually independent
interconnections, multiplexing also simplifies the drive electronics, reduces the cost and
provides direct interface with the microprocessors. There are limitations in multiplexing due
to complex electro-optical response of the liquid crystal cell. However, fairly reasonable level
of multiplexing can be achieved by properly choosing the multiplexing scheme, liquid crystal
mixture and cell designing.
 2. Describe Different types of modulation in brief ?

Different Types of Modulation The two types of modulation: analog and digital

Analog Modulation In this modulation, a continuously varying sine wave is used as a carrier wave
that modulates the message signal or data signal. The Sinusoidal wave’s general function is shown
in the figure below, in which, three parameters can be altered to get modulation – they are
amplitude, frequency and phase, so the types of analog modulation are:

 Amplitude modulation (AM)

 Frequency modulation (FM)
 Phase modulation (PM)

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the message
signal, and the other factors like frequency and phase remain constant. This type of modulation
requires greater band width, more power. Filtering is very difficult in this modulation.

In Frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier in proportion to the message or
data signal while maintaining other parameters constant. the efficiency and bandwidths depend on
modulation index and maximum modulating frequency.

In phase modulation, the carrier phase is varied in accordance with the data signal. In this type of
modulation, when the phase is changed it also affects the frequency, so this modulation also
Digital Modulation

For a better quality and efficient communication, digital modulation technique is employed. The
main advantages of the digital modulation over analog modulation include permissible power,
available bandwidth and high noise immunity. In digital modulation, a message signal is converted
from analog to digital message, and then modulated by using a carrier wave

3.Write the examples of AM & FM transmission ?

AM (or Amplitude Modulation) and FM (or Frequency Modulation) are ways of broadcasting
radio signals.

AM radio is the most common example of this type of modulation. The frequency band used for
AM radio is about 550 to 1720 kHz. This is the range of carrier frequencies available. The
information transmitted is music and talk which falls in the audio spectrum.

FM radio ranges in a higher spectrum from 88 to 108 MHz. (OR) 1200 to 2400 bits per second. FM
is less susceptible to noise.
 4. Describe the functions of 7 Layers of OSI model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model breaks down the problems involved in
moving data from one computer to another computer. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model categorizes these hundreds of problems to Seven Layers. A layer in Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model is a portion that is used to categorize specific problems.

Seven Layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

Layer 1. Physical Layer : The Physical Layer is limited to the processes needed to place the
communication signals over the media, and to receive signals coming from that media.

Layer 2. Datalink Layer: The Data Link layer resides above the Physical layer and below the
Network layer. Datalink layer is responsible for providing end-to-end validity of the data being
transmitted. The Logical Link Control sublayer is responsible for synchronizing frames, error
checking, and flow control.

Layer 3. Network Layer : The Network layer of the OSI model is responsible for managing logical
addressing information in the packets and the delivery of those packets to the correct destination

Layer 4. Transport Layer: The Transport layer handles transport functions such as reliable or
unreliable delivery of the data to the destination. On the sending computer, the transport layer is
responsible for breaking the data into smaller packets, so that if any packet is lost during
transmission, the missing packets will be sent again.

Layer 5. Session Layer: The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and
terminating connections between applications at each end of the communication.

Layer 6. Presentation Layer : When the presentation layer receives data from the application
layer, to be sent over the network, it makes sure that the data is in the proper format. If it is not, the
presentation layer converts the data to the proper format. On the other side of communication, when
the presentation layer receives network data from the session layer, it makes sure that the data is in
the proper format and once again converts it if it is not.

Layer 7. Application Layer : Application Layer is the top-most layer of the seven layered Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model. Real traffic data will be often generated from the
Application Layer. This may be a web request generated from HTTP protocol, a command from
telnet protocol, a file download request from FTP protocol etc.
 5. Why attenuation, distortion and noise are the major barrier for
efficient communication system? Explain.

Attenuation is a telecommunications term that refers to a reduction in signal strength commonly

occurring while transmitting analog or digital signals over long distances. Attenuation occurs with
any type of signal, whether digital or analog.

Different types of attenuation create different barrier like:

 Deliberate attenuation can occur for example where a volume control is used to lower the
sound level on consumer electronics.
 Automatic attenuation is a common feature of televisions and other audio equipment to
prevent sound distortion by automatic level sensing that triggers attenuation circuits.
 Environmental attenuation relates to signal power loss due to the transmission medium,
whether that be wireless, copper wired or fiber optic connected.

