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THE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFIED SECURE COMPUTER USER

EXAM CODE : 112-12

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WHAT IS CSCU?
▪ The purpose of the CSCU training program is to provide individuals
with the necessary knowledge and skills to protect their information
assets.
▪ In this class students will acquire a fundamental understanding of
various computer and network security threats
▪ Identity theft
▪ Credit card fraud
▪ Online banking scams
▪ Virus and backdoors
▪ Phishing
▪ Emails hoaxes
▪ Loss of confidential information
▪ Hacking attacks and social engineering.
▪ More importantly, the skills learned from the class helps students take
the necessary steps to mitigate their security exposure.

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 COURSE DETAILS

COMPUTER COMPUTER
HARDWARE SOFTWARE

MICROSOFT SYSTEM
OFFICE 2016 SECURITY

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 COMPUTER HARDWARE

▪ What Is A Computer System ?

▪ What Is Computer Hardware? COMPUTER
▪ Main Components Of A Computer SOFTARE
▪ Detailed Description Of Mother Board
▪ Detailed Description Of Processor
▪ Random Access Memory(RAM)
▪ Different Types Of Hard Disk

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 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

▪ Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

▪ Operating System And Its Types COMPUTER
▪ Difference Between Client And SOFTARE
Server OS
▪ Client And Server OS Installation
▪ Workgroup Based Network
▪ Best Use Of Key Board

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 MICROSOFT WORD
▪ Interaction With Basic Tools
▪ Content Writing/Book Writing COMPUTER
▪ Letter And Application Writing SOFTARE
▪ Curriculum Vitace (CV) Writing
▪ Insert Table, Photo, Shapes, Word Art
▪ Insert Header, Footer And Water Mark
▪ Design Calendar
▪ Stationery Or Letterhead
▪ Postcards, Flyers Or Invitations
▪ Newsletters

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 MICROSOFT EXCEL
▪ Interaction With Basic Tools
▪ Create A Workbook. ... COMPUTER
▪ Plan Your Needed Data. ... SOFTARE
▪ Create Headings. ...
▪ Label The Rows. ...
▪ Add Boundaries. ...
▪ Create A Results Table. ...
▪ Maintain Sales Report . …
▪ Format And Write Formulas. ...
▪ Script Conditional Formatting.

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 MICROSOFT POWER POINT
▪ Interaction With Basic Tools
▪ Create A Presentation . ... COMPUTER
▪ PowerPoint animations. ... SOFTARE
▪ Can Create An Animated GIF. ...
▪ Can Import Excel Sheet. ...
▪ Can Import Word Document. ...
▪ Design Calendar
▪ Stationery Or Letterhead
▪ Postcards, Flyers Or Invitations
▪ Newsletters

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 SYSTEM SECURITY

▪ Need For Cyber Security

▪ Attacks, Concepts And Techniques COMPUTER
▪ Types Of Malware And Anti-malware SOFTARE
▪ Protecting Your Data And Privacy
▪ Protecting The Organizational Data
▪ Confidentiality, Integrity And
Availability (CIA)
▪ Web Based Security And Internet
Security Threats
▪ Security Solutions And Best Practices

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 Computer

▪ What is Computer?
▪ A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data.
▪ Hardware is any part of your computer that has
a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It
also includes all of the computer's internal parts.
▪ Software is any set of instructions that tells the
hardware what to do and how to do it. Examples of
software include web browsers, games, and word
processors.

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 Computer

▪ Characteristic of Computer:
1-Speed
2-Reliability
3-Accuracy
4-Storage
5-Versatility
6-Consistency
7-Communication
8-Recalling
9-Control sequence
10-Cost Reduction

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 Computer

▪ Generations of Computer:

1-First Generation (Vacuum tubes)1942-1955

2-Second Generation (Transistor)1955-1964
3-Third Generation (Integrated Circuits)1964-1975
4-Fourth Generation (Microprocessor)1975-Present
5-Fifth Generation (Artificial intelligence)Present and beyond

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Types of Computers

COMPUTER
SOFTARE

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 Computer System
❖A computer is An electronic device that can be used to carry out sequences
COMPUTER
of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
❖ Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations,
SOFTARE
called programs. These programs enable computers to perform an extremely wide range
of tasks.
❖Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer
devices.
❖Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices.
❖The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The
speed, power, and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since
then.

