Formula

Sheet for Relativity

𝑡′ = 𝛾(𝑡 − 𝑣𝑥/𝑐 + ) 𝑥′ = 𝛾 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡 𝑦′ = 𝑦 𝑧′ = 𝑧
𝑡 = 𝛾(𝑡′ + 𝑣𝑥′/𝑐 + ) 𝑥 = 𝛾 𝑥 1 + 𝑣𝑡 1 𝑦 = 𝑦′ 𝑧 = 𝑧′
∆𝑙 = ∆𝐿/𝛾 ∆𝑡 = 𝛾∆𝜏 𝛾 = 1/ 1 − 𝑣 + /𝑐 +
Special relativity
𝑑𝑠 + = −𝑐 + 𝑑𝑡 + + 𝑑𝑥 + + 𝑑𝑦 + + 𝑑𝑧 +
𝑢′ = (𝑢 − 𝑣)/(1 − 𝑢𝑣/𝑐 + )
𝑚 𝑣 = 𝛾𝑚; 𝑝 = 𝛾𝑚; 𝑣 𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚; 𝑐 +
𝑥 > = (𝑐𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝑑𝑥 > = (𝑐𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑦, 𝑑𝑧)
1𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕> = , , ,
4-vectors 𝑐 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑥 >
𝑢> = = 𝛾𝑐, 𝛾𝑢A , 𝛾𝑢B , 𝛾𝑢C
𝑑𝜏
𝑝> = 𝑚; 𝑢> = 𝐸/𝑐, 𝑝A , 𝑝B , 𝑝C
>E
𝑑𝑝> 𝑑𝑥 E
𝑇 = 𝑇 E> = 𝑇>E
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡
Energy-momentum 𝑇 ;; = energy density
tensor
𝑇 ;G = 𝑇 G; = flux of energy in 𝑖-direction
𝑇 GI = 𝑇IG = flux of 𝑖-momentum in the 𝑗-direction
Energy-momentum 𝜌𝑐 + 0 0 0
tensor for perfect 𝑇>E = 0 𝑃 0 0
0 0 𝑃 0
fluid
0 0 0 𝑃
Energy-momentum 1 1
tensor for 𝑇>E = 𝐹>P 𝐹 EP − 𝜂>E 𝐹SP 𝐹 SP
𝜇; 4
electromagnetism
Energy-momentum
𝜕> 𝑇>E = 0
conservation
−1 0 0 0
𝜂>E = 𝜂>E = 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
Index operations in 0 0 0 1
special relativity for 𝐴> = 𝜂>E 𝐴E 𝐴> = 𝜂>E 𝐴E
𝑨𝝁 and 𝑩𝝁𝝂 𝐵P E = 𝜂P> 𝐵>E 𝐵>P = 𝜂PE 𝐵>E 𝐵SP = 𝜂S> 𝜂PE 𝐵>E
𝐵 P E = 𝜂 P> 𝐵>E 𝐵 P> = 𝜂 PE 𝐵>E 𝐵SP = 𝜂S> 𝜂 PE 𝐵>E
𝐴> 𝐴> and 𝐵>E 𝐵>E are invariants
Lorentz (𝑳) and 𝐴′> = 𝐿> E 𝐴E 𝐴′> = 𝐿> E 𝐴E
E
inverse (𝑳) 𝐴> = 𝐿> E 𝐴′E 𝐴> = 𝐿> 𝐴′E
transformations 𝐵′>E = 𝐿> S 𝐿EP 𝐵SP 𝐵>E = 𝐿> S 𝐿EP 𝐵′SP
between inertial 𝛾 −𝑣𝛾/𝑐 0 0 𝛾 𝑣𝛾/𝑐 0 0
frames in special −𝑣𝛾/𝑐 𝛾 0 0 𝐿> = 𝑣𝛾/𝑐 𝛾 0 0
𝐿> E = E
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
relativity 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
 >
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑥 >
4-vectors for 𝐽 = = (𝜌𝑐, 𝐽A , 𝐽B , 𝐽C )
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡
electromagnetism
𝐴> = 𝑉/𝑐, 𝐴A , 𝐴B , 𝐴C
𝐹>E = 𝜕> 𝐴E − 𝜕 E 𝐴>
0 𝐸A /𝑐 𝐸B /𝑐 𝐸C /𝑐
Maxwell field tensor −𝐸A /𝑐 0 𝐵C −𝐵B
𝐹>E =
−𝐸B /𝑐 −𝐵C 0 𝐵A
−𝐸C /𝑐 𝐵B −𝐵A 0
𝜕> 𝐹>E = −𝜇; 𝐽E
Maxwell’s equations
𝜕 P 𝐹>E + 𝜕> 𝐹 EP + 𝜕 E 𝐹 P> = 0
Charge conservation 𝜕> 𝐽> = 0
