Received: 28 August 2017

| Accepted: 2 October 2017

DOI: 10.1002/mmce.21189

REVIEW ARTICLE

Multiport MIMO antennas with mutual coupling reduction

techniques for modern wireless transreceive operations: A review

Sanjay Chouhan1 | Debendra Kumar Panda2 | Manish Gupta3 | Sarthak Singhal1

1
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Amity
University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh,
India
2
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Medicaps
Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
3
Department of Electronics and
Communication, GLA University,
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
Correspondence
Sanjay Chouhan, Department of
Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Amity University, Gwalior,
Madhya Pradesh, India.
Email: sanjaychouhanjit@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
The present technology fulfills the requirement of high data rate and high channel
capacity using multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology. The MIMO
capacity of the system is increased linearly but due to the multiple antennas placed
near to each other, problem of mutual coupling exists, which degrades the maximum
achievable performance of the system. The problems of multipath propagation can be
solved using MIMO system. The isolation improvement methods decrease the mutual
coupling among antenna elements, and improve the gain and efficiency of the system.
In this paper, decoupling network isolation approach, parasitic element approach,
defected ground structure, Neutralization line, isolation improvement based on meta-
materials, isolation improvement using PIN diode, varactor diode, and feeding
structure have been incorporated, and their merits and demerits have been discussed.
The effect of different permittivity material on antenna parameters has also included.
KEYWORDS
ECC, isolation, MEG, MIMO, TARC, WLAN

1 | INTRODUCTION input multiple output (MIMO). In MIMO antenna technol-

The antenna is the most important part of the communication
system. It is responsible for transmission of signals into free
space and vice versa. In old mobile communication systems, a
single antenna was adapted at the transmitter and a single
antenna at the receiver. This communication scheme is known
as a single input single output (SISO). SISO structure is very
simple and can be designed easily, but is susceptible to the
problems caused by multipath effects.1 When an electromag-
netic wave meets with the obstructions such as buildings, hills,
wires, and so forth the wave fronts spread over the environ-
ment and thus that wave takes number of paths to arrive at the
destination. The delayed arrival of spreaded portions of the
signal causes troubles such as fading, cliff effect and irregular
reception. In a digital infrastructure system, it causes a
decrease in data rate and an increase in the number of errors.2
In order to reduce problems caused by multipath wave
propagation in SISO, smart antenna technology is required.
The 3 forms of smart antennas are known as single input
multiple output, multiple input single output, and multiple
ogy, multiple antennas are used at the source (transmitter)
and at the destination (receiver).3,4 The antenna element at
each end of the communication system is required to mini-
mize errors and to enhance data rate.5,6 The use of multiple
antenna elements along with the broadcast of multiple signals
at the source and destination solves the problem of multipath
propagation.7 MIMO has produced interest because of its
promising applications in wireless local area network
(WLAN), digital television, metropolitan area network, and
in wireless interoperability of microwave access.8,9 The per-
formance of the MIMO system can be obtained in terms of
capacity, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effec-
tive gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC),
and diversity gain (DG).
1.1 | Mathematical aspects of MIMO
antenna design
The mathematical aspects of the MIMO antenna design has
been explored in this section, in relation with the SISO

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng. 2018;28:e21189. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mmce V

C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | 1 of 13
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.21189
2 of 13 | CHOUHAN ET AL.

jS11 S12 1S21 S22 j2

q12 5   ; (4)
12jS11 j2 2jS21 j2 12jS22 j2 2jS12 j2

where S11, S22 are return losses at 2 ports and S21, and S12
are the isolation parameters.
The ECC can be measured from far field radiation pat-
terns, as given in Equation (5).13
ÐÐ
j 4p dXF1 ðu; /Þ : F2 ðu; /Þj
2

FIGURE 1 SISO antenna system qe 5 Ð Ð 2 Ð Ð 2

; (5)
4p dXjF1 ðu; /Þj : 4p dXjF2 ðu; /Þj

antenna designs. SISO system has single transmitting and where Fi(u; /) is radiation field of the ith antenna.
single receiving antenna as given in Figure 1. MIMO system The envelop correlation coefficient (qe ) can also be given
has multiple transmit (Nt) and multiple receive antennas (Nr) in terms of multiplexing efficiency and total efficiency for 2-
as given in Figure 2. All the transmitters send information at element antenna in Equation (6):
precisely same time.10,11 The capacity of SISO is given in h2mux
Equation (1) qe 512 ; (6)
h1 h2