Distortion is a Degradation of the signal that alters the basic waveform or the relationship between
various frequency components. Amplitude distortion refers to unequal amplification or attenuation of the
various frequency components of the signal, distortion refers to changes in the phase relationships
between harmonic components of a complex wave. Intermodulation distortion is a result of nonlinearities
in the system such that one frequency component tends to modulate another frequency component—e.g.,
a high audio frequency modulating a low audio frequency.

Noise is the first and foremost barrier to communication. It means “interference that occurs
in a signal and prevents you from hearing sounds properly.” In the same way some technical
problem in a public address system or a static in a telephone or television cable will distort
the sound signal and affect communication. Adverse weather conditions or some fault in the
ultramodern telecommunication systems may also spoil the effect.

6. Consider a voice channel being used, via modem, to transmit digital data. Assume
a bandwith of 3100Hz., M=8. If the Nyquist capacity is C and M=8 than what will
be the capacity of the channel?
 Given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B
B=3100 Hz

 For binary signals, 2B bps needs bandwidth B Hz

 M=signal levels (voltage)

• Nyquist Formula is: C = 2B log M

= 2X3100 log 8
= 6200 X 3
= 18,600 bps
 7. Electromagnetic spectrum is the most valuable resource for the
communication systems. Describe the business applications of
Electromagnetic spectrum.

An electromagnetic spectrum contains a series of different radiations that are emitted (emission
spectrum) or absorbed (absorption spectrum) by a body and are characterized by frequencies and
intensities.

 The lowest frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is designated as “radio,”

 There is a wide range of subcategories contained within radio including AM and FM radio.
Radio waves can be generated by natural sources such as lightning or astronomical
phenomena; or by artificial sources such as broadcast radio towers, cell phones, satellites and
radar.

Electromagnetic spectrum is the most valuable resource for the communication systems.

business applications of Electromagnetic spectrum.

 8. What happens after first turn on your Mobile Phone?
When the mobile phone is turned on the phone does not have an allocated channel, and time slot.
Registration is a process by which a newly switched on mobile can communicate with the network
and set up the standard communication.
After turn on first is to communicate with the base station, and next the mobile has to register to
allow it to have access to and use the network.

Why roaming is better in terms of economy and environment ? Explain

 9. what are the impacts of modern communication systems in the
corporate world?
 Voice telephony (mobile, wireline & wireless) Technology has transformed the once big and far
world into a tiny global village.
 Businesses have been selling their products and services online, and therefore offering their
products and services in the global marketplace
 High level of development of information technology allows customers to purchase products
directly from their mobile phones through social site.
 Face-to-face communication is essential to get the full impact of the conversation. Web cameras
has made it is easy to communicate with one or more people across great distances from the
comfort of home.

10.What is satellite? Types of satellite? Uses of Satellite? Bangobondhu

Sattelite-1
A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object.

There are two kinds of satellites:

1.natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth)
2. artificial (such as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth).
Uses of Satellite
1. There are satellites that launched to send television signals for Sky TV, and every satellite has to
be designed specifically to fulfill its function.
2. used for many things such as the communication, the oceanography, the astronomy, the
surveillance
3. The satellites provide in the flight phone communications on the airplanes
4. The satellite-based navigation Systems enable anyone with a handheld receiver to determine
his location to within a few meters, They are known as GPS.
5. The ocean surveillance satellites are used to search for the ships or the submarines
6. satellites can take the photographs and observe the areas all over the globe

The Bangabandhu Satellite-1 is the first Bangladeshi geostationary communications and

Broadcasting Satellite. It was manufactured by Thales Alenia Space and launched on 11 May
2018.[1] The project is being implemented by Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory
Commission (BTRC) working hand-in-hand with US based Space Partnership International, LLC.
and was the first payload launched by a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket of SpaceX

Bangladesh Government formed a government-owned Bangladesh Communication Satellite

Company Limited, BCSCL with the aim to operate the Bangabandhu Satellite-1. Bangabandhu-1
launched from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, USA
11.What is Firewall, Types of Firewall, Vendors of firewall, uses of
firewall?
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules.[1] A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted
internal network and untrusted external network, such as the Internet.

There are two types of Firewall:

Network-based firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LANs, WANs and intranets
The host-based firewall may be a daemon or service as a part of the operating system or an agent
application such as endpoint security or protection

Vendors of firewall

Uses of firewall
1. A Firewall Protects Your Computer From Unauthorized Remote Access
2. Firewalls Can Block Messages Linking to Unwanted Content
3. Firewalls Make Online Gaming Safer
4. You Can Block Unsuitable or Immoral Content With a Firewall
5. Firewalls Can Be Hardware or Software