Lorentz force law 𝑑𝑝> /𝑑𝜏 = 𝑞𝐹> E 𝑢E
Space-time metric in 𝑑𝑠 + = 𝑔>E 𝑑𝑥 > 𝑑𝑥 E 𝑔E> = 𝑔>E
general relativity 𝑑𝑠 + = −𝑐 + 𝑑𝜏 + 𝑑𝜏 = proper time interval
Stationary clock in a 𝑑𝜏 = −𝑔__ 𝑑𝑡
gravitational field
Proper distance in 𝑑𝐿 = 𝑔`` 𝑑𝑟
radial direction
Weak-field limit 𝑔__ = −1 − 2𝜙/𝑐 + 𝜙 = gravitational potential
𝐴> = 𝑔>E 𝐴E 𝐴> = 𝑔>E 𝐴E
𝑔>E is the inverse of 𝑔>E
Index operations in
𝐵P E = 𝑔P> 𝐵>E 𝐵>P = 𝑔PE 𝐵>E 𝐵SP = 𝑔S> 𝑔PE 𝐵>E
general relativity
𝐵 P E = 𝑔 P> 𝐵>E 𝐵 P> = 𝑔 PE 𝐵>E 𝐵SP = 𝑔S> 𝑔 PE 𝐵>E
𝐴> 𝐴> and 𝐵>E 𝐵>E are invariants
𝜕𝑥′> E 𝜕𝑥 E
𝐴′> = 𝐴 𝐴′> = 𝐴
Co-ordinate 𝜕𝑥 E 𝜕𝑥 1> E
𝜕𝑥 > 𝜕𝑥′E
transformations in 𝐴> = 1E 𝐴′E 𝐴> = 𝐴′
general relativity 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 > E
𝜕𝑥′> 𝜕𝑥′E SP 𝜕𝑥 S 𝜕𝑥 P
𝐵′>E = 𝐵 𝐵′ >E = 𝐵
𝜕𝑥 S 𝜕𝑥 P 𝜕𝑥 1> 𝜕𝑥 1E SP
𝑑+ 𝑥 > > 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
S P
+ ΓSP = 0
𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
Geodesic equations 𝑑+ 𝑥 E 1 𝑑𝑥 S 𝑑𝑥 P
𝑔>E + 𝜕 𝑔
P >S − 𝜕 𝑔 = 0
𝑑𝑠 + 2 > SP 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
For light ray: 𝑑𝑠 = 0, so use an affine parameter instead
> 1
Christoffel symbols ΓSP = 𝑔>E 𝜕P 𝑔ES + 𝜕S 𝑔PE − 𝜕E 𝑔SP
2
Metric on the
𝑑𝑠 + = 𝑅+ 𝑑𝜃 + + 𝑅 sin 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜙 +
surface of a sphere
+
𝑅j + + 𝑑𝑟 +
Schwarzschild metric 𝑑𝑠 = − 1 − 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 + + 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃 + + sin 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜙 +
𝑟 𝑅j
1−
𝑟
Schwarzschild radius 𝑅j = 2𝐺𝑀/𝑐 +
Gravitational 1 + 𝑧 = 1/ 1 − 𝑅m /𝑟
redshift
 Radial free-fall in the 𝑑𝑡 𝐾 1 𝑑𝑟 𝑅j
= = 𝐾 + − 𝐴 𝐴 = 1 −
Schwarzschild metric 𝑑𝜏 𝐴 𝑐 𝑑𝜏 𝑟
+
𝑑𝑟
FRW metric 𝑑𝑠 + = −𝑐 + 𝑑𝑡 + + 𝑎(𝑡)+ + 𝑟 + 𝑑𝜃 + + sin 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜙 +
1 − 𝑘𝑟 +
𝑑𝐴S = 𝑅SP>E 𝐴P 𝑑𝑥 > 𝑑𝑥 E
S S S q S q
𝑅SP>E = 𝜕> ΓPE − 𝜕E ΓP> + Γ>q ΓPE − ΓEq ΓP>
Riemann tensor
𝑅>ESP = 𝑅SP>E
𝑅PS>E = −𝑅SP>E
𝑅>E = 𝑅 P>PE
P P S P S P
Ricci tensor 𝑅>E = 𝜕P Γ>E − 𝜕E Γ>P + ΓSP Γ>E − ΓEP Γ>S
𝑅>E = 0 in empty space
Ricci scalar 𝑅 = 𝑅>> = 𝑔>E 𝑅>E
1
Einstein tensor 𝐺>E = 𝑅>E − 𝑅𝑔>E
2
8𝜋𝐺
𝐺>E = t 𝑇>E
Einstein equation 𝑐
8𝜋𝐺 1
𝑅>E = t 𝑇>E − 𝑇𝑔>E 𝑇 = 𝑇>> = 𝑔>E 𝑇>E
𝑐 2
𝑎 + 8𝜋𝐺𝜌(𝑡) 𝑘𝑐 +
Friedmann equation = − +
𝑎 3 𝑎