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 Computer hardware

▪ Components of Computer system:

COMPUTER
Every computer system has the SOFTARE
following three basic components:
1.Input unit
2.Central processing unit
3.Output unit

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 Computer hardware

▪ Functions of Computer system:

1- INPUT COMPUTER
All the raw data which we give to the computer is called
input and for this we use some hardware devices which SOFTARE
are called input devices like
Mouse, keyboard, joystick, image scanner, webcam, graphics
tablet, microphone etc.
2- OUTPUT
After processing and applying appropriate functions which
computer returns to us is called output to receive these
information's we use some devices which are called output
devices like Monitor, printer, speakers etc.

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 Computer hardware

▪ Types of computer hardware:

The physical components of computer COMPUTER
which we can see and touch are called SOFTARE
Computer hardware.
1-External
CPU cabinet, Monitor, Key board
or Mouse etc.
2-Internal
Motherboard, Processor, Ram,
Hard disk etc.

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 Computer hardware

▪ Central Processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU) is the unit which
COMPUTER
performs most of the processing inside a computer. To SOFTARE
control instructions and data flow to and from other
parts of the computer, the CPU relies heavily on a
chipset, which is a group of microchips located on the
motherboard.
The CPU has two components:
1.Control Unit: extracts instructions from memory
and decodes and executes them
2.Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): handles arithmetic
and logical operations

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 Computer hardware

▪ Central Processing Unit?

COMPUTER
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT SOFTARE
- Process data
- Control sequence of operations within the computers
- It gives command to all parts of a computer
- It control the use of the main memory in storing of data and instructions
- it provides temporary storage (RAM) and permanent storage(ROM) of data

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 Computer hardware
▪ Types of Motherboard?
MOTHERBOARDS ARE OF TWO MAIN TYPES
1- INTEGRATED (NON REPAIRABLE/NEW) COMPUTER
SOFTARE
An integrated system board has multiple components integrated into the board itself. These may include
the CPU, video card and sound card and various controller cards
Most laptops use fully integrated system boards, since they provide a smaller form factor than non-integrated
boards.
2- NON-INTEGRATED (REPAIRABLE/OLD)
A non-integrated system board uses installable components and expansion cards. For example, a non-
integrated system board may allow you to upgrade the video card by removing the old one and
installing a new one.
Desktop computers often use non-integrated motherboards, though they may contain some integrated parts. For
example, most modern motherboards used in desktop computers have an integrated sound card and controller
cards.

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 Computer hardware
▪ Types of motherboard by size?
❑ ATX stands for Advanced Technology Extended and is the most common
motherboard you will see in desktops. COMPUTER
❑ Older ATX variants contain a 20-pin Molex power connection, while SOFTARE
newer
models contain the 24-pin Molex power connection.
❑ Micro-ATX is a little bit smaller than the ATX and does not have as much
expansion ability.
❑ ITX is a significantly smaller form factor board and was created by VIA
Technologies.
❑ Mini-ITX is the largest of the three ITX form factors, with a size of 6.7 by 6.7
inches. It is also the most popular.

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 Computer hardware
▪ Motherboard expansion slot?
❑ PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect and was introduced by Intel
in the 1990s. This replaced older 8- and 16-bit expansion slots withCOMPUTER
a 32-bit slot.
❑ PCI-X (Extended) incorporates a 64-bit data bus that was considerably faster
SOFTARE
than PCI slots, but because of the overall size of the bus, it was difficult to
incorporate onto the motherboard.
❑ PCIe (Express) is the newest expansion slot being used in modern computers.
PCIe sends data in a serial stream at higher speeds than conventional PCI. These
serial streams are referred to as lanes.
❑ Mini-PCI slots were those modified to be applied to laptops. They use lower
power and lie flat.

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Computer hardware

COMPUTER
SOFTARE

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 Computer hardware

▪ Components of Motherboard:
RAM Slots COMPUTER
There are several different RAM slots,
▪ DIMM (dual inline memory module) SOFTARE
being used in desktops
▪ SO-DIMM (small outline) being used in laptops
▪ Micro-DIMM, which is being used in smaller
mobile equipment
CPU Sockets
The types of major sockets in use include the
ZIF (zero force insertion).
▪ PGA (PIN GRID ARRAY)
▪ LGA (land grid array)

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 Computer hardware

▪ Components of Motherboard:
Chipsets COMPUTER
The Northbridge, which interfaces directly with the CPU through the front-side
SOFTARE
bus, handles high-speed connections to memory and video as well as creating the
connection to the Southbridge. Also called memory controller

The Southbridge handles I/O functions and all other slower devices such as the
hard drive, PCI bus, and Audio. Also called i/o controller

Combined Northbridge and Southbridge for gaming is called chipset

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 Computer hardware

▪ Components of Motherboard:
COMPUTER
CMOS Battery SOFTARE
The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) battery
was originally used to maintain system settings stored in CMOS
RAM, since it was volatile. It is also used to power the systems real-
time clock. Over the years, CMOS RAM has been replaced by flash
memory that does not require a battery to maintain data; however,
the real-time clock still requires a battery.

