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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
Originated from the Latin word persona meaning Sigmund Freud
masks
Most influential: Twin cornerstones of
Pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique psychoanalysis – sex and aggression
characteristics that give both consistency and
Collaborated with Jean Charcot in treating
individuality to a person’s behavior
hysteria through hypnosis
Traits – consistency of behavior over time; stable
Worked with Joseph Breuer; taught catharsis,
across situations; pattern is different for each
process of removing hysterical symptoms through
individual
“talking them out”; discovered free association
Characteristics – unique qualities of an individual technique
(i.e. physique, intelligence)
Humanistic approach Contains memories that are not part of current thoughts
but can readily be available to mind if need arises
Person is innately good
(equivalent to memory)
Aim to achieve fullest potential
Conscious
Behavioral approach
Contains whatever we are thinking about or
Environment influences us experiencing at a given moment (all that our senses
Learned and acquired externally detect)
Cognitive approach
Schema
Oral-receptive phase – needs are usually satisfied but as Time of learning, adjusting to the social environment, form
infants grow older they become more frustrated as a result beliefs and values
of scheduled feedings. These are accompanied by feelings
of ambivalence toward their mother and by increased ability Genital Stage
to defend against environment
Age: Puberty+
Oral-sadistic period – emergence of teeth; respond to
Focus: Genital
others through biting, smiling, crying and thumb-sucking
Gratifying activity: heterosexual relationship
(satisfies sexual but not nutritional needs)
Renewed sexual interest
Symptoms of oral fixation: smoking, nail biting, and verbal
hostility
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
Anal Stage
Alfred Adler
Age 1.5 – 3
Focus: Anus Presented an optimistic view of people, relying on
Gratifying activity: toilet training and urge control notion of social interest, oneness with all humankind
Harsh toilet training: Anal-retentive personality Motivated by social influences and striving for
Lenient toilet training: Anal-expulsive personality superiority or success
People are responsible for who they are
Phallic Phase Present behavior is shaped by people’s view of the
future
Age: 4-5
Basic premise: People are born with weak, inferior
Focus: Genital bodies – a condition that leads to feelings of
Gratifying activity: play with genitals; identification inferiority and consequent dependence on other
Male Phallic Phase people. A feeling of unity with others (social interest)
1. Oedipus Complex – condition of rivalry toward their is inherent in people and the ultimate standard for
father and sexual desire for mother psychological health.
2. Castration complex – in the form of castration anxiety,
boy surrenders his incestuous desires
3. Identification with the father
4. Strong superego ensures repression of Oedipus MAIN TENETS:
complex
Female Oedipus Complex 1. The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the
1. Castration complex in the form of penis envy striving for success or superiority.
2. Oedipus complex develops as an attempt to obtain Everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that
penis (sexual desires for father; hostility for mother) activate feelings of inferiority
3. Gradual realization that Oedipal desires are self- People strive for superiority or success as a means of
defeating compensation for feelings of inferiority or weakness
4. Identification with mother Striving for personal superiority (previously coined as
5. Weak superego replaces the partially dissolved masculine protest) – personal goal; strivings are
Oedipus complex motivated by exaggerated feelings of personal
inferiority or presence of inferiority complex
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Striving for success – healthy individuals are
Age: 5-puberty concerned with goals beyond themselves; sense of
Repress sexual drive and direct their psychic energy toward personal worth is tied closely to their contributions to
school, friends, hobbies human society.
Withdrawal – run away from problems by setting up a distance Contains complexes – embedded themes (power, mother,
father, religion) that influence consciousness and behavior
Moving backward - revert to a more secured period
of life Collective Unconscious
Standing still – avoid all responsibility by ensuring
themselves against any threat or failure Rooted in ancestral past of the entire species
Hesitating - procrastinations; “It’s too late now.” Responsible for people’s myths, legends and religious
Constructing obstacles – build something to knock beliefs
down Innate tendency to react in a particular way when an
experience stimulates a biologically inherited response
tendency (i.e. mother save newborn infant)
BIRTH ORDER - influences behavior and personality
Archetypes
Eldest
Ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective
Nurturing and protective of others
unconscious
Must always be right
Expressed through dreams, fantasies and delusions
Exaggerated feelings of power
Persona
Middle
Mask, public self
Tries to dethrone first born
Strike a balance between demands of society and who we
Highly motivated
really are
Competitive
Shadow
Youngest
Represents urges that are socially unacceptable
Most pampered and protected
Strive to know our shadow
Only Child
Anima
Socially mature
Representation of woman in a man
Pampered and spoiled
Men’s ancestral experiences relating to women
Animus
Great Mother
Levels of the Psyche
Opposing forces of fertility and destruction
Conscious
Wise Old Man
Ego as the center of consciousness but not the core of
personality Wisdom
Symbolizes human’s pre-existing knowledge of the
Personal Unconscious
mysteries of life
Repressed, forgotten or subliminally perceived experiences
of one particular individual
‘formed by individual experiences and unique to each of us
I SERVE WITH PRIDE 5
MEMORY AID – THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Infancy: Feelings about “good” and “bad” caregivers
Age 0-2 y/o
Significant other: mother/caregiver