S where h1 and h2 are the total efficiency of antenna 1 and 2,
C5B:log2 11 bit=sec; (1)
N and hmux is multiplexing efficiency.
The optimum value of ECC qe  0.5, which is a standard
where C is capacity, B is channel bandwidth in Hz, S is sig- value for the estimation of correlation coefficient in portable
nal power in watt, and N is noise power in watt. The capacity wireless communication devices.
of SISO is a logarithmic function of S/N. The MEG is the performance parameter, which is defined
The capacity of the MIMO system can be given by Equa- as the ratio of the mean received power to the mean incident
tion (2) power of the MIMO antenna element. The MEG can be used

  to calculate the average received signal strength of each
Et antenna, which can be calculated by Equation (7)14:
C5E log2 det INr 1 H:H H ; (2)
r2n 1Nt þ​  
Prec XPR:Gui ðXÞ1 G/i ðXÞ:P/ ðXÞ
MEGi 5 5 dX
where H is the channel matrix, HH is the hermitian transpose Pinc 11XPR


of channel matrix, Et is the total input power, rn2 is noise Ð 2p Ð p XPR
5 0 0 Gu ðu; 1ÞP0 ðu; 1Þ (7)
power, and INr is the identity matrix. The capacity of MIMO 11XPR
is a linear function of S/N. 
1
The close proximity of radiating elements results in 1 G1 ðu; 1ÞP1 ðu; 1Þ sinudud1;
11XPR
mutual coupling or correlation, which reduces the isolation
and achievable performance. The isolation parameter that is, where pu and p/ are angular density functions of incident
S12 or S21 between the ports are unable to include the effect power and XPR is the cross polarization power ratio.
of all S-parameters, therefore correlation coefficient is The Performance of MIMO can also be evaluated in
required. The correlation can be measured by using S-param- terms of TARC, which relates the total incident power to the
eters as well as, by far-field radiation patterns of the MIMO radiated power. The TARC is the ratio of square root of all
antenna. ECC is used to find the diversity performance of the incident powers at the ports minus radiated power to all inci-
MIMO antennas, which can be determined from the mutual dent powers at the ports. The TARC is a function of fre-
coupling and return loss at the ports,12 and is given in Equa- quency and is expressed in Equations (8) and (9)15:
tion (3):

P
j Nn51 Si;n Sn;j j
jqe ði; j; N Þj5 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h P i ; (3)
Q
j kð5i;jÞ 12 Nn51 Si;n Sn;k j

where i, j are the antenna elements and N is the number of

antennas. For the 2-element antenna system, ECC can be
given as Equation (4): FIGURE 2 MIMO antenna system
CHOUHAN ET AL.
| 3 of 13

T A BL E 1 Effect of dielectric material on MIMO design parameters

Dielectric material Permittivity Gain Return loss Frequency FBR Directivity VSWR

Air 1 High Good Shift to higher side High High Good

Benzocyclobutene 2.6 Average Average Shift to lower side Average Average Average

Rogers 3.02 Average Average Shift to lower side Average Average Average

Polyimide Quartz 4 Low Poor Shift to more lower side Low Low Below Average

FR4 4.4 Low to Average Used between frequency Low Low Average
Medium range 1–15 GHZ

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
loss tangent is the best choice of the antenna designs. Simi-
available power2radiated power
C5 ; (8) larly the increase in dielectric height of the substrate increases
available power
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi the fringing, which in turn lowers the operating frequency of
PN 2 the antenna. The effect of dielectric material on the antenna
i51 jbi j
Ca 5 P
t
q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; (9) performance parameters has been given in Table 1.19
N 2
i51 jai j

where [b] 5 [S][a].[S] is the antenna’s scattering matrix, [a]
is the excitation vector, and [b] represents the scattered
vector.
Similarly, the antenna DG is used to check the effective-
ness of the diversity. It is defined as the increment in SNR of
mixed signal from a diversity antenna, relative to the SNR
from a single antenna in the system. The DG can be calcu-
lated using Equation (10).16,17
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
DG510 12jECCj2 ; (10)
2 | ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
The closely placed antennas produce high mutual coupling
which degrade the performance of the antenna system. The Iso-
lation techniques used to improve the isolation among antenna
elements.20 The various methods are used to reduce the mutual
coupling are decoupling network, parasitic elements, defected
ground plane, neutralization line, and so forth.21–24 The exist-
ing methods can be grouped into the following categories:

The DG can also be given by Equation (11). The effec-
tive diversity gain (EDG) can be given in Equation (12).
There must be low coupling between the 2 antennas; other-
wise, the DG will be low. This formula is valid only if the
noise signals are independent of the radiation efficiency.
S some ohmic losses. The decoupling structure cancels the
N
Gdiv 5 N1 ; S1
S
N field characteristics like gain, efficiency, and MEG. A
Gdiveff 5 N1 Erad1;
S1
where Erad1 is the radiation efficiency of antenna 1.18
The relation between antenna efficiency, DG, and EDG
is given in Equation (13):
EDG5DG 3 hant ;
where hant is the efficiency of antenna.
Along with the above parameters, the dielectric substrate
also plays a very important role in antenna designs. It consists
of permittivity, loss tangent and thickness (height). The dielec-
tric permittivity of substrate material is a significant parameter
to control the far field and bandwidth of the antenna. The limi-
tation on the efficiency, gain and return loss can be overcome
by the proper selection of the dielectric material. Low value of
2.1 | Decoupling network approach
The decoupling structure is simple to design between the
antenna elements. Different types of T, I, and inverted L-
shaped structures are available in literature. Certain decou-
pling networks provide isolation improvement at the cost of
(11) original coupling by generating additional coupling path,
hence, isolation is improved. It results in improvement in far-
(12)
MIMO antenna design uses T-shaped coupling structure
which produces gain of 2 dBi, isolation of 30 dB, and peak
efficiency of 60% and provides omnidirectional radiation pat-
tern.25 The 2 section transmission line with lumped elements
is used to improve the performance of MIMO antenna sys-
(13) tem which produces >20 dB of isolation, and 3 dB of gain.
It uses odd and even analysis to examine the current and
radiation patterns.26 The decoupling network can be built by
2 section transmission lines which can be placed between 2
antenna elements. Such structure shows 23 dB of in-band
isolation. The achieved gain is 22.45-0.2 dBi.27
A T-shaped strip was placed in ground plane to disturb
the ground current to increase the isolation. The ECC of
0.002, gain of 2 dBi were achieved along with the
4 of 13 | CHOUHAN
F I G U R E 3 MIMO antenna with decoupling network (A) front view (B) back view (C) Distribution of surface current without decoupling structure
(D) Distribution of surface current with decoupling structure
omnidirectional radiation patterns.28 A tunable network is
placed between the radiators to improve the isolation by
matching. The isolation obtained with the help of such tuna-
ble network is 20 dB.29 A Short circuited L-shaped strip was
utilized in ground plane to produce >13 dB of isolation and
ECC of <0.3.30 A loop antenna uses a coupling element for
enhancement of antenna performance. The gain, isolation,
and ECC values with such design were 21dBi, 17 dB, and
0.03.31 A T-shaped decoupling structure is given in Figure 3
to control the effect of surface current distribution. The pres-
ence of T-shaped structure results in >10 dB of isolation due
to the diversion of some coupling current. It is observed
from Figure 3(D), that the T-shaped decoupler diverts some
current, so that it flows through the ground. The current dis-
tribution on metallic parts of patch and ground decides the
value of mutual coupling. It also shows the range of the fre-
quency. Longer the current path means lower operating fre-
quency and vice versa. The current density increases with the
high frequency and vice versa near to surface region. The
large current density/distribution generates a strong magnetic
field in certain material having superconductive property.
The designed MIMO resonates at 2.4/5.5 GHz frequencies.32
Similarly the, MIMO isolation performance can be
improved by using a suspended line and lumped elements.
The structure was inserted between the MIMO antenna ele-
ments to improve gain, isolation, and ECC values. The gain
varies from 25.8 to 23.8 dBi, isolation from 12 to 16 dB,
and ECC was 0.45.33 The shunt element based decoupling
network was used to enhance the antenna performance to
produce good isolation condition between antennas. The
gain of the antenna shows variation between 1.54 and 3.35
dBi.34 A sine curve type nested T-shaped decoupling struc-
ture was used to reduce decoupling, and is given in Figure 4.
The designed structure produces the isolation of 20 dB.35
2.2 | Parasitic element approach
An indirectly connected isolating element is known as a par-
asitic element. It is a simple structure, which has a capability
to control the effect of mutual coupling. It can be designed
ET AL.
between the antenna elements to include the inductive effect
to shift the frequency and isolation. The placement of para-
sitic element requires very keen observation, and is not so
easy. A design with the parasitic element results in omnidir-
ectional radiation patterns and provides 18 dB of isolation
between the radiating elements.36 A meandered slot cut can
be added between 2 slot antennas to improve the perform-
ance of the system. It helps to increase the bandwidth and
efficiency of the array antenna. The 15 dB of isolation and
ECC of less than 0.5 were the outcomes of the design with
omnidirectional radiation patterns.37 The folded shorting strip
and vertical parasitic strip were used to enhance the isolation
between antenna elements. The achieved isolation was 16 dB
and ECC was <0.1.38 A parasitic element was used for
decreasing the value of mutual coupling and to cancel the
adverse effects. The gain of 1.2 dBi and isolation of >10 dB
were obtained with this approach.39
A horizontal parasitic element was used to reduce the
mutual coupling by placing it at the bottom side of the
antenna element. The element works as a passive resonator
to reduce the coupling between the antenna elements. The
peak gain of 5.75 dBi, 15 dB of isolation, along with omni-
directional radiation patterns were the advantages of the
design. Figure 5 shows the MIMO antenna and surface cur-
rent distribution (with and without the coupling structure).
From Figure 5(C), (D), it is observed that the effect of
mutual coupling is less in antenna due to the parasitic
element.40
FIGURE 4 MIMO antenna with decoupling structure (A) front view
(b) back view
CHOUHAN ET AL.
F I G U R E 5 MIMO antenna with parasitic element (A) front view (B) back view (C) surface current distribution without parasitic element (D) surface
current distribution with parasitic element
The combination of parasitic branches with antenna ele-
ments is also used for the reduction of mutual coupling. The
value of linked surface current is reduced to increase isola-
tion between antenna elements. The design provides isolation
of >30 dB. Figure 6(A), (B) show the MIMO antenna and
surface current distribution of the design. It is observed from
Figure 6(B) that in-phase clockwise current flow forms
omnidirectional radiation patterns.41
2.3 | Slot etching and defected ground
structure
Different types of slots can be etched in patch as well as in
ground for the frequency shift, size reduction, multiband
operation, and isolation improvement. The slot etching con-
trols the current on ground plane by suppressing the coupling
between the closely spaced antennas and acts like a band-
stop filter. A T-shaped shorted strip was placed at the edge
of the ground plane for reducing the mutual coupling and
improving the isolation among 3 element antenna. The isola-
tion is improved by modifying the value of surface current.
The isolation was >20 dB between antenna elements and the
peak gain was 2.5 dBi were achieved with this design.42 The
combination of inner and outer monopole slots with an isola-
tion structure was used to improve the performance of the
FIGURE 6 MIMO antenna (A) with parasitic element (B) current distribution
| 5 of 13
antenna. More than 17 dB of isolation was obtained with
ECC of 0.2.43 The ground structure was used to improve the
value of isolation between the planar inverted-F antennas.
The gain of the antenna was 3.66 dBi with isolation of 20
dB.44 In a design, cavity backed slot was designed for 2 ele-
ment array to improve the mutual coupling and to increase
compactness. The slot re-radiates energy and changes the
radiation pattern. A meandering trombone was used to
achieve decoupling, which couples some energy and cancels
the original coupling.45
A T-shaped ground strip technique was used for improv-
ing the isolation between 2 k/4 monopole antennas placed
collinearly.46 A combination of L-stub, Spiral stub, and L-
slots were used to obtain desired isolation between antenna
elements. In this design gain was varied between 1.3 and 4.5
dBi with ECC of 0.25, and isolation of 15 dB.47 The
improved isolation may be achieved with rectangular slot in
the radiator, and by inverted Y-shaped stub on ground plane.
This approach provides 15 dB of isolation with ECC of
<0.15.48,49
A T-shaped and dumblled shaped defected ground struc-
ture (DGS) was used in MIMO antenna for isolation
enhancement. The MIMO antenna design with such DGS
produces low mutual coupling and also has a capability to
control the overall size of the antenna structure. The
6 of 13 | CHOUHAN
FIGURE 7 MIMO antenna (A) with H-shaped slot (B) Surface current distribution without H-shaped slot (C) Surface current distribution with
H-shaped slot
defective ground plane produces optimum value of ECC, iso-
lation and gain. The defected ground disturbs the surface cur-
rent, hence reduces mutual coupling among antenna
elements. The DGS technique of isolation enhancement is
good, but it is not preferable in mobile applications because
of complexity and degradation in performance
parameters.50,51
The L-shaped strip on the ground plane was used to
increase the value of isolation. A Tri-band antenna was
reported for >20 dB of isolation, and ECC of 0.005. The
strip produced good impedance matching and improved radi-
ation efficiency.52 The modified ground was used with addi-
tional isolation structure for reducing the mutual coupling
between MIMO antenna elements.53 The isolation may also
be enhanced using fork-shaped structure placed in a ground
plane. It works as a resonating element to overcome the
effects of mutual coupling. A semiring-shaped MIMO
antenna with slots in ring showed 10 dB of isolation, 1.22
dBi of gain, and ECC of 0.16.54 The mutual coupling
between antennas can be controlled by the partially extended
ground (PEG) technique.55 A Pattern diversity antenna with
PEG and slot in a ground resulted in 48.4 dB of isolation and
>3.2 dBi of gain.56 Similarly, quasislots were used to
improve the performance of the MIMO antenna. The MIMO
antenna produced isolation of 50 dB and maximum gain of 9
dBi.57 A quarter wave slot with band notched line in a
ground was used for low mutual coupling. The design pro-
duced isolation of 30 dB and gain of 2.78 dBi. The value of
ECC was 0.0056 along with omnidirectional radiation
patterns.58
The feeding structure with slotting produces high isola-
tion between antenna elements.59 A T-shaped slot was etched
between radiators to block the current; hence isolation is
improved.60 A k/4 slot produces good isolation, ECC, and
gain.61,62 The annular slots were utilized to produce 18 dB of
isolation with ECC of 0.05.63 The coupling performance of
antenna system was increased by using rectangular defected
ground slots. The isolation of 12.5 dB was obtained with
such approach.64 A slot at the ground edge provides reduc-
tion in mutual coupling. The antenna gain ranges between
ET AL.
22 and 5.5 dBi with ECC of <0.1 and 25 dB of isolation
with the orthogonal arrangement of antenna elements.65 The
isolation can also be increased by using DGS and inverse p
strip. The design-produced isolation of 20 dB and ECC of
0.5.66 A stepped ground plane in antenna element produces
isolation of 25 dB among the antenna elements.67 A small
cut on the ground plane using 2 T-slots and 1 rectangular
slot was used to improve the isolation. The isolation of 14
dB was achieved using the structure.68 The value of isolation
was increased by chopping the ground. Such ground plane
provides isolation of 16 dB with nearly omnidirectional radi-
ation patterns.69 A slitted ground was used for port isolation,
which produced ECC of <0.2.70 A partially stepped ground
with antenna orientation and placement was used to improve
the isolation.71 To overcome the effects of the mutual cou-
pling, a H-Shaped slot was designed in a ground plane. The
design uses the effect of H-shaped slotted element to cancel
out the coupling current and produces ECC of 0.03, isolation
of 20 dB, and minimum gain of 1.4 dBi. Figure 7 shows the
design, surface current distribution with and without the H-
shaped slot to control the effect of mutual coupling.72
A fork-shaped slot was used to reduce the surface cur-
rent. The design produced gain of >2 dBi.73 A 2*2 MIMO
antenna with asymmetric slots in patch was used to achieve
circular polarization, and the slot between the antenna ele-
ment were used to control the interelement coupling.74 A
series of hexagonal cut antenna element with ground modifi-
cation technique was used to improve the isolation.75
2.4 | Neutralization line approach
In MIMO antenna designs, the problem of matching may be
seen. A neutralization line is a metallic structure of small
width, which solves the problem of matching and improves
the isolation between antenna elements. The shape, size, and
orientation of the neutralization line are dependent on the
antenna elements. This structure is simple and easy to imple-
ment. However, searching a path for neutralization is not so
easy. A design with a neutralization line was used to provide
ECC value of 0.006, gain of 2.1 dBi with isolation of 19 dB,
CHOUHAN ET AL.
| 7 of 13