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 Computer hardware

▪ Component of Motherboard:
Power Connections COMPUTER
Common power connector types include SATA, Molex, ATX,SOFTARE
and EPS.

Fan Connectors
Most fan types will connect to a 3- or 4-pin Molex connector on the
motherboard.

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 Computer hardware

▪ Components of Motherboard:
COMPUTER
Front/Top Panel Connectors
SOFTARE
Your computer typically contains on-board connections for things like USB
and audio. There is also a set of wires within the computer case that connect to
a certain component on the motherboard. When these are connected, you will
be able to use the buttons on your computer case to do things (e.g. power
on/off the computer, reset the computer). These connections inside the case also
make use of activity and power lights, which will show a visual indicator of CPU
activity, or indicating that power is being brought to the computer.

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▪ Components of Motherboard:
COMPUTER
Reset Button
SOFTARE
The front panel of a desktop PC has a reset button that performs a hard boot of
the system. In the event you have misconfigured certain BIOS or CMOS settings,
this button allows you to reset everything to factory configuration. Be sure you
understand the difference between hard and soft boots.

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▪ Components of Motherboard:
COMPUTER
Bus SOFTARE
BUS IS AN ELECTRONIC PATH WAY ON WHICH OUR DATA MOVES.
Bus speed indicates how fast all of the components on your motherboard are able to
communicate with each other.
NORMALLY WE HAVE 32 BITS AND 64 BITS SPEED MOTHERBOARDS TODAY.
BUSES ARE OF THREE TYPES
1- DATA BUS
2- ADDRESS BUS
3- CONTROL BUS

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▪ Components of Motherboard:
Some other components of motherboard are COMPUTER
▪ Capacitors
▪ Ices and chips
SOFTARE
▪ AGP (accelerated graphic port)
▪ Ide connectors
▪ SATA connectors
▪ Bios chip
▪ Heat sink (active, passive or liquid)

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▪ Computer ports:
Some important ports of computer are ! COMPUTER
▪ Line in & line out ports
▪ Ethernet port
SOFTARE
▪ USB ports (2.0 – 480 mbps, 3.0 – 640 mbps, 3.1 – 1280 mbps)
▪ Serial port (rs-232)
▪ HDMI (high definition multimedia interface)
▪ Video graphic array (VGA)
▪ Digital visual interface (DVI)
▪ ps2

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▪ Motherboard Capabilities:
❑ motherboard, processor and COMPUTER
ram bus speed must be same SOFTARE
❑Equalizing the ram bus speed
with the mother board is called
memory bank
❑For virtualization your motherboard
must be virtual technology supported

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▪ Central Processing Unit(CPU):

- A central processing unit (CPU) is an important part COMPUTER
of
every computer. The CPU sends signals to control the otherSOFTARE parts of
the computer,
- Also called the brain of computer system.
- The CPU is an electronic device that works on a list of computer
things to do, called instructions. It reads the list of instructions and
does (executes) each one in order.
- A list of instructions that a CPU can run is a computer program.

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▪ Types of Central Processing Unit Sockets(CPU):

It has two main types COMPUTER
1. Pin grid array (PGA) SOFTARE
(More Durable Motherboard)
(Slightly Better Repairability)

1. Land grid array (LGA)

(More Durable CPU)
(More Space Efficient)

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▪ Types of Processing Unit:
COMPUTER
It has two main types
SOFTARE
1. CISC
- Complex instruction set computing
-Intel’s platinum, Itanium and AMD
1. RISC
- Reduced Instruction set computing
- Motorola, Silicon Graphics

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 Computer hardware

▪ Central Processing Unit(CPU):

It has two types of speeds COMPUTER
1. Processing or refreshing speed (Hz or GHz) SOFTARE
(One GHz is one billion cycles per second)
2. Bus or data transfer speed (bits per sec)
(32 bits or 64 bits)
Most CPUs used in desktop computers are made by
either Intel or Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Some other
companies that make CPUs are ARM, IBM, and Sun Microsystems

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 Computer hardware

▪ Central Processing Unit(CPU):

- Nowadays most desktop computers use either 32-bit CPUs COMPUTER
or
64-bit CPUs. SOFTARE
- The instructions in a 32-bit CPU are good at handling data that is
32 bits in size.
- The instructions in a 64-bit CPU is good at handling data that is
64 bits in size.
- The size of data that a CPU handles best is often called the word
size of the CPU.

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 Computer hardware

▪ Microprocessors vs microcontroller:
COMPUTER
• Microprocessors means that the CPU is just a SOFTARE
single chip.
• Some chips with microprocessors inside them also
contain other components, and are complete single-
chip "computers". This is called a microcontroller.

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▪ CPU Registers:
COMPUTER
- When the CPU runs a computer program, it needs some space to store the data that
the instructions operate on (the data that they read and write).
- This storage is called a register. SOFTARE
- A CPU usually has many registers.
- Registers must be very fast to access (to read and write).
- These registers are part of the CPU chip itself.
- Input , store, transfer
- MAR, MBR, PC, IR, AR

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▪ CPU Storage:
- CPU only stores the data that it is working on "right now".
COMPUTER
- The rest of the data used by the program is stored SOFTARE
in RAM (memory).
- When the CPU wants to read or write data in RAM, it outputs
an address to that data. Each byte in RAM has a memory address.
- The size of addresses is often the same as the word size: A 32-
bit CPU uses 32-bit addresses & 64-bit CPU uses 64-bit addresses
- A 32-bit processors can usually only handle up to 4 GB of
RAM.
- A 64-bit processors can handle up to 16 GB of RAM.

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▪ CACHE Memory:
Cache is very fast type of memory and used to speed-up our COMPUTER
devices
to transfer data and instructions.it is located inside or closeSOFTARE
to the
CPU chip, fastest then RAM, It speed up the working of CPU.
There are three types of cache memory
1. L1 Cache (on CPU)
2. L2 Cache (on Motherboard)
3. L3 Cache (on RAM)

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▪ CPU Buses:
COMPUTER
CPU use buses to communicate with RAM and other components in the
computer. SOFTARE
Almost all CPUs have at least two types of buses
1. DATA BUS (used to read and write data)
2. ADDRESS BUS (used to output addresses)

Other buses inside the CPU carry data to different parts of the CPU

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▪ CPU Languages:
- COMPUTER
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is a language understood directly by a
particular CPU.
- These languages are also called machine code or binary.
SOFTARE
- Programs written in programming languages like C and C++ can't be run
directly by the CPU. They must be translated into machine code before the CPU
can run them. A compiler is a computer program that does this translation
Machine code is just a sequence of 0s and 1s, which makes it difficult for humans
to read it. To make it more readable, machine code programs are usually written
in assembly language.
- A program that translates assembly language into machine code is called
an assembler.
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▪ Memory:
COMPUTER
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer
SOFTARE
memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions
required for processing are stored.

Memory is of three types :-

- Cache Memory
- Primary Memory/Main Memory
- Random access memory(RAM)
- Secondary Memory
- Read only memory(ROM)

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▪ Random access memory:

COMPUTER
Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer
data storage that stores data and machine code currently SOFTARE
being used.
It’s a volatile or temporary memory.
- A random-access memory device allows data items to
be read or write memory almost at same speed.
- RAM can store data in form of bytes.
- It allows the addition of more memory if needed

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 Computer hardware
▪ Types of RAM:
The two widely used forms of modern RAM are
1. SRAM, stands for Static Random Access Memory. It canCOMPUTERstore data
without any frequent recharge. CPU does not need to wait SOFTARE
to access
data from SRAM. It is more expensive. It is faster then DRAM. It
utilizes less power.it is more complex.
2. DRAM, stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is least
expensive kind of RAM. It is slower then SRAM. It has to be refreshed
After each read operation. It utilizes more power . It is less complex

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▪ Virtual Memory:
COMPUTER
- SOFTARE
A portion of the computer's hard drive is set aside for a paging file or a scratch
partition
- The combination of physical RAM and the paging file form the system's total
memory.
(For example, if a computer has 2 GB of RAM and a 1 GB page file, the operating
system has 3 GB total memory available to it.)
- To use this memory computer uses swapping.

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▪ RAM disk or RAM drive:

COMPUTER
- Software can "partition" a portion of a computer's RAM, allowing itSOFTARE
to act as a
much faster hard drive that is called a RAM disk.
- A RAM disk loses the stored data when the computer is shut down.
- Several new types of non-volatile RAM, which preserve data while powered
down, are under development.

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▪ RAM Capabilities:
COMPUTER
SOFTARE
Different RAM modules and specifications are not compatible
with each other, although many of them share the same number of
pins. Always check your motherboard documentation to find out
which types of RAM are compatible with your system.

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▪ Hard Disk:
COMPUTER
❑ A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, SOFTARE
hard drive, or fixed disk, is an
electromechanical data storage
❑ Uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve
digital information
❑ Using one or more rigid rapidly
rotating disks (platters) coated with
magnetic material.

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▪ Types of hard disk:

COMPUTER
There are many different types of hard disks. SOFTARE
➢ Standard ATA devices
➢ Serial ATA devices
➢ SCSI hard disk derives
➢ External hard disk derives
➢ Wireless hard disk derives

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COMPUTER
SOFTARE

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▪ Hard Disk Working:

❑ The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on aCOMPUTER
moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.
SOFTARE
❑ Data is accessed in a random-access manner HDDs are a type of non-volatile
storage,

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▪ Standard ATA(IDE,EIDE):
❑ATA transfer data between hard disk and system COMPUTER
using a 16 bits with the speed of 100MB to 133MB
per second.
SOFTARE
❑Uses programed input output (PIO) or Ultra Direct
Memory Access (UDMA) technology to transfer
data.
❑Maximum 4 HDDs can be connected (i.e.
IDE1,IDE2,IDE3,IDE4)
❑Uses a 40 pin connector

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▪ Serial ATA(SATA):
❑Serial ATA transfer data between hard disk and COMPUTER
system using a 1 bits with the speed of 600MB per
second.
SOFTARE
❑Uses a smaller 7 wire cable to connect to the
system.
❑You can connect one SATA derive with one SATA
connector on Motherboard.
❑There is no master/slave concept.

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▪ Other types of Hard disk:

❑Small computer systems interface(SCSI) COMPUTER
High speed interface that allows you to connect up to 15 drives on a single
interface.
SOFTARE
❑ External Hard Disk Drives
connected by using USB2 and Fire-wire interface.
❑ Wireless HDD
Requires external power supply and DTR is 54 Mbps.
Supports wireless 802.g standard

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▪ File System & Allocation Table:

COMPUTER
❑File system determines the way files and folders stored on the hard disk
SOFTARE
❑File Allocation Table (FAT) stores the piece of file data known as cluster
on hard disk.
1. FAT16 (16bits & max capacity 2GB)
2. FAT32 ( 32bits & max capacity 2TB)
3. NTFS (high level security & very large capacity)
4. EXT (stores all files & folders in Root Directory)

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▪ Disk Management:
COMPUTER
1-Simple Volume SOFTARE
2-Striped Volume
3-Spanned Volume
4-Mirror Volume
5-RAID (Redundant array of independent disks)

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▪ Types of Disk Management:

COMPUTER
Disks are of two types
SOFTARE
1-Basic Disk
In which we can make Partitions

2-Dynamic Disk
In which we can create volumes

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▪ Disk Management:
Partition: COMPUTER
SOFTARE
Dividing one physical disk into logical parts is called Partition.

RAID:
Combining multiple physical disks into one logical disk is called
RAID.

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▪ Disk Management:
COMPUTER
Critical Points:
SOFTARE
1-Basic to Dynamic no data loss
2-Dynamic to Basic data loss
3-Can not convert Dynamic to Basic
4-RAID Always Required Dynamic two or more Dynamic disks.

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▪ Optical Drives:
COMPUTER
❑In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disc SOFTARE
drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves
for read and write data.
❑Some drives can only read from certain discs, but
recent drives can both read and record, also called
burners or writers.
❑Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are
common types of optical media which can be read
and recorded by such drives.

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▪ Optical Disk Drive:

COMPUTER
▪ CD-ROM: read only memory, stores up to 700MB of data SOFTARE
▪ CD-RW: optical storage the same as CD-ROM, except it can be rewritten
multiple times
▪ DVD-ROM: read only memory; stores up to 4.7GB of data
▪ DVD-RW: same storage capacity as DVD-ROM, except it can be rewritten
multiple times
▪ DVD-RW DL: dual-layer version of DVD-RW, nearly doubling the capacity to
8.5GB

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▪ Solid State Disk:

COMPUTER
SOFTARE
▪ Compact Flash: largest in physical size of the card type memory
hardware.
▪ SSD: alternative to a standard hard disk drive; far superior, in that it
is a form of flash memory.
▪ Hybrid: known as a solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD) and combines a
traditional hard drive with a solid state drive.

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▪ Secure Digital (SD) Cards:

COMPUTER
▪ SOFTARE
SD: Secure Digital format of flash that is very popular in modern times
▪ Micro SD: flash type card that is used in small mobile devices and can be
inserted into Mini SD cards for modularity or multipurpose use
▪ Mini SD: flash type card that is used in small mobile devices, similar to micro
SD
▪ XD: flash card type typically found in older digital cameras

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▪ What is software:
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform COMPUTER
a well-
SOFTARE
defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to
solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software −
System Software
Application Software

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▪ System Software:
COMPUTER
System software is set of programs to control and manage the actual
operations of a computer hardware. SOFTARE
It controls the basic operations as follows;
-Saving data on disk
-making computer o work for us
-printing a document etc

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▪ Examples of system software:

COMPUTER
SOFTARE
▪ Operating System
▪ Utility Programs
▪ Device Drivers

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▪ Application Software:
COMPUTER
Application Software is used to perform various application on the
SOFTARE
computer . It helps a computer user to perform specific tasks.
People use application software according to their needs. It is also
known as application package.

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▪ Categories of Application Software:

COMPUTER
Main categories of application software SOFTARE
1-Customized Software
2-Package Software

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▪ Examples:
COMPUTER
1-Customized Software SOFTARE
- A software that is developed for a particular university
2-Package Software
- Word Processor
- Spreadsheet
- Database Software
- Graphics Software

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▪ Difference between System Software and Application :

System Software Application Software COMPUTER
General Purpose Specific purpose
SOFTARE
Used to Manage computer resources Used to solve particular problems

It Executes all the time in computer It executes as and when required

The number of system software is less then application The number of application software is much more than
software system software.
System software is essential for a computer to work Application software is not essential for a computer to
work.

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▪ Operating System:
COMPUTER
An Operating System is a set of programs that manages all computer components
SOFTARE
and operations. A computer can do nothing without an operating system. OS
must be installed on every computer.
• Windows 7
• Linux
• UNIX
• Sun Solaris
• Mac OS

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▪ Operating System:
COMPUTER
•
•
Multiuser Operating System
Multiprocessor Operating System
SOFTARE
• Multitasking Operating System
• Multithreading Operating System
• Time Sharing Operating System

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▪ Operating System :
The Operating System is a program with the following features :
COMPUTER
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between SOFTARE
the software and the computer hardware.
It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to manage
overall resources and operations of the computer.
It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the
execution of all other programs that reside in the computer,
including application programs and other system software.

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▪ Objectives of Operating System:

The objectives of the operating system are − COMPUTER
-To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner. SOFTARE
-To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
-To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
-To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users, making it easier
for the users to access and use other resources.
-To manage the resources of a computer system.
-To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, and
mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users.
-To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.

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▪ Characteristics of Operating System:

Here is a list of some of the most prominent characteristic features ofCOMPUTER
Operating
Systems −
1-Memory Management
SOFTARE
2-Processor Management
3-Device Management
4-File Management
5-Security Job Accounting
6-Control Over System Performance
7-Interaction with the Operators
8-Error-detecting Aids
9-Coordination Between Other Software and Users
10-Booting

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 Computer Software

▪ Client & Server :

COMPUTER
SOFTARE

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 Computer Software

▪ Client :
COMPUTER
A Client is a computer in a network that is connected with a server to access different resources .
The client computer sends request to the server for resources. The server computer provides the
SOFTARE
requested resource to the client computer. The client computer is less powerful than server
computer
▪ Server:
A server is a computer that provide services to the computers and other devices connected to the
network. Server computer is more powerful than other computers in the network.
Different services provided by the server are as follows:
• Control access to the hardware, software and data
• Centralized storage for software, data and information
• Processing data
• Sharing software
• Managing network traffic

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 Computer Software

▪ Types of Server :
COMPUTER
1- Dedicated Server SOFTARE
2-Authentication Server
3-File Server

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▪ Difference between Client and Server OS :

COMPUTER
1. A client machine is a small computer with a basic hardware configuration whereas
a server machine is a high-end computer with an advanced hardware configuration.
SOFTARE
2. A client is a simple and less powerful machine whereas a server is a powerful
expensive machine.
3. A client is used for simple tasks whereas a server is used for storing huge data
files and applications.
4. A server delivers high performance compared to a client machine.
5. A server supports simultaneous, multiple user log-ins whereas a client supports a
single user log-in at a time.

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