Interpersonal process: tenderness (feeding process –
INTERPERSONAL THEORY receive food and satisfy tenderness need)
Harry Stack Sullivan Important learning: dual personification of mother
Personality as an energy system Childhood: Learning applicable to social habits
Exist as tension or energy transformation Age 2-6 y/o
Significant other: parents
Tension: potentiality for action Interpersonal process: acculturation and protect security
through imaginary playmates
2 types: needs and anxiety Important learning: learn moral value and use language
Dynamisms – trait or behavioral patterns Late Adolescence: establishing an adult love relationship
Age 15 y/o to adulthood
Malevolence - feeling of living in enemy country Significant other: lover
“Once upon a time everything was lovely, but that was Interpersonal process: fusion of Intimacy and lust
before I had to deal with people.” Important learning: mature interpersonal relationship and
Intimacy – integrating experience marked by a close self-discovery
personal relationship with another person who is more
Adulthood: completion of the personality
or less of equal status
Significant other: lover/life partner
Lust – isolating dynamism characterized by an Interpersonal process: maturity/high intimacy
Important learning: perceptive of other’s needs, anxiety and
impersonal sexual interest in another person
security
Epigenetic Principle
Stage 4: School Age Age 6 to 12
Develop through a predetermined rate in a fixed
sequence Sexual latency period: divert energy to learning their
Ego grows at a certain time culture and social interaction; form pictures of themselves
as competent
Industry Inferiority
STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Be productive; acquire Insufficient work to
job skills accomplish goal
Stages follow the epigenetic principle Competence Inertia
Interaction of opposites: syntonic vs dystonic; both are
needed for development
Conflict of opposites produces basic strength Stage 5: Adolescence Age – Age 12 to 18
Too little basic strength: core pathology
Social latency period: try out new roles, beliefs, career
possibilities and lifestyle while establishing a sense of ego
Stage 1: Infancy Age 0 to 1 identity
Identity crisis: find out who you are; turning point which
Oral-sensory mode: not just mouth; involves all senses can promote growth or maladjustment
Stage of incorporation: accepting and giving
Significant person: primary caregiver Identity Identity Confusion
Faith in one’s ideology, Divided self-image
Basic Trust Basic Mistrust decide how to behave
If needs are met by If care is inconsistent, Fidelity Role repudiation
responsive parents inconsistent
Hope Withdrawal
Stage 6: Young Adulthood Age – Age 19 to 30
Stage 2: Early Childhood Age 2 to 3 Genitality: relationship; fuse identity with another person
while maintaining sense of individuality
Anal-urethral-muscular mode: mastering of bodily
functions; impulsive and compulsive behavior Intimacy Isolation
Children strives for autonomy and parents try to control Share mutual trust; Fear commitment,
the child through use of shame and doubt commitment of 2 unable to accept
equals responsibility
Allow expression within reasonable control
Love Exclusivity
How does one become a person? If process of therapeutic change is set into motion, then certain
observable outcomes can be expected.
Individual develops a need to be loved or positive regard
Individual develops a prizing/valuing of one’s self or Outcome: Help client become person of tomorrow (more
positive self-regard congruent, less defensive and more open to experience)
Guilt Myths
Arises when people deny their potentialities, fail to Conscious and unconscious belief systems that provide
accurately perceive the needs of fellow humans or remain explanations for personal and social problems
oblivious to their dependence to the natural world Stories that unify a society
Umwelt (Separation guilt) – lack of awareness of Dasein,
removed from nature Psychology of the Individual
Mitwelt - See people only through our own eyes Gordon Allport
Eigenwelt – denial of potentialities or failure to fulfill them
Emphasized the uniqueness of an individual
Intentionality Morphogenic science – study of the individual
Nomothetic science – focus on gathering data on
Structure that gives meaning to experience and allows groups of people
people to make decisions about the future
Personality is both physical and psychological;
Man’s action depend on his intentions includes both overt behaviors and covert thought; it
Care, Love and Will not only is something but it does something.
Care – recognize the person as a fellow human being; Role of Conscious Motivation
source of love
Love – delight in the presence of the other person and Healthy adults are generally aware of what they are doing
affirming their value and development and their reasons for doing it
Will – organize one’s self in order to move to a certain Accept self-reports at face value
goal
Structure of Personality
Forms of Love
Common traits – general characteristics held in common
Sex – biological function, satisfied through sexual by many people; inferred from factor analytic studies
intercourse Personal Dispositions – permit researchers to study a
Eros – psychological desire that seeks procreation or single individual
creation through an enduring union with a loved one
Levels of Personal Dispositions
Philia – intimate nonsexual relationship between people;
philia makes eros possible Cardinal Dispositions – eminent characteristic that
Agape – concern for other’s welfare beyond any gain, dominates their lives; every action revolves around it (i.e.
disinterested love Machiavellian, Narcissistic)
Central Dispositions – 5 to 10 most outstanding
Freedom
characteristics around which a person’s life focuses
Capacity to know that he is the determined one; Secondary dispositions – not central to the personality yet
possibility of changing occur with some regularity
I SERVE WITH PRIDE 13
MEMORY AID – THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Proxy Agency – capacity to rely on others for goods and Pakikiramdam (shared inner perception) – pivotal
services interpersonal value, request to feel or be sensitive
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