BEHAVIOR FORMATION

DRIVES and AFFECT

Drives – those that are biologically related such as hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature, pain and sex.
In order to keep the body alive we need to satisfy our drives and we stop as soon as we are satisfied.
Actions that reinforce to satisfy our drives create our behavior.

Affect – various emotional experiences such as emotions, moods and affective traits.
It causes us to seek love, care, companionship and the sense of belonging.
The feelings and emotions lead us to develop certain behavior.

Examples of Affective Traits

1. attitudes
2. interests
3. opinions
4. preferences
5. motivations
6. self-esteem
7. moral development

FEELINGS and EMOTIONS

Paul Ekman – Identified Basic Emotions that human beings experience
Basic Emotions
1. Happy
2. Sad
3. Afraid or surprised
4. Angry or disgusted

Emotion – from Lt verb “movare” which means to move or be upset or agitated.

Eliott Smith defined emotion as a descriptive term referring to variations in level of arousal, affective state or mood,
expressive movements and attitudes.

Effects of Strong Emotion to Body

1. Fast heartbeat
2. Profuse sweating
3. Dilation of eye pupils
4. High blood pressure
5. Muscular tremors
6. Affects nervous system
Difference between Emotions and Feelings
According to Dr. Antonio Damasio, from a neuro-scientific approach, feeling arises from the brain as it interprets an
emotion, which is usually caused by physical sensations experienced by the body as a reaction to a certain
external stimulus.

ATTITUDES and BEHAVIOR

Attitudes – are a person’s thoughts, feelings and emotions about another person, object, idea, behavior or situation.
It is a result of a person’s evaluation with another person, object, idea, behavior or situation based on his or her values
and belief systems.
Behavior – is a manifestation or acting out of the attitudes an individual has.

VALUES and VIRTUES

Values – A system of beliefs that adheres to the highest ideals of human existence that creates meaning and purpose in
a person’s life.
According to United Nations the Universal Values are :
 Peace
 Freedom
 Social Progress
 Equal rights
 Human dignity

Five Core Values for Workplace

 Integrity
 Accountability
 Diligence
 Perseverance
 Discipline

Shalom H. Schwartz – conducted a research to identify the ten common values people have regardless of their racial
and cultural backgrounds.

Ten Basic Values Describing Central Motivational Goals

1. Self-Direction- Independent thought and action; choosing, creating, exploring.
2. Stimulation - Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life.
3. Hedonism - Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.
4. Achievement - Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
5. Power - Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.
6. Security - Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
7. Conformity - Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social
expectations or norms.
8. Tradition - Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion
provide the self.
9. Benevolence - Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact
(‘in-group’).
10. Universalism - Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature.
Motivational Goals that Characterize Ten Values
1. Openness to change
2. Self-transcendence
3. Self-enhancement
4. Conservation