FIGURE 8 MIMO antenna (A) With neutralization line (B) Surface current distribution

and bidirectional radiation patterns. The neutralization line 2.5.1 | Isolation improvement based on
and surface current distribution of such design are given in metamaterials
Figure 8.76 The antenna performance in terms of isolation
Certain human made metamaterial structures are designed in
can be improved by adding branch line, connected with a
patch, ground, or between the antenna elements to import the
suspended line. The structure produced gain of 0.9 dBi, iso-
effect of negative permittivity/permeability. The negative
lation of 12 dB, and ECC of 0.1.77
permittivity/permeability is (or both are) used for mutual
A hexa-band antenna with neutralization line was used in
coupling reduction between adjacent antenna elements. The
a design to produce low value of ECC. A Neutralization line
split ring resonator (SRR) and complementary SRR (CSRR)
with F-shaped monopole antenna was used to produce DG
are widely used metamaterials for isolation enhancement.
of 10 dB, and more 15 dB of isolation. The design covers
These are of different shapes, and all the open ended. A T-
global system for mobile (GSM) 1800/1900, universal
shaped branch is placed behind the insulator to improve the
mobile telecommunication, long-term evolution (LTE) 2300/
isolation bandwidth. By adding 3 layers of metamaterials,
2500, and 2.4 GHz WLAN bands.78,79
the isolation is increased to 16 dB.80 An N-Section resonator
was used in ground plane in the form of a slot to increase the
isolation and produces 15 dB of isolation with omnidirec-
2.5 | Other approaches of isolation
tional radiation patterns.81 The effect of mutual coupling can
improvement
be reduced by using strip resonators, which works as a wave
This section is divided in 2 subsections. The first section trap over 2.4/5.2 GHz frequency band. The structure pro-
consists of the effects of metamaterials on antenna designs vides isolation of 18 dB.82 A substrate integrated SRR (SI-
and on isolation. The second section combines the effects of SRR) was designed for the reduction of mutual coupling in
PIN diode, varacter diode, and feeding structure.

