COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE NAME MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: ChEg4131

PROJECT OF DYE MAKING PROCESS FROM BAMBOO PLANT

WORKED BY GROUP MEMBERS

NO MEMBERS NAME RET/IDNO.

1 EBRAHIM HUSSEN 01080/08
2 FIKADU FISHA 01158/08
3 HAILE BARAKI
4 HIWET ASRESU 01547/08
5 HIWET
6

SUBMITTED TO: INSTRUCTOR ZNABU

SUBMISSION DATE: 24/4/2011 E.C

 Acknowledgement

First of all we will like to say thanks for our almighty God because he
blesses our project to finish at the intended time.

Secondly we will like to say thank for haftay chemical engineering lab
assistant because he gives us coarse powder sodium carbonate, Adigrat
university enjera bakers because they give us coffee grinder ,hilina barberry
because he gives us tea heater and kittle.
 Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of dye making

Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available
materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the
natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson kermes were highly prized luxury
items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo, saffron,
and madder were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across
Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques to
control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the New World such as
cochineal and logwood were brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets and the
dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.

Dyed flax fibers have been found in the Republic of Georgia in a prehistoric cave dated
to 36,000 BP. Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and Phoenicia,
dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from
animal, vegetable or mineral sources, with no to very little processing. By far the greatest
source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and
wood, only few of which are used on a commercial scale
Figure 1.1 Ancient dye making process

In the Ancient Stone Age, descriptions have shown that peoples were used various
powders made up of colored minerals, and applied to their hair and body parts to confer
magic powers while hunting as well as occasional dressings. Many antiquity writers
regarded the Phoenicians as the pioneers of purple dyeing and they attribute the
beginning of this art to the maritime occasion city of Tyre in the year 1439 BC. For this
purpose they had used murex shells. Also, ancient purple dyeing craft in the Roman
Empire was reported and, prove the cultural importance of natural colors, the techniques
of producing and applying dyes. The spectroscopic analysis of ancient Egyptian
cuneiform texts have found dyed with bio-colorants which was traded by the ingenious
and industrious craftsman, like madder, Murex sp., Tyrian purple, Indigofera sp. etc.
[25, 26]. Ancient North African dyers were used bio-colorants derived from madder
(Rubia tinctoria), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) and kermes (Kermes vermilio) as
sources of dyes and pigment lakes, but they were much more affordable and were widely
used for dyeing and in medieval miniature paintings as well as in cosmetics [27, 28]. The
Egyptians were conscious as they excelled in weaving for many inscriptions extol the
garments of the gods and the bandages for the dead, principally dyed with archil, a purple
color derived from certain marine algae found on rocks in the Mediterranean Sea;
alkanet, a red color prepared from the root of Alkanna tinctoria, Rubia tinctorum, which
generates red colored materials, woad (Isatis tinctoria), a blue color obtained by a
process of fermentation from the leaves, and indigo from the leaves of
the Indigofera species.

1.2 Justification of the problems

Waste Characteristics: The principal air pollutants from dye manufacturing are
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen chloride
(HCl), and sulfur oxides (SOx). Liquid effluents resulting from equipment cleaning
after batch operation can contain toxic organic residues. Cooling waters are normally
recirculated. Wastewater generation rates are of the order of 1–700 liters per kg
(l/kg) of product except for vat dyes. The wastewater generation rate for vat dyes can
be of the order of 8,000 l/kg of product. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of reactive and azo dyes can be of the order
of 25 kg/kg of product and 80 kg/ kg of product, respectively. Values for other dyes
are, for example, BOD5, 6 kg/kg; COD, 25 kg/kg; suspending solids, 6 kg/kg; and oil
and grease, 30 kg/kg of product. Major solid wastes of concern include filtration
sludge’s, process and effluent treatment sledges, and container residues. Examples of
wastes considered toxic include wastewater treatment sledges, spent acids, and
process residues from the manufacture of chrome yellow and orange pigments,
molybdate orange pigments, zinc yellow pigments, chrome and chrome oxide green
pigments, iron blue pigments, and azo dyes.
1.3 Problem of the statement
Since dye making process in industry emits volatile organic compounds to the
environment and the environment consists of air, land and water will affect by these
volatile organic compounds.
1.4 Objectives
General objective: The objective of this project was to find an appropriate method and
process for protecting the green color in bamboo leaves and subsequent extraction of
 the green colorants, chlorophyll. Various inorganic salts including cupric sulfate,
sodium carbonate, ferric sulfate, and zinc chloride were employed as green color
protectors. Accordingly, the effects of metal salts and treatment conditions on color
protection were investigated to find appropriate protector and conditions. And also,
the efficacy of bamboo colorants as a natural green dye was evaluated through
dyeing and colorfastness tests.

Specific objective: The specific objective of this project was to:

 To obtain dye easily from bamboo plant
 To reduce the cost for dye making process
 To reduce environmental pollution
 To obtain dye with in short period of time

Chapter Two
Introduction

2.1 What is dye?

A dye is substance, usually organic, soluble or dispersed in its medium of application and
Which is designed to: Be absorbed or absorbed by; made to react with; or deposited with
in a substrate.

 In order to impart color with some degree of performance.

 Colorant applied to or formed in a substrate, via the
molecularly dispersed state, which exhibits some degree of
performance. (American Association of textile chemists and
colorist)
 A dye is a coloring substance, either from natural or synthetic
that imparts its color throughout material by penetration
  A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the
substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally
applied in an aqueous solution, and requires a mordant to
improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Both dyes and
pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some
wavelengths of light more than others. In contrast with a dye, a
pigment generally is insoluble, and has no affinity for the
substrate. Some dyes can be precipitated with an inert salt to
produce a lake pigment, and based on the salt used they could
be aluminum lake, calcium lake

2.1.1 Necessary Conditions To be a Dye: Dye is a natural or synthetic coloring matter

which is used in solution to stain materials especially fabrics. All the colored substances are not
dyes. A colored substance is termed as a dye if it fulfills the following conditions:

* It must have a suitable color.

* It can be fixed on the fabric either directly or with the help of
mordant.
* When fixed it must be fast to light and washing, i.e., it must be
resistant to the action of water, acids and alkalis, particularly to
alkalis as washing soda and soap have alkaline nature.

2.1.2 Classification of dyes based on their solubility and chemical properties

Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such
as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths.
Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic
groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive
to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category. Examples of acid dye
are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88, etc.

Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but
find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dye bath to help the
uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye
bath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl)
or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used
on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and
as biological stains.

Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against
water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different
mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes
and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most
important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool;
these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and
navy shades. The mordant potassium dichromate is applied as an after-treatment. It is
important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can
be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them.

Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly.
However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the
dye. This form is often colorless, in which case it is referred to as a Leuco dye, and has an
affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The
color of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye.

Reactive dyes utilize a chromospheres attached to a substituent that is capable of

directly reacting with the fiber substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to
natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such
as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can
be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for
dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.

Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are
water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold
as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester, but
they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibers. In some cases,
a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used.
The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake
by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing
agent used during the grinding.

Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo dye is produced directly onto or
within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and
coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dye bath conditions the two
components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is
unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling
components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic
nature of the chemicals used.

Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected
by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol
derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide
source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye
by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure.

2.2 What is bamboo plant?

Bamboo originates from the grass family (also known as Poaceae). Species are native to a
number of continents, excluding Europe, with most of today’s cultivated plants coming
from China, South or Central America, and Japan.

Originally, bamboo was found in the lowland plains and mountainous regions of Asia,
where temperatures can drop to a chilling -30 degree Celsius. This is one of the reasons
bamboos are extremely hardy and as such, ideal plants for European and North American
climates.

Asides from generic species, there are a number of tropical species in existence, which
are native to Africa, Australia and tropical parts of Asia. These particular bamboo plants
necessitate frost-free conditions in order to thrive in home gardens. If grown in the
correct environment, they are often amongst the most spectacular specimens in the world.

Figure 2.1 Bamboo plant

2.2.1 What are the main different types of bamboo?

The main differences between the various types of bamboo come down to the plants’ root
systems. This is something home gardeners should take note of, especially if you wish to
choose specie that is perfectly suited to your home climate and environment.
Almost all bamboos boast either a running root system (leptomorph system) or a
clumping root system (pachymorph system). The differences relate to the botany of the
plant.

All bamboo root systems house both rhizomes and roots – rhizomes are underground
stems with nodes, where new shoots grow. Running or clumping forms of root will
develop dependent on the size of the space between the nodes on the rhizome (known as
the internodes). Clumping forms will have short internodes and the stems will be close to
each other whereas running forms have much longer internodes.

When picking a bamboo plant, choose the version that is the most suitable to the space
you have available. Where space is an issue, a bamboo plant’s growth can be kept in
check, especially if you feed them sparingly post planting.

2.2.2 What growing conditions are best for Bamboo plants?

Depending on the specie you choose, the degree of sun or shade your plant requires may
vary. Certain species are able to tolerate cooler climates, whilst others require much
warmer climates. This is why it’s important to do your research before buying a bamboo
plant.

On top of this, there are some common features relating to all bamboo plants, including
the fact they’re extremely hardy plants. Because of this, they’re easy to maintain. They’re
also able to withstand a certain degree of neglect.

When planting bamboo for the first time, there is little need to worry about the soil you
use, as bamboos thrive is a variety of different soil types and this choice shouldn’t affect
the health of the plant – regardless of whether you choose heavy clay or a softer soil.
However, while bamboo requires plenty of watering during the growing season, they’re
unable to tolerate poorly drained soil at other times. To help prevent water logging, you
can add gravel, grit or other materials to the soil.

2.2.3 How to plant bamboo plants

When planting bamboo, location is key.

These plants can grow both tall and wide and this is an important factor to consider if you
wish to prevent the bamboo’s size from interfering with existing features, including paths
or boundaries. If you’re concerned about this, it’s wise to install a barrier of sorts to
restrict the spread of the plant.

This is especially the case if using running species (and clumping species if space is
tight). An easy way to avoid space issues is to invest in and install a series of purpose-
made bamboo root barriers. These are available from most garden centers or from online
bamboo retailers. Hard plastics and off cuts of paving can also do the same job when
positioned vertically around the planting hole.

Another way to avoid over spread of your plant is to build a shallow trench (45cm deep
should suffice) around the bamboo plants. Simply prune off any extending rhizomes as
they enter the trench.
Figure 2.2 Bamboo planting

2.2.4 When to plant bamboo

Spring is the best time to plant Bamboo – this allows the plant a lengthy growing season
to settle in. If buying from a nursery, you’ll discover the bamboos are heavily pot bound.
In some cases, the only way to remove the pot is with a knife.

If so, you’ll need to soak the roots before planting. The next step requires you to dig a
hole one and a half times the depth and twice the size of the roots. For best results, add
drainage material and organic fertilizer or manure to the base of the planting hole. Once
planted water well and mulch with manure, compost or leaf mould.

2.2.5 How to maintain bamboo plants

Maintaining bamboo is not particularly hard; this is one of the reasons bamboos is such a
popular plant. Continue watering well for the first two years and the more you feed and
water a bamboo plant, the more it will grow. Fertilizers to avoid include anything
seaweed based, as bamboos are salt intolerant.

2.3 Literature review

Bamboo exhibits attractive greenish color due to attractive greenish color the abundant
chlorophyll in culms as well as in leaves. But the green color on the bamboo culms fades
away because of chlorophyll degradation easily by light, oxygen and enzymes. The green
color protection of bamboo had been widely studied to increase the economic value of
bamboo products using green culms. We thought the bamboo leaves have a high
potentiality for useful resource of natural green dye. Several inorganic salts including
chromates, nickel salts, and copper salts were used as protectors of green color of
bamboo. In addition to inorganic salts treatments, alkali pre-treatment was necessary
process for the protection of bamboo green color the abundant chlorophyll in culms as
well as in leaves.

Chapter Three

Materials and Methods

3.1 Materials and chemicals used during working this project

 Tea heater
 Bamboo plant leaves
 Kittle
 Stirrer
 Sodium carbonate
 Oil
 Sprite bottle
 Jar
3.2 Safety used during this project working

 During use of electrical supply energy as a heater take care to the socket
 During stirring the solution use gloves
 Smell or taste of the solution is not allowed

Figure 3.1 Safety during the process

 First take a bamboo plant leaves and wash it. After that using a device like
knife cut the bamboo leaves up to the amount of 200 gram leaves.

Figure 3.2 Taking 200 gram of bamboo leaves

 Add a distilled one liter of water in to the kittle with 200 gram of cut
bamboo plant leaves. Continue to give heat energy for about 40 minutes
to these mixtures.
 After 40 minutes heated the mixture gives a golden yellowish color.

Figure 3.3 Adding distilled water into the kittle heating device
 Separate the golden yellowish color liquid from the bamboo plant
leaves by using sieves. The bamboo plant leaves remain should rejected
while the hot liquid golden yellowish color put on a container like clean
bottle that can resist the heat of the liquid.

Figure 3.4 golden yellowish colors liquid

 Color pigment like sodium carbonate added to the golden yellowish

color. Here there are three causes. These are;
1) The reaction of powder sodium carbonate with hot golden yellowish
color. During this reaction it is needed to react 30 ml of liquid golden
yellowish color with two small spoon sodium carbonate. The reaction is
slow when compare with the other causes. This is because the reaction
is exothermic reaction and no need of heat. This reaction takes longer
time about two days to obtain viscous and non viscous liquid.
2) The reaction of two small spoon powder sodium carbonate with
medium heat 30 ml liquid golden yellowish color which takes one day
to obtain viscous and non viscous liquid.
3) The reaction of two small spoon powder sodium carbonate with cold
30 ml liquid golden yellowish color which takes short time about three
hour to obtain viscous and non viscous liquid.

Powder sodium carbonate

Figure 3.5 sodium with other materials
  Hot golden yellowish color reacted with Na2CO3

Medium heated liquid golden Cold liquid

Yellowish color after react with Na2CO3 golden yellowish reacted

With Na2CO3

Figure 3.6 the three types of reactions after reacted

with Na2CO3 and dried.

 To separate the more viscous liquid from non viscous liquid we use
small filter paper. The liquid part passes through the filter paper while
the viscous liquid retained by the filter paper.
The retained viscous liquid expose to the sun light for six hour and becomes dry.

Figure 3.7 exposing the retained viscous liquid to the sun

 Using coffee grinder we crush the dry part changed in to fine or white
powder. Using sieve analysis method we separate the more fine white
part and coarse white part powders. We take the more fine white powder
while the coarse powder also crushed.
.

Figure 3.8 Grinding of the dried viscous liquid

 Using oil kneads the more fine powder and stir wisely using small
spoon.
 Chapter Four
Results and Discussions

4.1 Discussion of this project

During this project we extract the color pigment of bamboo leaves using heat energy.
This color pigment initially it was green but as heat energy increased the green
(chlorophyll) of bamboo plant leaves mixed with one liter of water changed in to
golden yellowish color liquid. The heated bamboo leaves rejected after 40 minutes
heat supply by sieve while the golden yellowish color put on sprite bottle which resist
the heat of the golden yellowish color. The color pigment like sodium carbonate
added to the golden yellowish color and quit fast reaction takes place. During the
reaction it is necessary to stir the reaction of sodium carbonate with golden yellowish
color wisely. The reaction has three conditions. These conditions are:

 The reaction of hot liquid golden yellowish color with powder sodium
carbonate. During this reaction we take a sample of 30 ml of liquid golden
yellowish color and two small spoon of sodium carbonate. Since the reaction
is exothermic reaction this type of reaction takes larger time than the other
type of reactions. This type of reaction takes about two days to obtain viscous
and non viscous liquid and looks like light red color. The more viscous liquid
starts to settle at the bottom of the bottle or jar (the devices that contain the
reaction of sodium carbonate and liquid of golden yellowish color) while the
non viscous liquid not settled. The mixture is separated using small filter
paper. During the filtering process the more viscous liquid retained while the
non viscous liquid pass through the filter paper.
 The reaction of medium heated liquid golden yellowish color with powder
sodium carbonate. During this reaction we take a sample of 30 ml of liquid
golden yellowish color and two small spoon of powder sodium carbonate.
This reaction takes less time as we compare with the reaction of hot liquid
golden yellowish color and powder of sodium carbonate. We obtain the more
 viscous and non viscous liquid within one day which has a light red color.
After that the mixture is separated using filter paper, the more viscous liquid
retained on the filter paper while the non viscous liquid pass through the filter
paper and removed.
 The reaction of cold liquid golden yellowish color with powder of sodium
carbonate. During this reaction we take a sample of 30 ml of cold liquid
golden yellowish color and two small spoon of powder of sodium carbonate.
This reaction takes less time when we compare with the other type of reaction.
This is because the exothermic reaction do not need heat energy instead
release energy to the surrounding. During this reaction we obtain more
viscous and non viscous liquid within three hours which has light red color.
The mixture is separated using filter paper, the more viscous liquid retained
by the filter paper while the non viscous liquid pass through the filter paper.

After the reaction is completed and the mixture of the more viscous and non viscous
liquid separated the more viscous liquid retained by the filter paper exposed to the sun
light for six hours. During this case the light red color of the more viscous liquid changed
into light white color and the more viscous liquid converted into light solid crystal. Even
though we have three types of crystals due to the three types of reactions the final dry
product of the more viscous liquid is the same for all cases. The only difference is the
time to obtain the light white color dry crystal. The dry crystal is grind using coffee
grinder. Using the sieve we separate the more fine from the coarse light white color
powder. We take the more fine light white color while the coarse powder regrind or
rejected. We obtained initially 2.5 small spoons of powder and from this 2 spoon fine
powder and 0.5 coarse powders obtained. We take 2 spoons of fine powders and knead
with smooth nail polish container until we obtain the final product.

Figure 4.1 Addition of food oil to the fine light white powder

4.2 Result of this project

During this project first we obtain the golden yellowish color by heating the leaves of
bamboo plant for 40 minutes. By reacting 30 ml of liquid golden yellowish color with
two spoon of powder sodium carbonate we obtained light red color more viscous and non
viscous liquid.
After the more viscous liquid dried the more viscous liquid changed from light red
viscous liquid into light white dry crystal. By using coffee grinder we grind the dry
crystal and finally we obtained fine light white color powder. Using the oil food we
knead the fine powder and stir wisely using a small spoon finally we obtained moss like
color. This color can be used as parker color, paint for wall of houses and paint for
windows as opaque. Using white Vaseline we obtain gray color.

Moss color

Figure 4.2 Dye obtained from white Vaseline gray color

Generally dye making process from bamboo plant leaves has less cost, less pollution to
the environment and wide range of color. Since bamboo plant grows easily in our
environment we can produce dye as we need. Dye supply to the consumers becomes
proportional to demand of consumers. When we say this dye making process reduce air
pollution it means the organic compounds like SOx and NOx emission to the atmosphere
is less during this dye making process.

Chapter five

Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusions

From this project we have concluded that the green pigment of the bamboo plant leaves
changed into golden yellowish color because of heat addition. The reaction of golden
yellowish liquid with powder sodium carbonate is exothermic reaction. Therefore this
does not need a heat addition during the reaction. From this project we conclude the light
red color of the viscous liquid changed into light white color due to heat of sun light.

5.2 Recommendations

During this project we do not get the necessarily devices and chemicals like stove, fine
sodium carbonate color pigment, devices that are used for reaction container, plate that is
used for kneads of fine powder of the dried viscous liquid with food oil or else oil and
liquid and solid measurement devices.
Reference