Autocad File (Nitesh) - 1

COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING
AND
DEIGNING
A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
(Mechanical Engineering )
SUBMITTED TO GPES MEHAM
SUBMITTED BY
Name of Student University Roll No.
NITESH 170771700029
SUPERVISED BY
Sh. Harjinder Singh Aujla
July 2019
Month and year of submission
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC MEHAM (ROHTAK)
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COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING
AND
DEIGNING
A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
(Mechanical Engineering)
SUBMITTED TO
GPES MEHAM(ROHTAK)
SUBMITTED BY
Name of Student University Roll No.
NITESH 170771700029
`
SUPERVISED BY
Sh. Harjinder Singh Aujla
July 2019
(Month & Year of Submission)
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC MEHAM (ROHTAK)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. Description Page No.

1 Introduction
2 Company profile 03-08
3 Acknowledgment 09
4 Certificate 10
5 Introduction to cad 11-14
6 2d design In autocad 15-43
7 Object lines 27-30
8 Open added design 33-37
9 Running object snap 38
10 Extent 39-40
11 Project 41
12 Measuring distance 42-43
Bibligrophy 44
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Company Profile
Solitaire Infosys Private Limited (SIPL)
Solitaire Infosys Private Limited (SIPL) is a global IT solutions provider company with
extensive workforce of efficient employees. We offer complete cycle of IT services in the domains
of Software Development, Web-based Technologies and Internet Marketing.
Our quality as well as business-driven advent distinguishes us from conventional web design
companies. Being a pioneer website design & development company, we don’t just deliver the
job-we deliver it keeping in mind the best for your company. And this might be the reason that
brings clients back to us again and again.
SIPL Emphasis On:

The Service: We value our relationships with our consumers and we have embellished ourselves
by rendering above average service.
The Professionalism: A web Application that looks incredible conveys a professional view of
your business and would really exhibit for you.
The Technology: A website that will have good technicality, designing and developing
professional who will make the websites ranging from a simple place holder to dynamic database
driven web sites.
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Our Objective
We aim to push our limits and accomplish beyond the definition of success at the same time redefining
excellence with every step and endeavor we undertake. We believe in the power of a bond that we
build with our clients and the power of people that are connected by the wonders of technology. We
are driven by our beliefs and principles that have helped us touch and impact lives of the people
working with us and the people we proudly serve. Our objective is to bring together people with
diverse opinions and point of views to generate new possibilities and opportunities by turning the
potential of technology into evocative solutions.
What we do
At Solitaire Infosys, we work with enhanced and smart strategies to build and deliver the most robust,
flexible and sophisticated solutions and services for our clients. We have over time extended our
expertise to a multitude of IT services with an innovative approach to cater to and engage with the
growing and changing market trends. Our high end services extend from building your business online
from a scratch with the most promising and pioneering technologies and hands on solutions, to
maintaining and upholding your business models for a long term and ever growing revenue as well as
reputation. We function while collaborating with our clients to generate comprehensive strategies to
capitalize on our cutting-edge applications.
The wide band of our services hoists the flagship of many accolades. We serve with par
excellence in the following spheres of technology and business:
∑ Website Design: A website not only represents your business on the digital front but
also operates as a facet for your business to draw clients with a design and interface that
speaks of your take on technology. We at solitaire ensure to create a lasting impact
through the website design. Our expert team of skilled designers understands the link
between users and the interface and the value of branding and its connection with
design. We excel in developing the most efficiently designed websites using flash and
3D animation along with logo and branding design that engage users at an emotional
level.
∑ Web Development: We ascertain to make your business visible and acknowledged on the
web through our efforts and expertise in Web development technologies which include PHP
Development. CMS Development, .Net and E-commerce Development. Our proficient team
of developers strive o provide comprehensive and resourceful web solutions to grow your
business on the web.
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∑ Mobile Applications: With almost the whole world operating now through Smart
phones and mobile applications, if you believe Mobile application is the next step to
bring your business to your targeted customers then we have can turn your beliefs into
reality. Being an innovation-driven family of bright minds, we seek and deliver reliable
and out-of-the-box ideas for robust and new age mobile applications. Our flexible
mobile application technologies include Unity 3D gaming Apps, Cross-platform Mobile
Development using Phone Gap along with the native Android, I Phone and Windows
Mobile Applications.
∑ Digital Marketing: When your business goes digital and online then the need to market
it and sell services and products online is a major concern which requires unique and
cost effective solutions. Our Digital Marketing services assure an amplified and
unparalleled success rate for your business online. Using the most creative ideologies
and technologies to present business in Digital Media Ecosystems. We promote and
enhance branding strategies through streamlined content generation and
its seamless distribution on multiple media channels. Our customized Digital Marketing
solutions include:
o Search Engine Optimization, SEO
o Social Media Optimization, SMO
o Pay per Click, PPC
o Email Marketing
∑ Maintenance: We not only build and develop but we assure sustainability of your systems.
We leverage our clients to enjoy a solo maintenance account to avoid the frustration and
hassle of handling costly and nerve wrecking crash downs and problems. We at Solitaire
provide you the best possible maintenance solutions using excellent maintenance tools to
update, enhance and repair your digital accounts and websites. We offer a host of
maintenance services including:
o ERP Maintenance
o CMS Maintenance
o App Maintenance
o Web Maintenance
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Technologies we use
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Industrial Training Project Report 2019 B.Tech Mechanical Engineering
Role in Education
At Solitaire Infosys we believe to work and strive to make the world a better place by putting in efforts in
every little and major way possible. To achieve our societal goals at large we conceived a dream to
propagate and inculcate knowledge offering the best level of educational programs to the aspiring youth of
nation. With a vision to attain global success we believe and work hard to reach the heights of success with
pioneering and brilliant young ideas with the potential to bring in the wave of change and advancement.
With this secular belief we have extended our footing into the sphere of education to deliver high quality and
substantial educational and skill enhancement programs for the young entrepreneurs and innovators. At
Solitaire Infosys we value the learning process and so we have been delivering renewed learning
experiences in reputed Educational institutes all across northern India.
The value of Learning Process
Today, with every process going digital the learning process too has advanced and reached new limits with
online study and certification programs providing customized learning solutions. We as a Professional
training center prepare candidates for the corporate society and work environments to achieve personal as
well as organizational goals. We offer unique learning process which is valued by for their comprehensive
approach and relevance to the real world statistics. We aim and work hard to deliver knowledge at its best in
order to encourage individual skill set that helps the candidate to capitalize technology through the learning
process.
Transformed Learning Process
At Solitaire, we provide renewed and transformed learning process through effective utilization of digital
work environments which enhance the learning process through content and virtual strategies. We let the
candidates experience a healthy corporate ecosystem for learning the relative functionalities of the subject
opted for certification. Working on diverse range of technologies we offer the aspiring candidates a vital
opportunity to inculcate and develop an aptitude for the technologies.
We train and prepare candidates for competent profiles using the most robust and accurate strategies to assess
and evaluate the progress of candidates throughout the propagation of the respective skill development
programme .
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. ……………………Dept. of ………………………….....,
College Name……………………………………….., for his/her stimulating guidance, continuous
encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work.
I also wish to convey my thanks to Prof………………………. and other teachers for attending my
seminars and for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of
this project work.
I am extremely thankful to ………………………,Director/Principal, …………….College

Name………………………………………..., for providing me infrastructural facilities to work in,
without which this work would not have been possible.
Signature(s) of Students
Student Name
(Roll No.)
CERTIFICATE
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I (Student name & Roll No.) hereby certify the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major
Project Report entitled “Computer Aided Drafting And Deigning”, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Stream… and submitted to the
Department of …………………………… of College Name……………………………. is an
authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from Jan 2016 to June 2016 (8th
semester) at Solitaire Infosys Mohali under the supervision of Name of Trainer, ……….………
Department.
The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by me for the award of
any other degree elsewhere.
Signature of Student (S)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the student(s) is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Signature of Trainer
Date: Name & Designation
Signature of Head
Department’s Name
INTRODUCTION TO CAD
 What is CAD?
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Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD),
is the use of computer technology for the development of design and design-documentation.
Computer Aided Design describes the way in which technology is folded into a design process.
Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or
environments, provides the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes;
drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of
electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in
direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction,
manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based
software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.
CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the

manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information,
such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects. CAD is an important industrial art extensively
used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial
and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer
animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and
power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using
techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance,
CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer
graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.
The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided
geometric design (CAGD).
o Types of CAD
There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of CAD systems requires the
operator to think differently about how he or she will use them and he or she must design their
virtual components in a different manner for each.
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There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source
programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and
placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as
required during the creation of the final draft.
3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the
drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features
directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D
systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering
drawing views.
3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD) are created in a way
analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms,
cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or
cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the
models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits
to their motion, or identify interference between components.
3D parametric solid modeling requires the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The
objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or
nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a
"perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the
centre of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the centre of the model, not, perhaps, from a
more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids
require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions carefully.
Some software packages provide the ability to edit parametric and non-parametric geometry without
the need to understand or undo the design intent history of the geometry by use of direct modeling
functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer the correct relationships
between selected geometry (e.g., tangency, concentricity) which makes the editing process less time
and labour intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of understanding the model’s
design intent history. These kind of non history based systems are called Explicit Modelers. The first
Explicit Modeling system was introduced to the world at the end of 80's by Hewlett-Packard under
the name Solid Designer. This CAD solution, which released many later versions, is now sold by
PTC as "Co Create Modeling"
Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to
represent the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits
available for these systems are ever increasing; including 3D piping and injection mould designing
packages.
Mid range software are integrating parametric solids more easily to the end user: integrating more
intuitive functions (Sketch Up), using the best of both 3D dumb solids and parametric characteristics
(Vector Works), making very real-view scenes in relative few steps (Cinema4D) or offering all-in-
one (form•Z).
Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic features
into designs (Catia, Generative Components). Freeform surface modeling is often combined with
solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as
well as they interface with the machine.
o Effects using CAD
Beginning in the 1980s Computer-Aided Design programs reduced the need of draftsmen
significantly especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their affordability and ability to run on
personal computers also allowed engineers to do their own drafting work eliminating the need for
entire departments. In Today’s world most if not all students in universities do not learn drafting
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techniques because they are not required to do so. The days of mechanical drawings are almost
obsolete.[4] Universities such as New Jersey Institute of Technology no longer require the use of
protractors and compasses to create mechanical drawings, instead there are several classes that focus
on the use of CAD software such as Pro Engineer or IDEAS-MS.
Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive, small and
even mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use their computational
edge for competitive purposes.[citation needed] Today, however, hardware and software costs have
come down. Even high-end packages work on less expensive platforms and some even support
multiple platforms. The costs associated with CAD implementation now are more heavily weighted
to the costs of training in the use of these high level tools, the cost of integrating a CAD/CAM/CAE
PLM using enterprise across multi-CAD and multi-platform environments and the costs of
modifying design work flows to exploit the full advantage of CAD tools. CAD vendors have
effectively lowered these training costs. These methods can be split into three categories:
Improved and simplified user interfaces. This includes the availability of “role” specific tailor able
user interfaces through which commands are presented to users in a form appropriate to their
function and expertise.
Enhancements to application software:- One such example is improved design-in-context, through
the ability to model/edit a design component from within the context of a large, even multi-CAD,
active digital mock-up.
User oriented modeling options. This includes the ability to free the user from the need to understand
the design intent history of a complex intelligent model.
 Application of CAD
CAD plays a vital role in the manufacturing of qualitative products. The import applications of CAD
are as follows:
1. Geometric modeling: It enables users to undertake the modeling of complex products, editing
and manipulation of existing geometry, drafting and documentation.
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2. Design engineering analysis: Engineering analysis takes the form of stress-strain analysis,
heat transfer analysis, dynamic analysis, optimization of product size and shape, etc. Finite
element analysis is available on most CAD/CAM systems to aid engineering analysis.
3. Design evaluation and review: CAD/CAM features help in evaluating and reviewing the
product design as follows:
 Automatic dimensioning of routines, which determine the precise distance measures
between surfaces on the geometry.
 Inference checking routines, which identify whether two objects occupy the same
space or not, this is especially helpful in the design of assemblies.
 Kinetic routines, which test the operation of mechanical linkages using the animation
capability of CAD/CAM systems.
4. Manufacturing database: When documentation (i.e. dimensions, material specifications, bill