FIGURE 9 2*2 MIMO antenna using CSRR (A) front view (B)
back view FIGURE 10 MIMO antenna with CSRR
8 of 13 | CHOUHAN ET AL.

FIGURE 11 MIMO antenna with EBG (A) front view and (B) back
view
an antenna array. An ECC of 0.018 was obtained with SI-
SRR.83 A 4-element compact MIMO antenna with CSRR
results in shifting of frequency band from higher to lower
frequency. The value of ECC was 0.1, and gain was 20.8
dBi in this design. Figure 9 shows, the front and back view,
respectively of 2*2 MIMO antenna using CSRR.84
The compact CSRR-based MIMO antenna was utilized
for LTE/GSM/Wi-Fi/WLAN applications.85 A CSRR when
used in ground plane, results in 0.016 of ECC and isolation
of 33 dB with omnidirectional radiation patterns. The design
has been shown in Figure 10.86 The metamaterial structure
with modified CSRR was investigated for the betterment of
antenna isolation. The isolation of 14.6 dB was obtained
using such CSRR structure.87 The mutual coupling can also
be reduced by using a ring strip between antenna elements.
The ring strip produces isolation of <15 dB and has ECC of
<0.01. Electromagnetic band-gap structure is incorporated
between the 2 antennas to achieve better isolation. The
design has been shown in Figure 11 using EBG structure.88
These structures are simple and easy to design, having good

T A BL E 2 Comparison among different isolation techniques with performance parameters

S. No. Isolation approach Isolation N/w shape Frequency Isolation Gain ECC Size

1 Decoupling network Two section transmission line27 746–787 MHz 23 dB 3 dBi 0.4 55 3 110 mm2
approach

T-shaped strip28 1.65-1.9 GHz 10 and 1.35 and 0.5 50 3 100 mm2
and 2.68-6.25 15 dB 4.22 dBi
GHz

Coupling and tunable network29 2.4 GHz 20 dB ... ... 90 3 72 mm2

Coupling and tunable network32 2.2-2.7 and 15 dB 2.9-4.5 dBi 0.05 40 3 40 mm2
4.9-5.9 GHz

Structure with lumped element33 770 MHz 16 dB 23.8 dBi 0.45 120 3 50 mm2

2 Parasitic elements Structure between antenna38 2.4-2.485 GHz 16 dB ... 0.1 100 3 60 mm2
3.2–3.5 GHz
5.15-5.85 GHz

Branch element/resonator40 3–8.5 GHz 15 dB 5.75 dBi .. 26 3 40.5 mm2

Branch element/resonator 41
800–2700 MHz 36 dB 3.2 dBi 0.3 ...

3 Slot and defected Slotting43 2.4-2.484 GHz 17.8 dB 3 dB 0.2 39.5 3 20 mm2
ground plane
structures

Defected ground 2.0–7.31 GHz 17 dB 3.67 dBi 0.2 54.82 3 96.09 mm2
plane/partial ground55

4 Neutralization lines Simple line76 2.4 GHz 19 dB 2.1 dBi 0.006 30 3 65 mm2

Branch line/suspended line77 760 MHz 12 dB 0.9 dBi 0.1 46 3 85 mm2

5 Metamaterials T-shaped branch80 2370–2980 MHz 16 dB ... 0.01 100 3 50 mm2

and other

Slot, CSRR, and SRR86 2.45 and 5 GHz 33 dB 4.025 dBi 0.016 70 3 90 mm2

Slot, CSRR, and SRR87 3.7 GHz 37.1 dB 3.2 dBi ... 74.19 3 44.14 mm2

T-shaped branch88 3.8-7.8 GHz 15 dB ... ... 31 3 20 mm2

CHOUHAN ET AL.
| 9 of 13

T A BL E 3 Advantage and disadvantage of isolation method

Techniques Advantage Disadvantage

Decoupling network25–35 - Simple decoupling network. - Sometimes extra space is required

- Improve far-field characteristics - produce ohmic losses

Parasitic elements36–41 - Control the effect of mutual coupling - Frequency shifts due to parasitic elements.
- Good DG.

Slotting and defected ground - The DGP offers compact antenna size - Generally not suited for mobile applications.
plane structure.42–75 - Good spatial diversity - Low gain

Neutralization lines76–79 - Good impedance Matching - Lower frequency band has wider bandwidth
- Good antenna diversity with DG when compared with upper frequency band.

Metamaterials80–88 - Significant size reduction of 18% - Reduced efficiency of 30% for metamaterial
- Significant channel capacity improvement substrate antenna.

PIN diode, Varactor diode - Good isolation obtained - Losses due to component
and feeding arrangement89–101 - Produce high gain - Low bandwidth
- Complex structure

