CELLULAR TELEPHONY

Under Chapter 16 – Wireless WANs:

Cellular Telephone and Satellite Networks

CMSC 137: Data Communication

Report by: Leigh Lapura
Cellular telephony is designed to provide
communications between two moving units,
called mobile stations (MSs), or between one
mobile unit and one stationary unit, often
called a land unit.[1]
Cellular telephony is designed to provide
communications between two moving units,
called mobile stations (MSs), or between one
mobile unit and one stationary unit, often
called a land unit.[1]

• Frequency-Reuse Principle
• Transmitting
• Receiving
• Roaming
• First Generation
• Second Generation
• Third Generation
Frequency-Reuse Principle

Figure 1: Cellular System

Frequency-Reuse Principle

Figure 2: Frequency reuse patterns

Frequency-Reuse Principle

Figure 2: Frequency reuse patterns

Frequency-Reuse Principle

Where:
C = reuse factor
i, j = size of a single cell

C = i2 + ij + j2

Reuse distance

R = SQRT (3C)
 Transmitting

• A caller enters a 10-digit code and presses the send button

• The Mobile Station (MS) scans the band seeking a setup channel with
strong signal, and sends the phone number to the closest Base Station
(BS) using that channel
• The Base Station (BS) relays the data (phone number) to the Mobile
Switching Center (MSC)
• The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) sends the data on to the telephone
central office.
Transmitting

• If the called party is available, a connection is made and the result is

relayed back to the MSC. At this point, the MSC assigns an unused
voice channel to the call, and a connection is established.
• The Mobile Station (MS) automatically adjusts its tuning to the new
channel, and communication can begin.
Receiving

• When a mobile phone is called, the telephone central office sends

the number to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
• The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) searches for the location of the
mobile station by sending query signals to each cell in a process
called paging.
• Once the mobile station is found, the MSC transmits a ringing signal
and, when the mobile station answers, assigns a voice channel to
the call, allowing voice communication to begin.
Roaming
• When you’re outside of your cellular network, you’re roaming.

• A service provider usually has limited coverage. Neighboring service

providers can provide extended coverage through a roaming
contract. The situation is similar to snail mail between countries. The
charge for delivery of a letter between two countries can be divided
upon agreement by the two countries.
First Generation (1G)
• Mainly designed for voice communication using analog signals
• Example: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) used in North America
• It uses 800 MHz ISM (Industry Scientific and Medical) band and two
separate analog channels:

1. reverse (mobile station to base station) communication

- Uses band between 824 to 849 MHz
2. Forward (base station to mobile station) communication.
- Uses band between 869 to 894 MHz
First Generation (1G)
• Each band is divided in 832, 30-KHz channels

Two providers can share an area, which means 416 channels in each cell
for each provider. 21 channels are used for control, which leaves 395
channels. AMPS has a frequency reuse factor of 7; this means only one-
seventh of these 395 traffic channels are actually available in a cell.
First Generation (1G)
• Problems
• AMPS had capacity issues at places like airports (busy signals)
• Large size of the mobile device (smallest was a briefcase model)
• Limited capacity to service the general population
• Allows voice call just in one country
• No security
• Poor voice quality
Second Generation (2G)
• Developed to provide higher-quality (less noise-prone) mobile voice
communications
• First generation: analog voice communication
• Second generation: digitized voice
Second Generation (2G)
1. D-AMPS
• Digital version of analog AMPS
• Uses the same bands and channels
• D-AMPS adds time division multiple access (TDMA) to AMPS to get
three channels for each AMPS channel, tripling the number of calls
that can be handled on a channel
2. GSM (Global System for Mobile)
• Same as D-AMPS except that it uses a variation of TDMA.
• Part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that
includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet
Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
3. 3. IS-95 CDMA
• One of the dominant second-generation standards in North
America is Interim Standard 95 (IS-95).
• Advantage: Fastest frequency hopping to provide frequency
diversity.
Third Generation (3G)
• The third generation of cellular telephony refers to a combination
of technologies that provide a variety of services.
• The third-generation concept started in 1992, when ITU issued a
blueprint called the Internet Mobile Communication 2000 (IMT-
2000). The blueprint defines some criteria for third-generation (3G)
technology as outlined below:

• Voice quality comparable to that of the existing public telephone network.

• Data rate of 144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle (car), 384 kbps for access
as the user walks (pedestrians), and 2 Mbps for the stationary user (office or
home).
• Support for packet-switched and circuit-switched data services.
• A band of 2GHz.
• Bandwidths of 2 MHz.
• Interface to the Internet.
At present the world is busy in deployment of 4G LTE Technology in 2-3year 4g will concluded. As the
increasing population had lead to increase in number of mobile devices on planet the present
technology 4G is not able to give the speed and features everyone are expecting.

At present 5G is only in research development area but in future it will take over the world with its speed
and data carrying capabilities. 5G technologies will start deployment in 2-3years around 2020. This
technology will give us many new unseen features of earlier generations of mobile technology.

• 5G will be the fastest

• Lowest cost comparable to other gens
• 5G will broadcast data in GB
• In this technology whole world will be divided
as a small village. So someone calling a
person in Norway from India the phone
connection will be held normally like a local
connection.
• Present technology 4G LTE have its download
speed between 5-12mbps and transfer speed
between 2-5mbps. 5G when contrasted with
this 4G will 100times speedier in pace.