of materials, etc. ) is created for the product design, much of the required database to
manufacture the product is also created.
5. Computer-aided process planning (CAPP): The process planning procedure is highly
dependent on the experience and judgment of the planner. Accordingly there are differences
among the operation sequences developed by the various planners. CAPP facilitates
production planning that as rational, consistent, and perhaps even optimal.
6. Interactive graphics NC part programming: G and M- codes can be developed directly from
the geometry modeling of the product.
7. Finely tuned production planning: Computerized systems have been developed for
forecasting, production planning, development of the master schedule, purchasing, etc.
8. Material requirements planning (MRP): It involves determining when to order raw materials
and components for assembled products.
9. Shop floor control: It involves a direct connection between the computer and the
manufacturing process for the purpose of monitoring the operation.
10. Computer-aided inspection and quality control: Computer-aided inspection and testing help
in improving the product quality.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
o Advantages
CAD are concerned primarily with the engineering functions in design and manufacturing. As
mentioned earlier, CAM in current times has evolved to include many other functions in
manufacturing. The goal of CAD is not only to automate certain phases of design and manufacturing,
but also to automate the transition from design to manufacturing. Typically, the major advantages of
CAD systems are listed below:
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1. High productivity and reduced lead times.

2. Accuracy in Design.
3. Better control over the complete project process.
4. Modifications in design are relatively easy.
5. Simulation of the computer generated model can reduce or eliminate prototype testing.
6. Standardization of design.
7. Automatic database creation assists in creation of manufacturing documentation.
8. Optimized solutions as a result of detailed engineering analysis.
9. Better communication and presentation of design.
10. Tooling, machining and tool path generations can be first simulated and tested before
commencement of actual production.
11. Quality control and inspection can be done online, thereby eliminating human errors resulting
in reduced man hours for the plant.
o Disadvantages
There are also a number of disadvantages:

1. Computer technology is expensive to buy and maintain.
2. Using computer technology requires a lot of training and experience.
3. Using computer technology means less evaluation of real materials and 3D materials.
4. It is easy to lose data if it is not regularly “backed up”.
2D DESIGNING IN AUTOCAD
Launching AutoCad
1. Start
2. AutoCAD
3. AutoCad Classic
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Typing Commands
Typing a Command
All AutoCAD commands can be typed in at the command line. Many commands also
have one
or two letter aliases that can also be typed as shortcuts to the commands.
1. Type the desired command at the command prompt.
Command:LINE
or
2. Type the command’s alias. Command: L
3. Press ENTER/Space to end.
4. Type an option at the command prompt.
Reissuing the Last Command

The last used AutoCAD command can be re-entered by one of the following three
methods
of ENTER. The ENTER key on the keyboard will always act as ENTER, the
SPACEBAR and
RIGHT MOUSE will act as enter most of the time (exceptions include placing TEXT).
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1. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard

or
2. Press the Space bar on the keyboard.
or
3. Click the right mouse button.
Pointing Device (Mouse)
AutoCAD uses either a mouse or digitizing tablet to select objects in a drawing.
Left Mouse Button

Used to pick or select objects
1. Click the left mouse button to select an object area in the drawing.
2. Press ESC twice to deselect an object (or to cancel a command).
Right Mouse Button

Used to enter a command, repeat last command, or access shortcut menus.
o Click the right mouse button.
PAN
 Shifts the location of a view.
 1. Choose View, Pan.
or
 2. Click the Pan icon.
or
 3. Type PAN from the command prompt.
 Command: PAN or P
ZOOM
Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current viewport
1. Choose View, Zoom.
Or
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2. Click a Zoom icon.

or
3. Type ZOOM at the command prompt.
Command: Zoom or Z
4. Type One of the following zoom options:

The following are basic zoom options:
All Places entire drawing (all visible layers) on
display at once. Forces a regeneration.
ExtentsDisplays current drawing content as large as possible.
PreviousRestores previous view.
WindowDesignates rectangular area to be drawn as large as
possible.
Number Magnification relative to ZOOM All display
Number X Magnification relative to current display (1X)
CenterSpecifies center point and new display height.
Dynamic Permits you to pan a box representing the viewing
screen around the entire generated portion of the
drawing and enlarge or shrink it.
Creating a New Drawing

NEW Command
Creates a new drawing file.

1. Choose File, New.
or
2. Press CTRL + N
or
3. Click the New icon.
or
4. Type NEW at the Command prompt.
Command: NEW
5. Choose One of the options for creating a new drawing.
6. Click The OK button.
7. Save the drawing as another name.
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Undo and Redo

Reverses the last action.
1. Choose Edit, Undo.
or
2. Click the Undo icon.
or
3. Press CTRL + Z.
4. Type U at the command prompt to undo the last command.
Command: U
Redo
Reverses the effects of a single UNDO or U command.
1. Choose Edit, Redo.
or
2. Click the Redo icon.
or
3. Type REDO at the command prompt to redo the last undo command.
Command: REDO
Function Keys and Accelerator Keys
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Open Existing Drawings
1. Choose File, OPEN.

or
2. Press CTRL + O.
or
3. Click the OPEN icon.
or
4. Type OPEN at the command prompt.
Command: OPEN
5. Press ENTER
6. Double Click the desired directory to find the drawing to
open.
7. Click the drawing name to open.
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8. Click The OK button.
Quick Save
The QSAVE command is equivalent to clicking Save on the File menu.

If the drawing is named, AutoCAD saves the drawing using the file format
specified on the Open and Save tab of the Options dialog box and does not
request a file name. If the drawing is unnamed, AutoCAD displays the Save
Drawing As dialog box (see SAVEAS) and saves the drawing with the file
name and format you specify.
1. Press CTRL + S.
or
2. Click the Save icon.

or
3. Type QSAVE at the command prompt,
Command: SAVE
Useful Commands
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Running Object Snaps
An object snap mode specifies a snap point at an exact location on an

object. OSNAP specifies running object snap modes, which remain
active until you turn them off.
1. Choose Tools, Drafting Settings...

or
2. Type DDOSNAP at the command prompt
Command: DDOSNAP
or
3. Click OSNAP on the Status Bar.
4. Right Click the Object Snap TAB.
5. Choose an object snap to turn ON/OFF from the dialog
AutoCAD 2D Tutorial
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DRAWING LINES
A LINE can be one segment or a series of connected segments. Each segment is a
individual object.
Series of connected segments One segment
Start the Line command by using one of the following methods:

Type = L <enter>
PULLDOWN MENU = DRAW / LINE
TOOLBAR = DRAW
Lines are drawn by specifying the locations for the endpoints.

Move the cursor to the location of the “first” endpoint then press the left mouse
button.
Move the cursor again to the “next” endpoint and press the left mouse button.
Continue locating “next” endpoints until you want to stop.
Pline Command
A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single

object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a
combination of the two.
1. Choose Draw,Polyline.
or
2. Pick the Pline icon.
3. Type PLINE at the command prompt
Command : PLINE or PL
4. Pick A point on the drawing to start the polyline
From point:( select)
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5. Type One of the following options

Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<endpoint of
Line>:
Or
6. Pick A point to continue drawing
Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/<endpoint of
line>: (pick point)
Polyline as one segment
Orthogonal Lines
Controls lines from being drawn at various angles to straight lines. When the
snap grid is rotated, ortho mode rotates accordingly.
1. Press Function Key F8.
or
2. Double Click ORTHO from the Status Bar.
or
3. Press CTRL + L.
Line drawn
with
ORTHO ON
Rectangle
1. Choose Draw, Rectangle.

or
2. Click the Rectangle icon.
Or
3. Type Rectangle at the command prompt Command:
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RECTANG Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width/
<First corner>:
4. Pick first corner.
5. Pick other corner or type coordinates (i.e. @4,2).
Circles
Circle Command
1. Choose Draw, Circle.

Or
2. Click the Circle icon.
Or
3. Type CIRCLE at the command prompt.
Command: CIRCLE
4. Type One of the following options:
3P/2P/TTR/<<center point>>:
Circle, Center Radius
Circle, Center Diameter
Circle, Tangent, Tangent Radius
Circle, Tangent, Tangent, Tangent
or
5. Pick A center point.
6. Type A radius or diameter.
or
7. Pick A radius or diameter
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Diameter/<<radius>>:
Arc Command
1. Choose Draw, Arc.
or
2. Click the Arc icon.
or
3. Type ARC at the command prompt
Command: ARC
4. Draw One of the arcs.
Editing Polylines
1. Choose Modify, Polyline.

or
2. Pick the Pedit icon from the Modify II toolbar.
3. Type PEDIT at the comma nd prompt
Command: PEDIT
4. Pick Pick a polyline to edit
Select Polyline:(pick)
5. Type One of the following options:Close/Join/ Width/Edit
vertex/FitCurve/Spline/Curve/
Decurve/Undo/eXit
PEDIT options:
Close Closes open polyline segments

Join Connects polylines, lines, and arcs to existing polylines.
Width Changes the width for all polyline segments.
Fit curve Creates curved arc segments around pline vertices at the
direction you specify.
Spline Curve Creates a curve through control points on a polyline.
DecurveStraightens curved segments.
Edit Vertex Displays the following Edit Vertex Options:
Polyline width change SplinedPolyline
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Move Command
1. Choose Modify, Move.

or
2. Click the Move icon.
or
3. Type MOVE at the command prompt
Command: MOVE or M
4. Pick Objects to move
Select objects: (select)
5. Pick A point to move from
Base point or displacement: (pick point)
6. Pick A point to move to
Second point of displacement: (pick point)
Circle before move Circle after move
Copy Command
1. Choose Modify, Copy.
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or
2. Click the Copy icon.
or
3. Type COPY at the command prompt.
Command: COPY or CP
4. Pick Objects to copy.
5. Pick A point to move from.
Base point or displacement/Multiple: (pick point).
6. Pick A point to copy to.
Second point of displacement: (pick point)
or
7. Type A point to copy to.
Second point of displacement: @ 1<0
Duplicate objects copied Multiple objects copied
Offset Command
Offset Distance
To offset a specified distance:
1. Choose Modify, Offset.
or
2. Choose the Offset icon.
or
3. Type OFFSET at the command prompt.
Command: OFFSET or O
4. Type The distance to offset.
Offset distance or <Through point>: (number)
5. Pick The object to offset.
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Select object to offset: (select object)

6. Pick A side to offset object to.
Side to offset: (pick side)
7. Pick Another object to offset
Select object to offset: (pick side)
or
8. Press Enter to end the command.
Offsetting objects by specifying a distance
EXTEND
1. Choose Modify, Extend.

or
2. Click the Extend icon.
or
3. Type EXTEND at the command prompt
Command: EXTEND
Select boundary edge(s)...
4. Pick The BOUNDARY edge to extend to
5. Press ENTER to accept the boundary edge
Select objects: (press enter)
6. Pick The objects to extend
<Select object to extend> / Project /
Edge / Undo: Select an object, enter
an option, or press enter : (select)
31 | P a g e
7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects
Lines Extended to an arc
Stretch
1. Choose Modify, Stretch.

or
2. Click the Stretch icon.
3. Type STRETCHat the command prompt.
Command : STRETCH Select
objects to stretchby window...
4. Type C to choose CROSSING window
Select objects: C
5. Pick A first corner to stretch. First corner: (point)
6. Pick The opposite corner to window the objects to
stretch.
Other corner: (point)
32 | P a g e
7. Press ENTERtoacceptobjects to stretch.

8. Pick A base point to stretch from Base point:
(point)
9. Pick A point tostretch to Newpoint: (point)
or
10. Type A distance to stretch. Newpoint:@1<0
TRIM
The TRIM command allows you to trim objects in a drawing so they end
precisely at a cutting edge defined by one or more other objects in the
drawing.
1. Choose Modify, Trim.
or
2. Click the Trim icon.
3. Type TRIM at the command prompt
Command: TRIM
Select cutting edge(s)...
4. Pick The CUTTING edge to extend to
5. Press ENTER to accept the cutting edge
6. Pick Objects to trim
<Select object to trim> / Project / Edge / Undo:
33 | P a g e
Select an object, enter an option, or press enter

7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects
Select object to trim/Undo: (press enter)
Lines Trimmed to an Arc

(Arc is cuttingedge)
Break
1. Choose Modify, Break.

or
2. Click the Break icon.

or
3. Type BREAK at the command prompt. Command: BREAK
4. Pick Object to break.

Select object: (select one object)
5. Pick A second break point.

Enter second point : (point)
34 | P a g e
or
6. Type F to choose a different break point
Entersecond point (or F for first point):(F)
MIRROR
1. Choose Modify, Mirror.

or
2. Click the Mirror icon.
or
3. Type MIRROR at the command prompt.
Command: MIRROR
4. Pick Objects to mirror.
Select objects:(select)
5. Pick First point of mirror line: (point)
6. Pick Second point: (point)
7. Type Yes to delete the original objects and
No to keep them.
Delete old objects?Yor N
Layers
35 | P a g e
AutoCAD 2D Tutorial
Introduction to Layers and Layer Dialog Box
1. Choose Format, Layer.

or
2. Type LAYER at the command prompt.
Command: LAYER (or LA)
or
3. Pick the layers icon from the Layer Control box
on the object properties toolbar
Layer Options
? Lists layers, with states, colors and linetypes.
Make Creates a new layer and makes it current.
Set Sets current layer.
New Creates new layers .
ON Turns on specified layers.
OFF Turns off specified layers.
Color Assigns color to specified layers.
Ltype Assignsline type to specified layers.
36 | P a g e
Freeze Completely ignores layers during regeneration.

Thaw Unfreezes specified layers Ltype.
Lock Makes a layer read only preventing entities from being
edited but available visual reference and osnap functions.
Unlock Places a layer in read write mode and available for edits.
Plot Turns a Layer On for Plotting
No Plot Turns a Layer Off for Plotting
LWeightControls the line weight for each layer
Layer Shortcuts
Changing the Layer of an Object

1. Click Once on the object to change.
2. Select the desired layer from the Layer Control Box
Dropdown.
AutoCAD will move the object to the new
layer.
Colours + Line Weights
Color Command
1. Choose Format, Color.
Or
2. Type DDCOLOR at the command prompt.
37 | P a g e
Command: DDCOLOR or COL

Or
3. Choose Color on the Object Properties toolbar and then
Select a color from the list or select Other to display
The Select Color dialog box.
Linetypes
Loading and Changing Linetypes

1. Choose Format, Line type...
or
2. Type DDLTYPE at the command prompt.
Command: DDLTYPE or LT
3. Choose Load... to see a list of available line types.
4. Choose the desired linetype to assign.
5. Click OK.
38 | P a g e
Line weights
Loading and Changing Line weights
1. Choose Format, Line weight...
or
2. Type LINEWEIGHT at the command prompt.
Command: LINEWEIGHT or LWEIGHT
Or
4. Pick a lineweight to make current from the Object
Object Properties
1. Choose Modify, Properties.
39 | P a g e
Or
2. Click the Properties icon.
Or
3. Type DDCHPROP or DDMODIFY at the command prompt.
Command: DDCHPROP (CH) or
DDMODIFY (MO)
4. Pick Objects whose properties you want to change
Pick a window for DDCHPROP, single object
for DDMODIFY.
Select objects:(select)
5. Press ENTER to accept objects.
6. Choose One of the following properties to change
Other Useful Functions
BHATCH Command
1. Choose Draw, Hatch...
Or
2. Click the Hatch icon.
Or
3. Type BHATCH at the command prompt
Command: BHATCH
40 | P a g e
41 | P a g e
Measuring Distances
1. Choose Tools, Inquiry, and Distance.
or
2. Click
the
Distance
icon
from the
Inquiry
Toolbar.
Or
3. Type
DIST at
the
command prompt
42 | P a g e
Command: DIST
4. Pick The first point to measure from
First point: pick point
5. Pick The second point to measure to
Second point: pick point
Distance between Circle Centers
Linear Dimensions
1. Choose Dimension, Linear.

Or
2. Click the Linear Dimension command from the toolbar.
or
3. Type DIM at the command prompt.
Command: DIM
Dim: HOR or VER
43 | P a g e
Aligned Dimensions
1. Choose Dimension, Aligned.

or
2. Click the Aligned Dimension command from the
toolbar.
Or
3 . Type DIM at the command prompt.

Command: DIM
Dim: ALIGNED
Radial Dimensions
1. Choose Dimension, Radius or Diameter.

or
2. Click the Radial Dimensions command from the
toolbar.
3. Type DIM at the command prompt.

Command: DIM
Dim: RADIUS or DIAMETER
44 | P a g e
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://www.solidmodels.com/categories/2dand3d_designs/
 http://www.solidworks.com/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD
 http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/marc/primers/index.html
 http://mechteacher.com/knuckle-joint/
45 | P a g e

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COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

SUBMITTED TO GPES MEHAM

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC MEHAM (ROHTAK)

A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC MEHAM (ROHTAK)

S.No. Description Page No.

2 Company profile 03-08

Solitaire Infosys Private Limited (SIPL)

SIPL Emphasis On:

The value of Learning Process

Transformed Learning Process

I am extremely thankful to ………………………,Director/Principal, …………….College

Signature of Student (S)

Date: Name & Designation

CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the

o Effects using CAD

4. Manufacturing database: When documentation (i.e. dimensions, material specifications, bill

 Advantages and Disadvantages

1. High productivity and reduced lead times.

There are also a number of disadvantages:

Reissuing the Last Command

1. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard

Pointing Device (Mouse)

AutoCAD uses either a mouse or digitizing tablet to select objects in a drawing.

Left Mouse Button

Right Mouse Button

 Shifts the location of a view.

 1. Choose View, Pan.

 2. Click the Pan icon.

 3. Type PAN from the command prompt.

2. Click a Zoom icon.

4. Type One of the following zoom options:

Creating a New Drawing

Creates a new drawing file.

Undo and Redo

Function Keys and Accelerator Keys

Open Existing Drawings

1. Choose File, OPEN.

8. Click The OK button.

The QSAVE command is equivalent to clicking Save on the File menu.

2. Click the Save icon.

Running Object Snaps

An object snap mode specifies a snap point at an exact location on an

1. Choose Tools, Drafting Settings...

Series of connected segments One segment

Start the Line command by using one of the following methods:

Lines are drawn by specifying the locations for the endpoints.

A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single

5. Type One of the following options

Polyline as one segment

1. Choose Draw, Rectangle.

1. Choose Draw, Circle.

1. Choose Modify, Polyline.

Close Closes open polyline segments

Polyline width change SplinedPolyline

1. Choose Modify, Move.

Circle before move Circle after move

1. Choose Modify, Copy.

Duplicate objects copied Multiple objects copied