isolation enhancement capabilities. But these are slow wave
structures and having the problem of narrow banding.
2.5.2 | Isolation improvement using PIN
diode, varactor diode, and feeding structure
In addition to the above discussed isolation approaches, the
PIN diode, varactor diode, feeding structures, and frequency
selective surfaces are also used for isolation enhancement.
The use of PIN diode in antenna designs produces dynamic
radiation patterns. The utilization of PIN diode in a 2*2
MIMO antenna results in increase in link capacity, controls
length of the antenna, and also improves isolation.89 This
feature adds the reconfigurability of radiation.78,90–92 A
design with such concept results in isolation level of 20
dB.93 A MIMO antenna was designed with radio frequency
choke to improve the isolation among the antenna elements.
More than 10 dB of isolation was achieved over the entire
band, and ECC was found <0.4 with omnidirectional radia-
tion patterns.94 The differential port with orthogonal polar-
ization was used to improve the performance of ultra wide
band (UWB) antenna with MIMO technique.95
An antenna structure with multislot was reported for
reducing the surface current in reverse direction at the adja-
cent boundary of 2 antennas. This effect produces isolation
of 50 dB, and gain of 8 dBi along with omnidirectional radi-
ation patterns.96 A metal plate was used to achieve high iso-
lation. The length of the metal plate was adjusted to meet the
requirement of perfect matching. The achieved isolation in
this approach was 30 dB.97 To obtain the isolation between
of >18 dB, the additional ground path was introduced in the
design.98 A C-shaped k/4 loop antenna was placed on the
ground to improve the isolation among antenna elements.
The isolation of 22 dB was found with ECC of 0.29.99
Similarly, the pattern and polarization diversity techni-
ques are also used to mitigate the effects of mutual coupling.
In pattern diversity approach, antenna elements are arranged
in phase reversal. Thus, due to the change in direction of cur-
rent flow, field is reversed, which in turn reduces the mutual
coupling among antenna elements. The effect of polarization
diversity results in reception of signals in vertical and hori-
zontal directions due to the arrangement of antenna elements
in vertical and horizontal directions. The polarization diver-
sity not only provides size reduction, but also the significant
amount of isolation among the radiating elements.100,101
All the above approaches have been summarized in Table
2. As seen from Table 2 that, most of the isolation structures
provide minimum isolation is 15 dB, whereas neutralization
line approach has minimum isolation of 12 dB only. The
advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are
given in Table 3. The amount of isolation depends on the
type of antenna elements, as well as on the used ground
structure.
3 | CONCLUSION
Various isolation methods have been presented on the
ground to improve performance parameters like ECC, gain,
and isolation. A lot of work has been done on the reduction
of mutual coupling; still lots of efforts are required to curb
this degrading factor. In a MIMO antenna system, parasitic
elements, slot in a ground plane, use of metamaterial, neu-
tralization line, active component are used to improve the
isolation. The comparison of various isolation improving
methods based on decoupling network, parasitic element, use
of neutralization line, metamaterial structure have been
reported and compared. The effect of dielectric on antenna
10 of 13 | CHOUHAN
parameter like gain, return loss, frequency, VSWR, and FBR
has been discussed. The investigation of new coupling
method or modification in the existing method is an area for
the next generation technology like 5G and beyond. Design-
ing of compact MIMO antenna and reduction of mutual cou-
pling is the vast research area and challenge for present
antenna technology.
O R CI D
Sanjay Chouhan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-3567
Sarthak Singhal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-6150
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A UT HO R B IO G RA PH I ES
SANJAY CHOUHAN received his BE
degree in Electronics Engineering,
from the Jawaharlal Institute of Tech-
nology, Borawan (Madhya Pradesh),
India, in 2003, ME degree in Electron-
ics and Telecommunication, from Shri
G. S. Institute of Technology and Sci-
ence, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), India, in 2008. Currently
he is pursuing PhD from Amity University Gwalior, India.
His area of interest is MIMO antenna design for wireless
applications. He also won the best paper award in National
Conference at amity university Gwalior. He is a Life Mem-
ber of the Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE).
He has published over 22 research papers in journals and
conference.
DEBENDRA KUMAR Panda received his
PhD degree from IIT Kharagpur in 2010.
He has received his ME degree in Elec-
tronics with specialization in Digital Sys-
tem and Instrumentation from BEC
(DU), Howrah. Since 2013, he has been
with the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Medicaps University Indore,
where currently he is a Professor and Dean academic. His
| 13 of 13
current research interests include engineering Microwave
Power Dividers and Combiners.
MANISH GUPTA is currently associated
with Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Institute of
Technology and Management, GLA
University, Mathura (Uttar Pradesh)
India. He received his Bachelor of Engi-
neering (BE) in Electronics Engineering
from Jiwaji University, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) India, in
2000. He did his M. Tech. degree from Uttar Pradesh Techni-
cal University, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), India in year 2006
and PhD from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota (Rajas-
than) with specialization in Image and Signal Processing.
SARTHAK SINGHAL was born in Gwalior
(Madhya Pradesh) in 1987. He received
his B.E. degree in Electronics & Tele-
communication Engineering from
SGSITS, Indore (Madhya Pradesh) in
2010, the M Tech degree in Microwave
Engineering and the PhD degree from
IIT (B.H.U) Varanasi in 2012 and 2015, respectively. His
research areas are microstrip antenna and UWB antennas. He
has published over 40 research papers in journals, 10 in con-
ference proceedings and 02 book titled “Design and Analysis
of Shorted Gap Coupled Patch Antenna” and “Design and
Analysis of Ultra Wideband Microstrip Antennas” from LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing House.
How to cite this article: Chouhan S, Panda DK, Gupta
M, Singhal S. Multiport MIMO antennas with mutual
coupling reduction techniques for modern wireless
transreceive operations: A review. Int J RF Microw
Comput Aided Eng. 2018;28:e21189. https://doi.org/10.
1002/mmce.21189