SEISMIC

DETAILING
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
BUILDINGS
RONA LD O S. ISON, F.A SEP, F.PICE
P R INC IPA L S T R UC T UR A L E NGINE E R , R . S . IS O N & A S S O C IAT E S
C H A NC E L L O R, C O L L EGE O F FE L L O W S , A S E P
Philippines 16 July 1990
North Luzon Earthquake

1990 Luzon EQ
Turkey 1999 Earthquake

1999 Izmit EQ, Turkey

Photo from Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research Centre
Philippines 6 February2012
Negros Oriental 6.8 Earthquake
Philippines 6 February2012
Negros Oriental 6.8 Earthquake
Taiwan 6 February 2016
Meinong Earthquake
Taiwan 6 February 2016
Meinong Earthquake
Taiwan 6 February 2016
Meinong Earthquake
Basis and Requirements of the
NSCP 2015 404.4.6
Seismic Force Resisting System
Basis and Requirements of the
NSCP 2015 404.4.6
Seismic Force Resisting System
Earthquake-Resistant
Structures NSCP Section 418
Earthquake-Resistant
Structures NSCP Section 418
 NSCP 2015
Seismic Zones
Location Palawan, Rest of the
Sulu, Philippines
Tawi-Tawi
Seismic Zone 2 4
Seismic Risk Moderate High
 NSCP 2015 Section 418
Design and Detailing
Requirements1
Structural component resisting SEISMIC ZONE
earthquake effects
Zone 2 Zone 4
Analysis and Design 418.2.2 418.2.2, 418.2.4
Materials None 418.2.5 to 418.2.8
Frame members 418.4 418.6 to 418.9
Structural walls and coupling beams None 418.10
Precast structural walls 418.5 418.5, 418.11
Diaphragms and trusses None 418.12
Foundations None 418.13
Frame members not designated as None 418.14
part of seismic-resisting system
Anchors 418.2.3 418.2.3
1 In addition to requirements of Sections 401 to 417, 419 to 416
 Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
General Requirements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Shall satisfy the following None
conditions
• clear span ≧ 4 x
effective depth
• width to depth >= 0.3
• width ≧ 250 mm
• width ≦ width of
supporting member +
distances on each side
of supporting member
not exceeding three-
fourths of depth
 Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Flexural Requirements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Minimum reinforcement Minimum reinforcement Minimum of 2 continuous
ratio shall not be than ratio shall not be than bars (Zone 4)
(√𝒇’𝒄/𝟒)𝒇𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟒/𝒇𝒚 (√𝒇’𝒄/𝟒)𝒇𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝟏.𝟒/𝒇𝒚
at any section, top and at sections where tensile
bottom reinforcements are
required by analysis

Reinforcement ratio, 𝜌, Reinforcement ratio, 𝜌,

shall not exceed .025. shall not exceed
𝒇𝒚
( 𝑬 1𝜺𝒄𝒖)

𝜌balanced
𝜺𝒄𝒖1𝜺𝒕
At least two bars shall be Provide minimum
provided continuously at structural integrity
both top and bottom reinforcement
section
Balanced and Maximum
Reinforcement Ratio
Recall:
𝜌bal = .85β1f’c/fy (600/(600+fy) β1 = 0.85 (17 MPa-28 MPa)
= 0.85 – .05(f’c-28/7)
𝜌max = (fy/E + 𝜺𝒄𝒖)/(𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝜺𝒕) 𝜌bal = 0.65 (>= 56 MPa)
𝜺𝒄𝒖
For f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 414 MPa

β1 = 0.85 𝜌bal = .0289

𝜌max = (414/200000 +.003) 𝜌bal = .724 𝜌bal

𝜺𝒕
(.003 + .004)
Code specified net tensile strain not
to be less than 0.004.
 Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Flexural Requirements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Minimum of 2 continuous
Positive moment strength Positive moment strength bars (Zone 4)
at joint face ≧ 1/2 at joint face ≧ 1/3
negative moment at the negative moment at the
face of the joint face of the joint

Negative moment or Negative moment or

positive moment strength positive moment strength
at any section along the at any section along the
member shall not be less member shall not be less
than 1/4 the maximum than 1/5 the maximum
moment strength moment strength provided
provided at the joint. at the joint.
 Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Splices
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Lap splices are allowed if No requirement that
hoops or spirals are splices are enclosed by
provided over the lap hoops. Lap splice reduced
length. Spacing shall not by 25% if closely spaced
exceed d/4 or 100 mm. 12mm are provided.
Welded splices and
mechanical connections
are allowed.
100 mm

Lap splices are provided: No requirement. Lap splices are designed as tension lap splices.
• Outside of joints
• Outside a distance of
2h from the face of
the joint
• Outside of areas
where flexural yielding
occurs
Hoops and Stirrups
Hoops and Stirrups
 Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Confinement Reinforcement
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Hoops are required over a Similar requirement
length 2h from the face of
the support towards the
midspan, first hoop shall
not be more than 50mm
from the support

Where hoops are Similar requirement

required, spacing shall not
be greater than:
• d/4 Lap splices are designed as tension lap splices.
• 6 x smallest long. Bar
• 150 mm
Lateral
Where hoops are not Similar requirement support
required, stirrups with
seismic hooks shall be
provided with spacing not
more than d/2
 Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Confinement Reinforcement
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Where hoops are required No similar requirement
, longitudinal bars on the
perimeter shall have
lateral support

Transverse reinforcement Similar requirement

must be designed to resist
the design shear force

Lap splices are designed as tension lap splices.

Lateral
support
Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
Flexural Members
of Special Moment Frames
 Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
General Requirements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Shall satisfy the following None
conditions
• Shortest cross-
sectional dimension
greater than 300 mm

• Ratio of shortest
cross-sectional
dimension to 300
perpendicular
direction ≧ 0.4.
 Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
Flexural Requirements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Nominal flexural strength None
of columns shall be 1.2
times the nominal flexural
strength of girders
framing into a joint.

Reinforcement ratio, 𝜌, Reinforcement ratio, 𝜌,

shall be greater than 0.01 shall be greater than 0.01
and shall not exceed 0.06. and shall not exceed 0.08.

Lap splices are permitted No restriction, may be

only within the center half located within the center
of the member length, half.
must be tension splices,
and have transverse
reinforcement over the
full lap length
 Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
Transverse Reinforcements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Provided over a depth, lo, Provided over a depth, lo,
from each joint face with from each joint face with
a length not less than: a length not less than:
• Larger of column dim • Larger of column dim
• 1/6 clear span • 1/6 clear span
• 450mm • 450mm

Transverse reinforcement Spacing sx shall not

shall be spaced not exceed:
exceeding: • h/2
• member dimension/4 • 8 x db
• 6 x db • 24 x tie diameter
• 100 ≦ sx = 100 + • 300mm
(350-hx)/3 ≦ 150mm
When no longer needed, Shall not exceed 2 x sx
spacing shall not exceed:
• 6 x db
• 150 mm
Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads

Ach = core area of column cross-

section, measured to the outside
of transverse reinforcement
bc = cross-sectional dimension of
column core, measured center to
center of ties
Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
 Transverse Reinforcements
Calculations
(for Pu < 0.3Agf’c , f’c < 70 MPa)
For a 300 x 400 mm column,
bc
Ash/sbc = 0.3(Ag/Ach-1) f’c/fyt (Eq 1)
= .09 f’c/fyt (Eq 2)
concrete cover = 40 mm
longitudinal bars = 25 mm dia.
ties = 10 mm dia
fyt = 414 MPa f’c = 21 MPa

For the short dimension: s =75 mm

Ach = core area of column cross-
Ag = 300(400) = 120,000 mm2
section, measured to the outside
Ach = (300-40)(400-40) = 93,600 mm2
of transverse reinforcement
bc = (300-40-40-2(10/2)) = 210 mm
bc = cross-sectional dimension of
column core, measured center to
Ash/sbc = .00408 (1) Ash = .00456(75)(210)
center of ties
= .00456 (2) = 71.82 mm2
= use 1 leg 10 mm dia. @75 oc
 Transverse Reinforcements
Calculations
Ash/sbc = 0.3(Ag/Ach-1) f’c/fyt
= .09 f’c/fyt
For a 300 x 400 mm column,
concrete cover = 40 mm
longitudinal bars = 25 mm dia.
ties = 10 mm dia
fyt = 414 MPa f’c = 21 MPa
bc
For the long dimension: s = 75 mm
Ach = core area of column cross-
Ag = 300(400) = 120,000 mm2
section, measured to the outside
Ach = (300-40)(400-40) = 93,600 mm2
of transverse reinforcement
bc = (400-40-40-2(10/2)) = 310 mm
bc = cross-sectional dimension of
column core, measured center to
Ash/sbc = .00408 Ash = .00456(75)(310)
center of ties
= .00456 = 106.02 mm2
= use 2 legs 10 mm dia. @ 75 oc
 Special Moment Frame Members
subjected to Bending and Axial
Loads
Transverse Reinforcements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Columns No similar
supporting requirement
reactions from stiff
elements such as
walls, the column
shall have
transverse
reinforcements
over its full height
and shall extend a
distance at least
the development
length of the
largest vertical bar
diameter
 Joints of Special Moment
Frames
Longitudinal Beam Reinforcements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Beam longitudinal No similar requirement
reinforcements shall be
terminated into a column
and shall be extended into
the far face of the
confined column core and
anchored in tension or
compression

Where the reinforcements No similar requirement

extends through a joint,
the column dimension
parallel to the
reinforcement shall not be
less than 20 db or 26 db
for lightweight concrete
Joints of Special Moment
Frames
Joints of Special Moment
Frames
Shear Strength of Joints
 Special Concrete Structural
Walls ( Shearwalls)
Longitudinal Beam Reinforcements
Seismic Zone 4 Seismic Zone 2
Reinforcement ratio shall Use Section 411.6
bot be less than .0025 for
longitudinal and
transverse axes. If Vu is
less than . 𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝑨𝒄𝒗√𝒇’𝒄
use minimum values of
Section 411.6

If Vu is greater than Walls more than 250mm

. 𝟏𝟕𝑨𝒄𝒗√𝒇’𝒄 or hw/lw thick shall have two
greater than or equal to 2, curtains of reinforcements
use two curtains of
reinforcemnts
Minimum Reinforcements for
Shearwalls
Shearwalls
Shearwalls (Boundary
Elements are required)
Shearwalls
(Boundary
Elements are
not required)
Footings, Mat foundations and
Pile Caps
Piers or Bored
Piles
Precast Piles