Assignment:

01

Topic:
Wind energy

Submitted to:
Ms. Afia

Submitted by Group # 11:

 Maham Tanvir 773
 Zill e Huma 767
 Rabiya Pervez 780
 Arooj Fatima 768

Subject:
Energy and Environment

Department of environmental sciences

International Islamic University Islamabad

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Wind energy:

Wind energy is the kinetic energy of wind, harnessed and redirected to perform a
task mechanically or to generate electrical power. Wind power is a renewable energy
source that has developed rapidly since the end of the 1970s. Wind turbines produce
clean energy, don’t need any fuel transport that can hazardous to the environment. The
sun, the wind and running water are all renewable energy sources, in contrast to coal,
oil and gas, which depend on fossil fuels from mines or oil and gas fields. Modern wind
turbines are efficient, reliable and produce power at reasonable cost. This has been
achieved by an energy policy that has created a market for renewable energy and by
research development. The technology in the wind turbines has developed in several
ways. The control systems have become cheaper and more advanced, new profiles for
the rotor blades can extract more power from the wind, and new power electronic
equipment makes it possible to use variable speed and to optimize the capacity of the
turbines. In this few decades wind power has Available developed from alternative
energy source to a new fast-growing industry which no longer needs subsidies and
manufactures wind turbines that produce power at competitive cost. Sailing and similar
activities are among the simplest, oldest and most direct applications of wind power.
Mechanical uses of wind power go back to ancient Greece. The first wind wheels, for
example, relied upon gearing and shafts to power machinery. Windmills drive a
millstone to grind grains, among other purposes. Wind has also long been used to
power mechanical pumps to draw water for use and to drain land for agricultural
purposes.

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The basic wind turbine design consists of a bladed rotor that drives a shaft to a
generator. The generator uses electromagnetic induction to produce a voltage. Wind
power was used to enable electrolysis, the separation of water into hydrogen and
oxygen, to make it possible to store energy as early as the 1890s.

How wind energy is produced?

Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three
propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which
spins a generator to create electricity.

Commented [AS1]: Caption of the image???

Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to
make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the
blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. View
the wind turbine animation to see how a wind turbine works.

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Wind is a form of solar energy and is a result of the uneven heating of the atmosphere
by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the and are
modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use this
wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even
generating electricity. The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by
which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines
convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power
can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water or a generator
can convert this mechanical power into electricity.

Types of Wind Turbines:

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety, as shown in
the photo to the far right, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrius
model pictured to the immediate right, named after its French inventor. Horizontal-axis
wind turbines typically either have two or three blades. These three-bladed wind
turbines are operated "upwind," with the blades facing into the wind. Wind turbines can
be built on land or offshore in large bodies of water like oceans and lakes. The U.S.
Department of Energy is funding efforts that will make innovative offshore wind
technology available in U.S. waters.

Sizes of Wind Turbines:

Harvesting small amounts of wind energy, on a large volume of scale provides a

significant contribution toward global renewable energy. The energy conversion process
through commercially available small wind turbines includes blades that convert the
wind energy into rotational mechanical energy on the shaft and an electric generator
that is both simple in design and manufactured in small quantities by the wind turbine
developer or retrofitted off-the-shelf general-purpose machine. There are several
different design concepts for wind turbines. One basic classified is Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbines and Vertical Axis wind turbines

Vertical axis wind turbines:

Vertical axis wind turbines are a type of turbine where the main rotor shaft runs
vertically. These turbines can rotate unidirectional even with bi-directional fluid flow.
VAWT is mainly due to the advantages of this kind of machine over the horizontal axis
type, such as their simple construction, the lack of necessity of over speed control, the
acceptance of wind from any direction of the mechanical design limitations due to the
control systems and the electric generators are set up statically on the ground.
Generally, there have been two distinct types of vertical axis wind turbine that is the
Darrius savonius types. For the Darrieus, there are three common blades that are
Squirrel Cage Darrieus, H-Darrieus and Egg Beater Darrieus.

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Savonius

Darriues wind turbines

Advantages and Disadvantages of Darriues and savonius turbines:

 Advantages of Darriues wind turbine:

 High speed with low torque machine
 Generally manual push therefore some
 External power source to start turning

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  As the starting torque is very low
 Generator can be placed on the ground
 Easily integrated into buildings

 Advantages of Savonius wind turbine:

 Slow rotating with high torque machine
 Shaft of the generator can be placed nearer to the ground
 Starts at low wind speed
 Work with any wind direction

 Disadvantages of Darrieus wind turbine:

 Difficult to self-starting
 Need multiple guy wires to give it

 Disadvantages of Savonius wind turbines

 Low efficiency

Impacts of wind energy on human:

The association between wind turbines and health effects is highly debated. Some
argue that reported health effects are related to wind turbine operation [electromagnetic
fields (EMF), shadow flicker, audible noise, low-frequency noise, infrasound. Others
suggest that when turbines are sited correctly, effects are more likely attributable to a
number of subjective variables that result in an annoyed or stressed state. In this
review, we provide a bibliographic-like summary and analysis of the science around this
issue specifically in terms of noise including audible, low-frequency noise, and
infrasound), EMF, and shadow flicker. Now there are roughly 60 scientific peer-
reviewed articles on this issue. The available scientific evidence suggests that EMF,
shadow flicker, low-frequency noise, and infrasound from wind turbines are not likely to
affect human health; some studies have found that audible noise from wind turbines can
be annoying to some. Annoyance may be associated with some self-reported health
effects e.g., sleep disturbance especially at sound pressure levels >40 dB(A). Because
environmental noise above certain levels is a recognized factor in a number of health
issues, sitting restrictions have been implemented in many jurisdictions to limit noise
exposure. These setbacks should help alleviate annoyance from noise. Subjective
variables (attitudes and expectations) are also linked to annoyance and have the
potential to facilitate other health complaints via the nocebo effect. Therefore, it is
possible that a segment of the population may remain annoyed or report other health
impacts even when noise limits are enforced. Based on the findings and scientific merit
of the available studies, the weight of evidence suggests that when sited properly, wind
turbines are not related to adverse health. Stemming from this review, we provide a
number of recommended best practices for wind turbine development in the context of
human health.

