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2019 Antique Names and Self-Identification: Hellenes, Graikoi, and Romaioi from Late Byzantium to the Greek Nation-State* - Oxford Sc…
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DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672752.003.0005
Modern Greek popular culture has perceived Hellenes as mythical people who did not form part of the
ethnic Romaic identity, which was first shaped around 1204, but was not static and developed in
response to major political changes until it was officially replaced by the Hellenic national identity (in
the nineteenth century). In premodern times, some Greek-speaking people also described themselves as
Graikoi. These three ‘competing’ antique names, Hellenes, Graikoi, and Romaioi, were all candidates
for the name of the emerging Greek nation before the creation of its nation-state. But what was the
actual dissemination of these names? Were they all used as markers of ethnic identities, and by whom?
This chapter presents and discusses the various appearances and perceptions of Hellenes, Graikoi, and
Romaioi in premodern times, in both quantitative (with the use of technology) and qualitative terms. It
offers an overall picture that differs significantly from the one provided by the Greek national narrative,
and aims to challenge the ways in which our contemporary scholarship explores the relationship
between antiquity and modern Greece.
Keywords: Hellenes, Greeks, Byzantine Romans, early modern Greece, self-identification, ethnic identity, continuity, nationalism,
modernism, postmodernism
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