ELCETOMAGNETISM

the phenomenon of the interaction of electric currents

or fields and magnetic fields is called
electromagnetism

its divisions
1.Electrostatics –study of
charge when charges are at rest
2.Magnetism-study of
charge when charge is moving
with constant velocity
3.EM WAVES
(electromagnetics waves)-study
of charge when charge is
accelerated

Unit-1 ELECTROSTATICS

NCERT CONTENTS COVERED

1. Electric Charges And fields

2. Eectrostatics potential

******IMP-CAPACITOR IS A DIFFERENT CHAPTER *******

JEE CONENTS COVERED
UNIT-ELECTROMAGNETISM
Topic (ELECTROSTATICS)

ELECTROSTATICS

INTRODUCTION
 the study of stationary electric
charges or fields as opposed to
electric currents is called
electrostatics

what is charge
Electric charge is the physical
property of matter that causes it to
experience a force when placed in
an electromagnetic field. There are two-
types of electric
charge; positive and negative
(commonly carried by
protons and electrons respectively).
PROPERTIES OF CHARGE

 Its Unit –coulomb

-
 Its types positive , negative
 (++ , --) repulsion
 (+- , -+) attraction
 Smallest unit -electron its charge
1.60217662 × 10-19 coulomb but
recently quarks have been discovered
there charge is (+-)e/3,(+-)2e/3…
but for class 12th smallest unit is
electron
 mass of electron- 9.10938356 × 10-31 kilograms
  mass of proton - 1.6726219 × 10-27 kilograms

 proton is 1837 times heavier than

electron
 charge is conserved for an isolated
system
 charge does not depends on speed
where as mass depends on speed
as mass= where mo is rest
mass ,c is speed of light and u is
speed of object

 QUANTISATION OF CHARGE
Building blocks of matter are atoms, which consist of nucleus and electrons. Nucleus has
positively charged protons and neutrons which are charge neutral. Negatively charged electrons move
round the nucleus. It has been observed that the electric charge of all particles are integral multiple of
an elemental value of charge. Denoting the magnitude of the charge of an electron by , the charge of all
particles are This is known as charge quantization. Neutral particles, like neutron and photon have zero
charge. Physicists have revised their earlier thinking that particles like neutrons and protons are
fundamental particles . They are now regarded as belonging to a group of particles called Hadrons ,
which are built up of fundamental constituents called quarks , which have fractional charge of
magnitude one third or two third that of an electronic charge. Electrons, on the other hand are
considered elementary particles, belonging to a group called Leptons.
Charge always transfer from a body to another in form of small packets called quanta i.e charge of
electron

Millikan's oil drop experiment

( About quantisation of charge)
Electrons have a finite charge, which is approximately 1.6 x 10−19C. This was first proven by Robert
Millikan in 1909. Millikan sprayed drops of oil which were then charged (ionised) either by friction as
they were sprayed, or with x-rays. They were then allowed to fall into a uniform electric field.

Once in the uniform electric field, the strength of the field was adjusted in order to keep an oil drop
stationary. This was done by hand, looking through a microscope. In a stationary position, the
gravitational force and the electric force were balanced - there was no net force on the oil drop. So,
at this point:

The electric field strength was adjusted by changing the voltage between the two plates. The voltage
at which the drops were stationary was measured. The charge on each drop was then calculated.
Millikan found that these charges were all multiples of 1.6 x 10−19C, thus showing that the charge of
each drop was made up of smaller charges with a charge of 1.6 x 10−19C.
Coulomb,s Law
*.
BY EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS WE
FOUND IF TWO POINT CHARGES ARE
PLACED CLOSED TO EACH OTHER. THEN ,

Q1 . . Q2
CASE 1 F12 F21

CASE 2 F12 F21

WHERE F12 IS FORCE ON Q1 DUE TO Q2

AND, F21 IS FORCE ON Q2 DUE TO Q1
CASE 1 IS WHEN BOTH CHARGES ARE OF SAME
NATURE
CASE 2 IS WHEN BOTH CHARGES ARE OF OPPOSITE
NATURE AS EXPLAINED IN PROPERTIES OF CHARGE

ALSO BY EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIOIN

WE DERIVED SOME CONCLUSIONS THAT
ARE

1.IF12I= IF21I
2.BOTH FORCES ARE OF SAME NATURE ( i.e electromagnetic force )

3.BOTH FORCES ACT ON TWO DIFFERENT BODIES

4.ABOVE THREE POINTS CONCLUDE THAT
ELECTROSTATIC FORCE IS AN ACTION REACTION PAIR
***** BUT BY THIS WE CAN INTERPRET

Q1 . F12
F21 .Q2
WHICH IS WRONG. SO

NEXT POINT IS

5.ELECTROSATIC FORCE ACTS ALONG THE LINE JOINING

THE TWO CHARGES

6. ABOVE 6 POINTS CONCLUDE THAT ELECTROSTATIC

FORCE IS A CENTRAL FORCE
7.F Q1Q2
8.F 1/R2\

F Q1Q2 2
/R .SO,

F=KQ Q /R 1 2
2

WHERE K IS PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT

K=1/4 π ε =9 * 109 NM2/C2 IN VACCUM
O

ε = ABSOLUTE PERMITIVITY OF FREE SPACE

O

ITS VALUE IS 8.8 * 10-12C2/NM2

WE WILL FURTHER STUDY ABOUT THIS IN
DETAIL IN COULOMB’S LAW IN A MEDIUM

IMP
FORCE BETWEEN TWO CHARGES IS NOT
AFFECTED OR IS INDEPENDENT OF PRESENCE
OF THIRD CHARGE

EXAMPLES
SOLUTIONS TO EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN AFTER ALL EXAMPLES
OF A TOPIC, PLEASE TRY THEM FIRST WITHOUT CHEATING AS
PRACTISE MAKES A MAN PERFECT
QUES 1. WHAT IS THE MIN FORCE POSSIBLE
B/W TWP CHARGE PLACED AT SEPARATION
OF 1 METRE ( AIEEE,OTHER ENG EXAMS,JEE MAIN)
ANS 2.3 * 10-28 N

QUES 2.

. Q1

. Q2 Q3 .
THREE POINT CHARGES ARE PLACED ON
THREE CORNERS OF AN EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE FIND THE NET FORCE ON Q3
ASSUME ALL CHARGES MAGNITUDE IS SAME
AND IT IS Q (AIEEE)
ANS √3KQ/R2
QUES 3. ASSUME 12 CHARGES ARE PLACED
ON A CIRCLE OF MAGNITUDE SAME AS
NUMBERS MARKED ON A CLOCK AS SHOWN IN
FIGURE

12 C
11C 1C

10C 2C

9C . 3C

8C 4C

7C 5C
6C
AND IF A POINT CHARGE OF MAGNITUDE 1
COULOMB IS PLACED AT CENTRE FIND NET
FORCE AT 1 COULOMB CHARGE (OLYMPIAD)
ans 6k(2+√3)i cap -6kj cap where k is coulomb’s
constant
Ques 3

(0,0) 1c 8c 27c 64c 125c…1000c

1m 2m 3m 4m 5m …10m
Find net force due to all charges at origin if 1
coulomb charge is placed at origin

Ans 55k
where k is coulomb’ constant
Ques 3
 (0,0) 1c -2c 3c -4c 5C 6C…

1m 2m 3m 4m 5m 6m…
GIVEN

QUES 5. A particle of charge q is fixed at point P, and a

second particle of mass m and the same charge q is
initially held a distance r1 from P. The second particle is
then released. Determine its speed when it is a distance r2
from P

ANS √( 2KQ2/M ( )
1/R1-1/R2 )

EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS
 REVISION CLASS 11TH

the condition of a system when neither its state of motion nor its internal energy state
tends to change with time. ... For a single particle, equilibrium arises if the vector sum
of all forces acting upon the particle is zero

There are three types of equilibrium :

1.Stable Equilibrium :

If on displacing a body a little from its equilibrium position, the restoring forces are
developed in such a way so as to bring the body back to its equilibrium position, then the
equilibrium of the body is said to be the stable equilibrium.
In stable equilibrium position the potential energy of the body is minimum . A particle at the
lowest position of a well is in stable equilibrium.

ITS OF FORM F=-Kx

2.Unstable equilibrium :

If on displacing a body from its equilibrium position, the restoring forces are developed in
such a way so as to take the body away from equilibrium position, then the equilibrium of
the body is said to be unstable equilibrium.
In unstable equilibrium position, the potential energy of the body is maximum.
A particle at the highest position of a mountain is-in unstable equilibrium.

ITS OF FORM F=Kx

3. Neutral Equilibrium :

If on displacing a body from its equilibrium position, no restoring forces are developed, then
the equilibrium is said to be neutral equilibrium.
In neutral equilibrium position, the potential energy is stationary.
A particle (e.g. pen, book) placed on a table is in neutral equilibrium.
QUESTIONS FOR CLASS 12TH AND JEE MAINS AND ADVANCED

EXAMPLES
QUES 1. FIND THE POSITION OF EQUILIBRIUM OF A CHERGE
Q IF PLACED BETWEEN BOTH OF CHERGES IN THE FIGURE

Q1 Q2

L
A.IF MAGNITUDE OF Q1=Q ,Q2=Q

B.IF MAGNITUDE OF Q1=-Q ,Q2=-4Q

C.IF MAGNITUDE OF Q1=-Q ,Q2 =4Q

QUES 2 FIGURE SAME AS QUES 1 AND FIND THE

POSITION MAGNITUDE OF 3RD CHERGE FOR ALL THREE CHARGES
TO BE IN EQUILIBRIUM IF MAGNITUDE OF Q1=-Q ,Q2 =9Q
QUES 3 FIND WHETER THE EQUILIBRIUM IS
STABLE OR UNSTABLE OR NEUTRAL

1.IF A CHARGE OF MAGNITUDE -Q IS KEPT AT CENTRE

AND SLIGHTLY DISPLACED ALONG THE LINE JOINING
THE TWO CHARGES

Q Q

2.IF A CHARGE OF MAGNITUDE -Q IS KEPT AT CENTRE

AND SLIGHTLY DISPLACED PERPENDICULAR TO THE
LINE JOINING THE TWO CHARGES

Q Q

3.IF A CHARGE OF MAGNITUDE +Q IS KEPT AT CENTRE

AND SLIGHTLY DISPLACED PERPENDICULAR TO THE
LINE JOINING THE TWO CHARGES

-Q -Q

QUES 4 IF WE PLACE A CHARGE Q AT CENTRE AND

DISPLACE THE PARTICLE SLIGHTY THEN FIND OUT THE TIME
PERIOD OF OSCILLATION OF THE THIRD CHARGE
Q Q
IF PARTICLE IS DISPLACED

1. ALONG THE LINE JOINING THE TWO CHARGES

2. IF CHARGE PLACED AT CENTRE IS –Q AND DISPLACED

PERPENDICULAR TO THE LINE JOINING THE TWO CHARGES

PENDULUM PROBLEMS

REVISION

TIME PERIOD OF OSCILLATION

T= 2π√L/g

TRICK TO REMEMBER

2T= 4π√L/g
Pronunciation
( TU TI CHARPIE LOTA BATE GLASS)
 Q1,M Q2,M

TCOSθ = Mg

TSINθ = KQ1Q2/(2LSINθ2)

THE METHOD IS THESE TWO EQUATION AR KNOWN IN EVERY

QUESTION AND IT CONTAINS 5 VARIABLES QUESTION COMES WITH
3 VRARIABLES KNOWN AND WE HAVE TO FIND TWO UNKNOWN
VARIABLES BY THIS METHOD WE CAN SOLVE EVERYPENDULUM
QUESTION

CONCEPTUAL QUES FIND WHICH ANGLE IS BIGGER

θ1 OR θ2
LET TWO CHARGES ARE PLACED AT A AND C OF SAME
MAGNITUDE BUT DIFFERENT MASS M1 AND M2
RESPECTIVELY WHERE M1>M2 AND LET θ1 BE THE
ANGLE AOB AND θ2 BE THE ANGLE BOC.

QUES O

A B C
LET AT A AND C TWO CHARGE ARE
PLACED Q OF SAME MAGNITUDE AND
SAME NATURE AND SAME MASS M AND
ASSUME AT ANDLE 45 DEGREE THERE
WAS EUILIBRIUM THEN FIND OUT THE
ACCELARATION OF CHARGE PLACED AT A
IF IT IS DROPPED FROM 60 DEGREE
WHEN IT COMES AT 45 DEGREE

LAMI’S THEORAM

In statics, Lami’s theorem is an equation that relates the magnitudes of three coplanar,
concurrent and non-collinear forces, that keeps a body in static equilibrium.
Lami’s theorem states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.
Consider three forces A, B, C acting on a particle or rigid body making angles α, β and γ
with each other.
According to Lami’s theorem, the particle shall be in equilibrium if

The angle between the force vectors is taken when all the three vectors are emerging from
the particle.

VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION COLLAB

QUES WHAT IS THE MIN SPEED REQUIRED FOR THE

CHARGE Q AT BOTTOM TO COMPLETE THE
VERTICALCIRCLE IN THE FIGURE ASSUME r IS REDIUS
OF CIRCLE

.Q

.Q

ANS √ (5GR- KQ2/Mr)

COULOMB’S LAW IN VECTOR FORM

The physical quantities are of two types namely scalars (with the only
magnitude) and vectors (those quantities with magnitude and direction).
Force is a vector quantity as it has both magnitude and direction. The
Coulomb’s law can be re-written in the form of vectors. Remember we
denote the vector “F” as F, vector r as r and so on.

Let there be two charges q1 and q2, with position vectors r1 and
r2 respectively. Now, since both the charges are of the same sign, there
will be a repulsive force between them. Let the force on the q1 charge
due to q2 be F12 and force on q2 charge due to q1charge be F21. The
corresponding vector from q1 to q2 is r21 vector.

r21 = r2 – r1

To denote the direction of a vector from position vector r1 to r2 , and

from r2 to r1 as:
Now, the force on charge q2 due to q1, in vector form is:

The above equation is the vector form of Coulomb’s Law.

Questions on vector form of Coulomb’s Law.

FIND OUT THE FORCE OF 6 COULOMB CHARGE AT (6,8) DUE
TO -2 COULOMB CHARGE AT (3,4)

ANS -2KCAP(3/25i CAP+4/25j CAP)

QUES What is the magnitude of the net electrostatic force

on a charge placed at a topmost vertex of a rectangular
pyramid of side A if charges of magnitude q coulomb is
placed at all vertices?

what is the magnitude of net electrostatic force on a

vertex of a cube if charges are present at all the vertices of
cube of magnitude q coulomb given that side of cube is a
metres.
 Coulomb,s law in a medium

Coulomb’s law in a medium can be explained as in a medium

there acts a induced force opposite to the direction of
Columbian force which results in decrease of magnitude of net
force however no impact is there on the coloumbian force just
the net force decreases as shown in figure taking example of
medium as water