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Global investment on clean Energy Sector Status:

Globally rapidly increasing power demand, enhance the power costs and pursuit to
minimize the pollution of the environment due to the nonrenewable energy resources
have stimulated to exploit renewable energy sources. Among other renewable energy
resources, the wind energy is the most dominant and indispensable choice for power
generation.

Commented [AS2]: Caption???

Being, pollution free endless and inexpensive sources. Wind resources are rapidly
raising renewable sources in both developed and developing countries In Pakistan and
Malaysia, several scientists and researcher have been conducted research in the field
of renewable energy, which consists the feasible study in renewable energy utilization It
is very much important to take an attentive regarding power generation from wind
potential. Due to the rapid energy crises such as oil and their costs in 1979, several
researchers, engineers and scientists were taken interest and appraisals regarding free
energy sources such as wind potential. The total installed wind energy capacity of the
world since 1997–2014 is illustrated. Beside this, several continents and their top three
wind installed capacity are depicted Globally, according to the collected literature, Asia
Continent and China is on the top in wind energy capacity having cumulative installed
capacity is around 142 GW and 115 GW in 2014, respectively.

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Wind energy in Pakistan:

Energy is the fundamental necessity for the human and socioeconomic development of
a country. Furthermore, a simple way in order to express the growth of a country is the
energy contribution per capita. Wind power is a form of renewable energy in
Pakistan which makes up less than 0.1% of the total electricity production in the
country. The Pakistan energy need is highly dependent on oil, liquefied gasoline and
natural gas. These sources contribute about 85% of the whole electricity supply for the
country, while, the contributions of coal, nuclear and hydroelectricity are about 4.5%,
1.1% and 9.2%, respectively of electricity. As we know that, Pakistan is an electricity
deficit country, and in the near future, the electricity crises intensity will be at a
maximum level in the year 2012–2015, electricity crises situation increases 3% per year
Pakistan 1st 50 MW wind power plant Zorlu energy Turkish company 2012. Pakistan 1st
100 MW solar power plant by Chinese company in 2015. It is reminded to the readers
that, matter-of-fact that free source such as a huge wind and solar energy potential
available in large amount yet not being intended to be exploited for the generation of
electricity In which one of the example Zorlu energy from Turkish company installed
around 50 MW at Sindh wind corridor near Jamshoro city in 2012 and the grid based
solar farm around 100 MW installation with the collaboration of Chinese company is
located within the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2015. It is
reminded to the readers that, globally renewable energies such as: solar, wind, could
meet the rapid demand of the consumer, and it could fulfill the increasing power
shortages demand of the Pakistan. It is reminded to the readers that, globally renewable
energies such as: solar, the wind, could meet the rapid demand of the consumer, and it
could fulfill the increasing power shortages demand of the Pakistan. As of 2017 wind
power capacity in Pakistan was 591 MW The government is looking to increase the
share of renewable energy and plans to add around 3.5 GW of wind energy capacity by
2018.

WIND POWER POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN:

To produce electricity through wind power is the rapidly progressing technology.
Political, economic and some technical services are developing some procedures and
methods to highlight the value of the wind power. In Pakistan there is incredible wind
power potential, but unfortunately at present situation the services for power generating
through wind potential is not so enough in the country. There is a long coastline area of
1000 km. which is used for the installation of off shore wind turbines like that of
Netherlands UK, Japan, Denmark etc. In Pakistan wind power generation started very
late, at present no significant power generation projects are in progress. In the same

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 wind power potential and geographical environment as found in Pakistan. India has
installed its ten turbines of 55 KW plant at Gujrat in 1986. In the current study, the
project area that is under consideration for wind power potential is 60 Km along the
Sindh coastline spread over up to 100 Km deep northward and latitude 25°N
approximately.

Wind power projects in Pakistan:

 Jhimpir Wind Power Plant. Main article: Jhimpir Wind Power Plant
 Foundation Wind Energy I & II. Fauji Foundation setup two wind projects (50 MW each)
at Gharo, Thatta District
 Three Gorges First Wind Farm
 Sapphire Wind Power Plant
 Tapal Wind Farm
 Metro Power Company Limited

References:
 file:///C:/Users/jaaaaa/Downloads/1-s2.0-S2352484716300270-main.pdf Commented [AS3]: What kind of reference is this??
Try opening it yourself and let me know if you found something!
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484716300270
 http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/techJournal/2016/AcceptedPapers%20No1/Off%
20Shore%20Wind%20Turbines%20A%20Solution%20To%20Energy%20Cris
is%20In%20Pakistan.pdf
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063257/
 file:///C:/Users/jaaaaa/Downloads/S1876610212009290.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan