ATextBookofPsy

chol
ogy
Uni
t-I I
NTRODUCTION-PHYCHOLOGY
(
Hist
oryandOr
iginofSci
enceofPsy
chol
ogy
)
 I
ntr
oduct
ion&Def
ini
ti
onofpsy
chol
ogy

 Hi
stor
y&or
igi
nofpsy
chol
ogy

 ScopesofPsy
chol
ogy

 Rel
evancet
oNur
sing

 Met
hodsofPsy
chol
ogy

 Psy
chol
ogyandt
hest
udentnur
se

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:
Psy
chol
ogyi
sanacademi
candappl
i
eddi
sci
pli
nei
nvol
vi
ngt
hesci
ent
if
icst
udyof
ment
alpr
ocessesandbehav
iour
.Thewor
d“psy
chol
ogy
”comesf
rom t
heGr
eek
wor
ds“
psy
che,
”meani
ng 
l
ife,and“
logos,
”meani
ng 
expl
anat
ion.Psy
chol
ogydi
ff
ers
f
rom t
heot
hersoci
alsci
ences-ant
hropol
ogy
,economi
cs,pol
i
ticalsci
ence,and
soci
ology-i
nthatpsy
chol
ogyseekt
oexpl
aint
hement
alpr
ocessesandbehav
iour
of
 i
ndi
vi
dual
s.Wher
easbi
ologyand neur
osci
encest
udyt
hebi
ologi
calorneur
al
pr
ocessesandhow t
heyr
elat
etot
hement
alef
fect
stheysubj
ect
ivel
ypr
oduce,
psy
chol
ogyi
spr
imar
il
yconcer
nedwi
tht
hei
nter
act
ionofment
alpr
ocessesand
behav
iouronasy
stemi
clev
el.
ORI
GIN
I
near
li
ert
imet
her
ewasabel
i
eft
hatpsy
chol
ogyi
snot
hingbutmi
ndr
eadi
ng
t
her
ewasal
soanot
hernot
iont
hatPsy
chol
ogi
stwer
eBl
ackMagi
cians,andt
hey
coul
dcur
ement
alpr
obl
ems.Ther
ewasat
imewher
ether
ewasnosubj
ectas
Psy
chol
ogy
.‘Ment
alPhi
l
osophy
’was cov
eri
ng t
he st
udy oft
he mi
nd.Thus
Psy
chol
ogyi
slegi
ti
mat
echi
l
dofphi
l
osophy
.
I
twasi
nthey
ear1590t
hatRudol
fGeockl
eusedt
hewor
dpsy
chol
ogyf
ort
he
f
ir
stt
ime.I
tcomef
rom t
heGr
eekwor
ds‘
PSYCHE’
and‘
LOGOS’
.Psy
chemeanssoul
orspi
ri
tandl
ogosmeansknowl
edgeorSci
enceOFTHESOUL.

Psy
chol
ogyi
sav
eryy
oungsci
enceshav
ingsepar
atedf
rom phi
l
osophyi
n
1879.
WhenWI
LHELM WOUNDTest
abl
i
shedt
hef
ir
stpsy
chol
ogi
call
abor
ator
yat
LI
PZI
NGi
nGERMANY.Hewascal
l
edt
he‘
FATHEROFPSYCHOLOGY’becausehe
wast
hef
ir
stper
sont
omeasur
ehumanbehav
iouraccur
atel
y.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
 ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

Fi
eldofPsy
chol
ogyhast
hreedi
sti
nctEr
as.

I
. Pr
emoder
npsy
chol
ogy(
Pre-
sci
ent
if
icAge)

I
I. Moder
npsy
chol
ogy(
Themoder
nageofsci
ent
if
icpsy
chol
ogy
)

I
II
. Postmoder
npsy
chol
ogy
(RecentTr
endsi
ncont
empor
arypsy
chol
ogy
)

Pr
emoder
npsy
chol
ogy(
Pre-
sci
ent
if
icAge)
:Thi
ser
atakeusbackmanycent
uri
est
o
at
imewhen psy
chol
ogywasv
iewed asaphi
l
osophy& notasci
ence.I
nthe
psy
chol
ogyt
her
ewasanat
uralt
iesi
nwi
tht
het
imes&i
ntel
l
ect
ualel
i
teofGr
eece&
Egy
pt.

Att
heear
li
ert
imepsy
chol
ogyt
ooki
tsi
dent
if
icat
ionf
rom t
heschool
ofphi
l
osophy
.

 Socr
ates,
Plat
o&Descar
tesbel
i
evedt
hatt
hemi
nd&bodywer
esepar
ateent
it
ies
(
dual
i
sm)andt
hatmosti
dea,
thought
,tr
ait
set
c,wer
einbor
n

(
Nat
ureov
erNur
tur
e)

 Ar
ist
otl
eandLockebel
i
evedt
hatt
hemi
nd&bodywer
econnect
ed(
moni
sm)&
t
hatt
hemi
ndwasa“
blanksl
ate”uponwhi
chexper
ienceswr
it
es(
Nat
ureov
er
Nur
tur
e)

I
twasar
ound1870t
hatt
hef
ocusont
hepsy
chol
ogyoft
hehuman
mi
ndshi
ft
edf
rom t
hepr
e-moder
nvi
ew ofi
tbei
ngaphi
l
osophyoft
hemor
e
cur
rentt
heor
yofconsci
ous&unconsci
ousl
evel
off
unct
ioni
ng.

Moder
npsy
chol
ogy(
Themoder
nageofsci
ent
if
icpsy
chol
ogy
):Ar
ound 1890 a
st
eadyst
ream ofwhatsi
ncet
henwasconsi
der
edr
adi
cali
deas&t
heor
iesbegant
o
appear
.Psy
chol
ogyr
oot
sar
einmedi
cine&phi
l
osophy
,fr
om t
hel
ate1800’
sunt
ilt
he
1950s.Psy
chol
ogi
stwasdi
vi
dedaboutwhatt
heyshoul
dst
udy&how t
heyshoul
d
st
udyi
t.Asar
esul
t,i
tgav
ebi
rt
htodi
ff
erenti
deol
ogi
est
hesedi
ff
erenti
deol
ogi
esar
e
r
egar
dedasschool
s.Mai
nschool
are

I
. St
ruct
ural
i
sm Theor
y:an ear
ly schoolof psy
chol
ogy t
hatused obj
ect
ive
i
ntr
ospect
iont
oexpl
oret
hest
ruct
ural
element
soft
hemi
nd.

Wi
l
hel
m Wundtst
artf
ir
stpsy
chol
ogi
call
abor
ator
yfort
hewor
kwi
tht
hei
r
associ
ates.
Thest
ruct
ural
i
sm at
tempt
edt
ogi
veasci
ent
if
icanal
ysi
sofconsci
ousexper
ience

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
 ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

bybr
eaki
ngdowni
ntoi
tsspeci
fi
ccomponent
sorst
ruct
ures.Forexampl
es,t
hey
i
dent
if
yfourbasi
cski
nsensat
ionofwet
nessast
hecombi
nedexper
iencesofcol
d
andsmoot
hness.
I
I. Behav
iour
ism Theor
y:wasi
ntr
oducedi
n1913byJohnBWat
son,anAmer
ican
psy
chol
ogi
st.Behav
iour
ism i
sasy
stemat
icappr
oacht
otheunder
standi
ngof
human& ani
malbehav
iour
.Itassumest
hatal
lbehav
iourar
eei
therr
efl
exes
pr
oducedbyar
esponset
ocer
tai
nst
imul
iint
heenv
ironmentoraconsequences
oft
hati
ndi
vi
dual
’
shi
stor
y,i
ncl
udi
ngspeci
all
yrei
nfor
cementandpuni
shment
t
oget
herwi
tht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
’
scur
rentmot
ivat
ional
stat
e&cont
rol
l
ingst
imul
i
.

Dur
ing t
he f
ir
sthal
f of t
he t
went
iet
h cent
ury
,John B.Wat
son dev
ised
met
hodol
ogi
calBehav
iour
ism,whi
chr
eject
edi
ntr
ospect
ivemet
hods& soughtt
o
under
stand Behav
iourby onl
y measur
ing obser
vabl
e Behav
iour& ev
ent
s.B.
F.
Ski
nnersuggest
edt
hatpr
ivat
eev
ent
sthati
ncl
udi
ngt
hought
s&f
eel
i
ngar
etobe
subj
ect
edt
othesamecont
rol
l
ingv
ari
abl
esasobser
vabl
ebehav
iourwhi
chbecame
t
hebasi
sforhi
sphi
l
osophycal
l
edr
adi
cal
behav
iour
ism.

Wat
son&Ev
anPav
lovi
nvest
igat
edt
hest
imul
us–r
esponsepr
ocedur
esof
cl
assi
cal
condi
ti
oni
ng.

I
II
. Funct
ional
i
sm:I
sa schoolofpsy
chol
ogyt
hatf
ocused on how ment
aland
behav
iour
alpr
ocessf
unct
ionandhowt
heyenabl
etheor
gani
sm t
ofl
our
ishadapt
andsur
viv
e.

St
ruct
ural
i
sm was soon chal
l
enged by Wi
l
li
am James & some ot
her
psy
chol
ogi
stwho f
eltt
hatt
hei
rnewf
iel
dshoul
dnotf
ocusont
hest
ruct
ureof
consci
ousness,
butoni
tsf
unct
ion.

Funct
ional
i
sm was st
rongl
yinf
luenced byDr
awi
ntheor
y,t
heor
yofnat
ural
sel
ect
ion.Onl
ythosespeci
eswi
l
lsur
viv
ewhi
chhav
etost
rongwi
l
l/desi
ret
osur
viv
e
ort
hespeci
eswhi
chhav
eapowert
ofi
ghtwi
tht
henat
uralpr
obl
emsorcopeupt
he
pr
obl
em i
nthei
rsur
viv
al.

(
IV)Psy
choanal
ysi
s:Psy
choanal
ysi
sisat
her
apeut
ict
echni
quesr
elat
edt
othest
udy
oft
heunconsci
ousmi
nd. Psy
choanal
ysi
swasest
abl
i
shedi
ntheear
ly1890s by
Aust
ri
anneur
ologi
stSi
gmundFr
eud.

Fr
eudf
ir
stusedt
het
erm psy
choanal
ysi
sin1896Fr
eudr
etai
nedt
het
erm

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

psy
choanal
ysi
sforhi
sownschooloft
hought
.Theai
m ofpsy
choanal
ysi
sther
apyi
s
t
orel
easer
epr
essed emot
ion & exper
iences,t
hati
smaket
heunconsci
ousor
consci
ous

I
npsy
choanal
ysi
sFr
eudwoul
dhav
eapat
ientl
i
eonacoucht
orel
ax,andhe
woul
dsi
tbehi
ndt
hem t
aki
ngnot
eswhi
l
etheyi
nst
ructhi
m aboutt
hei
rdr
eamsand
chi
l
dhood memor
ies. Psy
choanal
ysi
s i
s i
nvol
vi
ng many sessi
ons wi
th t
he
psy
choanal
yst
.

Postmoder
npsy
chol
ogy
:(r
ecentt
rendsi
ncont
empor
arypsy
chol
ogy
):psy
chol
ogy
ast
hest
udyoft
hesoulhasf
all
enonhar
dti
mes.Tr
adi
ti
onal
l
ywei
dent
if
iedour
per
sonali
dent
it
yaswhatwear
ebor
nwi
thast
abl
e,uni
fi
edsouli
ncl
udi
ngmi
ndand
hear
t.

Accor
dingt
ophi
l
osopherAl
l
anBl
oom,
thesel
fist
hemoder
nsubst
it
uteoft
he
soul
.Inot
herwor
ds,t
het
radi
ti
onal
l
yideaofani
mmat
eri
alsoulasbei
ngt
heseatof
ourper
sonali
dent
it
yhasbeenr
epl
acedwi
tht
hepostmoder
npsy
chol
ogyofsoci
all
y
const
ruct
edone’
sownsel
f.
OncePostmoder
npsy
chol
ogyi
smast
eredt
hement
ali
l
lheal
thpr
eval
ent
wi
thi
nsoci
etywi
l
ldi
ssi
pat
ethr
oughaconci
seandaccur
atet
reat
mentav
ail
abl
e
t
hroughi
ntegr
atedi
nter
vent
ioni
ntot
hehumanmi
ndandbodyent
erpr
ise,asno
condi
ti
onwi
thoutcur
escanact
ual
l
yexi
st.
Hi
stor
yofpsy
chol
ogy(
387BCt
opr
esent
):-

387BC-Pl
atosuggest
edt
hatt
hebr
aini
sthemechani
sm ofment
alpr
ocesses.
335BC-Ar
ist
otl
esuggest
edt
hatt
hehear
tismechani
sm ofment
alpr
ocesses.
1861-Fr
enchphy
sici
anPaulbr
okedi
scov
eredanar
eai
nthel
eftf
ront
all
obet
hat
pl
aysakey
r
olei
nlanguagedev
elopment
.
1879-Wi
l
hel
m Wundtf
oundedf
ir
stf
ormall
abor
ator
yofpsy
chol
ogyatt
heuni
ver
sit
y
of
Lei
pzi
g mar
king t
he f
ormalbegi
nni
ng oft
he st
udyofhuman emot
ions,
behav
iour&
Cogni
ti
ons.
1883-Thef
ir
stl
abor
ator
yofpsy
chol
ogyi
nAmer
icai
sest
abl
i
shedatj
ohnsHopki
ns
Uni
ver
sit
y.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

1886-Si
gmundf
reedbeganper
for
mingt
her
apyi
nVi
ennamar
kingt
hebegi
nni
ngof
per
sonal
i
tyt
heor
y.
1890-The t
erm ment
alt
est was coi
ned by James Cat
tel
l
,begi
nni
ng t
he
speci
ali
zat
ioni
n
psy
chol
ogynowknownaspsy
chol
ogi
cal
assessment
.

1900-Si
gmundFr
eudpubl
i
shedi
nter
pret
ati
onofdr
eam mar
kingt
hebegi
nni
ngof
Psy
choanal
yti
cthought
.
1905-
Alf
redbi
nit
’si
ntel
l
igencet
estwaspubl
i
shedi
nFr
ance.
1911-
Edwar
dThor
ndi shed1star
kepubl
i ti
cleonani
mali
ntel
l
igencel
eadi
ngt
othe
t
heor
yof
oper
antcondi
ti
oni
ng.
1912-Wi
l
li
am st
erndev
elopedt
heor
igi
nalf
ormul
afort
heI
Q af
terst
udy
ingt
he
scor
edon
bi
nit
’si
ntel
l
igencet
est
.Thef
ormul
ais
I
Q=Ment
alAgex100/chr
onol
ogi
cal
age
1927-AnnaFr
euddaught
erofSi
gmundFr
eudpubl
i
shedherf
ir
stbookexpandi
ngher
Fat
her
’si
deai
nthet
reat
mentofchi
l
dren.
1935-(
TAT)Themat
icApper
cept
ionTestwaspubl
i
shedbyhenMur
ray
.
1942-Car
lRoger
spubl
i
shed‘
counsel
l
ing&psy
chot
her
apy
’
1950-Er
ikEr
iksonpubl
i
shed‘
chi
l
dhood&soci
ety
’Wher
eheexpandsFr
eud’
stheor
y
t
o
i
ncl
udesoci
alaspect
sofper
sonal
i
ty.Dev
elopmentacr
osst
hel
i
fespan.
1952-
Thedi
agnost
ic&st
ati
sti
calmanualofment
aldi
sor
der(
DSM)waspubl
i
shedby
t
he
Amer
icanpsy
chi
atr
icassoci
ati
on.
1954-
Abr
ahanMasl
owhel
pedt
ofoundhumani
sti
cpsy
chol
ogy&l
aterdev
elopedhi
s
f
amous
hi
erar
chyofneeds.
1998-
Psy
chol
ogyadv
ancest
othet
heol
ogi
cal
agewi
tht
heemer
genceofe-
ther
apy
.
2002-
New Mexi
co becomest
hef
ir
stst
atet
o passl
egi
slat
ional
l
owi
ngl
i
censed
psy
chol
ogi
sts
t
opr
escr
ibepsy
chot
ropi
cmedi
cat
ion.
DEFI
NATI
ONSOFPSYCHOLOGY:

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

Thel
i
ter
almeani
ngoft
het
erm psy
chol
ogyi
ssci
enceoft
hesoul
.Soulbei
ngv
ague
andambi
guoust
hisdef
ini
ti
onwasdi
scar
dedbecausei
twoul
dcomei
nthewayof
t
hepr
ogr
essofpsy
chol
ogy
.
Lat
eronWI
LLI
AM JAMESsubst
it
utedsoulf
ort
hemi
nd.Thus,psy
chol
ogycamet
o
be known as STUDY OF THE MI
ND.Agai
n,t
he t
erm mi
nd bei
ng v
ague and
ambi
guous,
thi
sdef
ini
ti
ont
oowasdi
scar
ded.

1.
WILHELM WUNDT–SCI
ENCEOFCONSCI
OUSEXPERI
ENCE.

2.J.
B.WATSONdef
inedpsy
chol
ogyasSCI
ENCEOFBEAHAVI
OUR.

OTHERI
MPORTANTDEFI
NITI
ONS:

3.WOODWORTHANDMARQUI
S- Psy
chol
ogyi
sthesci
ent
if
icst
udyoft
heact
ivi
ti
es
oft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
inr
elat
iont
ohi
senv
ironment
.

Theact
ivi
ti
esi
ncl
ude,
CONATI
VEACTI
VITY(
MOTOR)-
Wal
ki
ng,
tal
ki
ng.
COGNI
TIVEACTI
VITY(
MENTAL)
-Thi
nki
ng,
per
cei
vi
ng,
reasoni
ng.
AFFECTI
VEACTI
VITY(
EMOTI
ONAL)-Laughi
ng,
cry
ing.
4.WI
LLI
AM M.
CDOUGALL–Theposi
ti
vesci
encesoft
hebehav
iourofl
i
vingbei
ngs.
5.MUNN–Sci
enceofex
per
ienceandbehav
iour
.
(
Exper
iencebei
ngi
nter
nalandsubj
ect
ivecanbeunder
stoodonl
ybyt
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
behav
iourbei
ngov
ertandobj
ect
ivei
sobser
vabl
eandv
eri
fi
abl
e).

SCOPESOFPSYCHOLOGY{
WORKOFPSYCHOLOGY/
BRANCHESOFPSYCHOLOGY}

Thescopesofpsy
chol
ogyi
swi
deandv
ari
edashumanact
ivi
ti
es.
Theai
m of
psy
chol
ogi
stsi
stomakeabet
terman.
thef
indi
ngsofpsy
chol
ogywast
oimpr
ove
ef
fi
ciencyofi
ndi
vi
dual
sinal
lwal
ksofl
i
fe.Psy
chol
ogycanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
womai
n
br
anches:
-

(
1)Theor
eti
cal
Fiel
d(2)Appl
i
edFi
eld.

1.Theor
eti
cal
Fiel
d:-

1)Gener
alPsy
chol
ogy–

I
tisconcer
nedwi
thest
abl
i
shmentofbasi
cpr
inci
plesofhumanbehav
iour
.Itst
udi
es
act
ivi
ti
es ofman l
i
ke at
tent
ion,per
cept
ion,emot
ions,memor
y,et
c.I
tev
olv
es

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

pr
inci
ples.

2)Soci
alpsy
chol
ogy
-

I
ndi
vi
duali
sbor
nint
othesoci
ety
.Cul
tur
e,t
radi
ti
on,cust
om,r
eli
gion,andot
her
f
act
orsl
eav
e a deep i
mpr
essi
on on t
he i
ndi
vi
dualand det
ermi
ne hi
sconat
ive,
cogni
ti
veandaf
fect
iveact
ivi
ty.

Soci
alpsy
chol
ogi
stst
udi
esi
ndi
vi
duali
ncont
extoft
hesoci
etyt
owhi
chhebel
ongs
.
Itst
udi
espr
obl
emsl
i
kesoci
ali
zat
ion,
int
ergr
oupandi
ntr
agr
oupr
elat
ions,
att
it
udes
et
c.

Soci
alPsy
chol
ogi
star
eKI
MBALYOUNG,
BOGARDUS,
MURPHY,
ALLPORT,
KUPPASWAMY.

3)Chi
l
dPsy
chol
ogy–

St
udi
esi
ndi
vi
dualf
orm bi
rt
hto puber
ty.
studi
esdev
elop i
n behav
ioursuch as
sensor
y ,mot
or,emot
ional
,mot
ivat
ional
,soci
al,i
ntel
l
ect
ual
,and per
sonal
i
ty
dev
elopment.

I
tisa cr
it
icalper
iod,whi
ch can hav
eal
ast
ing i
nfl
uence.Hence her
edi
tyand
env
ironmentar
eal
sot
akeni
ntoaccount
.

St
udi
esChi
l
dssuccessandf
ail
ures,
adj
ust
mentandmal
adj
ust
ment
s.

Chi
l
dpsy
chol
ogi
st-
E.BHURLOCK,
HAVI
GHURST,
GESSELL,
THOMPSON.

4)DEVELOPMENTALPSYCHOLOGY-

St
udi
est
hef
act
ort
hatshapehumanbehav
iourf
rom concept
iont
odeat
h.At
tempt
s
t
ounder
standcompl
exbehav
iourbyst
udy
ingt
hebegi
nni
ng.

Dev
elopment
alchangesi
nbehav
iouroccurr
api
dlyi
near
lyy
ear
sofl
i
fe,
adol
escence,
adul
thood,andadul
thoodandol
dage.so,t
hest
udyoft
hesechangesi
sal
soapar
t
ofdev
elopment
alpsy
chol
ogy.Adol
escencei
sat
ransi
ti
onf
rom chi
l
dtoadul
t,hence.
mor
eat
tent
ioni
sgi
vent
othi
sper
iod.

Ther
oleofher
edi
tyandenv
ironmentst
art
ingf
rom concept
iont
il
ldeat
hisgi
venal
ot
ofemphasi
s.

Psy
chol
ogi
st-ELI
ZABETHB.
HURLOCK,
BROOKS

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

5)Abnor
mal
psy
chol
ogy
:
 St
udi
eswhyi
ndi
vi
dual
dev
iat
esf
rom nor
mal
behav
iour
.
 St
udi
esabnor
mal
i
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

 Deal
swi
tht
heor
eti
calaspectofabnor
mal
i
ty.Abnor
malper
son’
sdeal
sdi
ff
er
i
ndegr
eet
hani
nki
ndf
rom nor
mal
per
son.

 deal
s wi
th di
ff
erent
ialdi
agnosi
s(st
udy of di
ff
erent
iat
ing bet
ween t
he
sy
mpt
omsofv
ari
ousment
aldi
sor
der
s)

 Hel
ptounder
standnat
ureandcauseofabnor
mal
behav
iour
.

 I
thashel
pedt
odest
royt
hewr
ongnot
ionspeopl
ehav
eaboutment
alpat
ient
s.

 I
mpor
tantPsy
chol
ogi
sts-SI
GMUNDFREUD,
ADLER,
CARLJUNG

6)Ani
mal
psy
chol
ogy
:
 st
udi
esbehav
iourofani
mal
.Dat
acol
l
ect
edonani
malbehav
iouri
sfoundt
o
beusef
ult
ounder
standofhumanbehav
iour
.
 Menar
ecal
l
edi
srat
ional
ani
mal
.

(
7)Par
apsy
chol
ogy
:
 Deal
swi
thext
rasensor
yper
cept
ion(
esp.– t
elepat
hy,cl
air
voy
ance,ext
ra
cor
ti
cal
memor
yet
c.)
 Tel
epat
hy– (
thoughtt
ransf
erence)act
ionofonemi
ndont
heot
herata
di
stance t
hrough emot
ionalexper
ience.Wi
thoutcommuni
cat
ion t
hrough
senses.

 Cl
air
voy
ance–abi
l
ityofseei
ngment
all
ywhati
shappeni
ngorexi
sti
ngoutof
si
ght
.

 Ext
racor
ti
cal
memor
y–memor
yofpr
evi
ousbi
rt
h.

Appl
i
edf
iel
d:

1)Cl
i
nical
psy
chol
ogy
:

 Cl
i
nicalpsy
chol
ogyi
nvol
vesappl
i
cat
ionsofpr
inci
plesandt
heor
yofabnor
mal
psy
chol
ogyi
nthedi
agnosi
sandt
reat
mentofemot
ionsandbehav
iourpr
obl
ems.
Suchasment
aldi
sor
der
s,dr
ugaddi
cti
on,al
cohol
i
sm,ment
alr
etar
dat
ionandso

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

on.

 Cl
i
nicalpsy
chol
ogyi
sdoct
orswhodi
agnosi
sbehav
es.Di
sor
der
sandt
reat
ment
t
hem bymeansofpsy
chot
her
apy
.Theyusepsy
chol
ogi
calt
est
s,i
nter
view,case
hi
stor
iest
odi
agnoset
hedi
sor
der
.Theyadoptappr
opr
iat
ether
apeut
ict
echni
que
(
behav
iourt
her
apy
,psy
chot
her
apy
)tot
reatpat
ient
s.

2)Counsel
l
ingpsy
chol
ogy
:

 Hel
pspeopl
ewi
thmi
l
eemot
ional
andper
sonal
probl
ems.

 Deal
swi
thf
ami
l
ypr
obl
ems,mar
ri
agepr
obl
emsandchoosi
ngcar
ri
er.Adopt
s
psy
chot
her
apy
.

3)Educat
ional
psy
chol
ogy
:

 Schooloreducat
ionalpsy
chol
ogi
stsar
einv
olv
edi
ntest
ingandgui
danceof
i
ndi
vi
dual
student
swhoneedspeci
alat
tent
ions.

 Theyar
e concer
ned wi
thi
ncr
easi
ng t
he ef
fi
ciencyofl
ear
ning i
n school
t
hrough appl
i
cat
ion of psy
chol
ogi
cal knowl
edge about l
ear
ning and
mot
ivat
iont
hroughcur
ri
cul
um.

 Theysomet
imeev
aluat
eandadmi
nist
eradmi
ssi
onexami
nat
ions.Somemay
dov
ocat
ional
counsel
l
ing.

4)Exper
iment
alpsy
chol
ogy
:

 Oneoft
heol
destbr
anches.Begani
n1879atLei
pzi
gbyWi
l
hel
m Wundt
.

 At
tempt
stounder
standt
hef
undament
alcauseofbehav
iour
.

 St
art
edst
udy
ingsensor
ypr
ocessesl
ear
ning,
memor
y.

 At
tempt
stost
udyhowbehav
iourcanbemodi
fi
ed.

5)I
ndust
ri
al&or
gani
zat
ional
psy
chol
ogy
:

 Pr
ogr
essofi
ndust
rydependsonper
sonal
notonl
ymachi
nesorr
awmat
eri
als.
Henceconcer
nedwi
thper
sonnel
.

 Sel
ect
sri
ghtmanf
ort
her
ightj
ob.Sel
ect
ioni
smadeonbasi
sofapt
it
ude,
at
ti
tude,
int
erest
,int
ell
i
gence.
Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

6)Mar
ketorconsumerpsy
chol
ogy
:

Ev
aluat
esat
ti
tudeoft
heconsumerofspeci
fi
cpr
oduct
s.

 Makessuggest
ionst
omanuf
act
urer
stoi
mpr
ovet
hei
rpr
oduct
s.

 Wor
kswi
thadv
ert
iser
stoi
mpr
ovesal
eofpr
oduct
s.

7)Communi
typsy
chol
ogy
:
 Appl
i
es psy
chol
ogi
calpr
inci
ple,i
dea & poi
ntofv
iew t
o hel
p,sol
ve soci
al
pr
obl
emsandhel
ptoi
ndi
vi
dual
stoadeptt
othei
rwor
kandl
i
vei
ngr
oups.
 Theyar
epar
tofcommuni
tyment
alheal
thmov
ement
.

 Concur
redwi
thpr
obl
emsofhost
il
it
ywhi
chcanposeapr
obl
em oncommuni
ty.

 Encour
agepeopl
etopar
ti
cipat
eincommuni
tydeci
sions.

8)Mi
l
itar
ypsy
chol
ogy
:
 Beganwi
thi
ntr
oduct
ionofpsy
chol
ogi
calt
est
sforar
myper
sonneldur
ingf
ir
st
wor
ldwar
.
 Non-
ver
bal
int
ell
i
gencet
estwasusedwi
thi
l
li
ter
atesol
dier
s.

 Usedi
nsel
ect
ionofsecur
it
iset
ovar
iousr
anks.

 Tr
eat
s war neur
it
is& r
ehabi
l
itat
es ser
vice men af
ter war i
nvocat
ional
r
eadj
ust
mentandf
ami
l
ypr
obl
ems.

 Pr
otect
speopl
eagai
nstpsy
chol
ogi
cal
shocks.

9)Psy
chol
ogyofcr
ime:
 Tr
eat
scr
imi
nal
behav
iourandant
isoci
alconduct
.
 Deal
swi
thj
uveni
l
edel
i
nquent
s.

 Cr
imemaybeduet
ofami
l
ydi
srupt
ion,soci
aldi
sor
gani
sat
ion,economi
cand
psy
chol
ogi
cal
fact
ors,
prov
idesr
efor
mat
ionandr
etr
aini
ng.

 Juv
eni
l
ecour
ts,r
emandhomes,gui
dancecl
i
nics,t
rai
ningschool
sar
eani
mpact
oft
hisbr
anchofpsy
chol
ogy
.

METHODSOFPSYCHOLOGY:
Psy
chol
ogyhasdev
elopedi
tsownmet
hods,
accor
dingt
oit
sneeds.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

01.
Int
rospect
ionorsel
f-
obser
vat
ionmet
hod:
Thi
smet
hodwassuggest
edbyEDWARDBRADFORDTI
TCHNER.
I
ntr
ospect
ioni
scomposedoft
wowor
ds‘
i
ntr
o’and‘
i
nspect
ion’
.
I
ntr
omeanswi
thi
nori
nwar
dandi
nspect
ionmeansl
ooki
ng.
I
tmeansl
ooki
ngwi
thi
norl
ooki
ngi
nwar
dtoex
per
ienceone’
sownment
alst
ate.I
t
meansl
ooki
ngi
ntoone’
sownt
hought
s,f
eel
i
ngsandexper
iencesatt
het
imeof
l
i
vingt
hrought
heexper
iencesi
nagi
vensi
tuat
ion,att
hegi
vent
ime,andt
oagi
ven
st
imul
us.I
tisi
nter
nalper
cept
ionorsel
f-
obser
vat
ion.I
tisi
ndi
spensabl
efort
hest
udy
ofi
nter
nalbehav
iour
.ex.Apat
ientaf
teranoper
ati
onmaybeaskedt
orepor
thowt
o
f
eel
s.Thepat
ientwi
l
ltr
ytol
ookwi
thi
nandr
ecal
lwhathappenedandhow hei
s
f
eel
i
ngnow.

Her
ethei
ndi
vi
dualdi
rect
shi
sat
tent
ioni
nwar
dtof
indoutexact
lywhati
shappeni
ng
i
nhi
smi
ndi
nagi
vensi
tuat
ion.Her
eei
thert
hespy
.hi
msel
flooki
ntoone’
sownmi
nd
orhemayaskhi
ssubj
ectt
olooki
ntohi
msel
fandt
orepor
tthewor
kingt
ohi
smi
nd
whi
l
eunder
goi
ngapar
ti
cul
arexper
ience.I
nor
dertobt
ainanaccur
atedat
a(r
epor
t)
ofone’
sownexper
ience,subj
ect
swi
l
lhav
etobegi
veni
ntenset
rai
ning.I
fthi
s
met
hodi
sst
ri
ctl
yfol
l
owed,i
tpr
ovi
desmostv
aluabl
edat
atost
udyofani
ndi
vi
dual
andt
opr
edi
ctbehav
iour
.

MERI
TS:
 Doesnoti
nvol
veexpendi
tur
e–nol
aborappar
atusr
equi
red.
 Thi
smet
hodcanusedany
timeandany
wher
e.
 Thi
sist
heeasi
estmet
hodandr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
etot
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.
 Wegetadi
rectknowl
edgeoft
hement
alexper
ienceoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.
DEMERI
TS:
 Dat
acol
l
ect
ionbyt
heobser
vat
ionmet
hodcannotbev
eri
fi
ed.
 Lackofsci
ent
if
icv
ali
dit
y.
 Feel
i
ngscannotbev
erbal
i
zedduet
olanguage.
 Usebyonl
yhi
ghl
ytr
ainedandski
l
ledwor
ker
.
2.Sy
stemat
icobser
vat
ion:

 I
thasbeendef
inedasmeasur
ementwi
thouti
nst
rument

 I
tconsi
stsofcol
l
ect
ionofdat
abymeansofobser
vingbehav
iourbysomebody
ot
hert
hant
hatper
son.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

 I
nthi
smet
hodat
tent
ioni
sfocusongest
ures,behav
iour
,soci
aladapt
ati
onsand
bodi
l
ychangesofpeopl
e.

 obser
vedt
hebehav
iouraccor
dingt
oapr
ear
rangedschedul
edandundercont
rol
condi
ti
on

Mer
it
s/Adv
ant
ages:

 Bei
ng ar
ecor
d oft
heact
ualbehav
iouroft
hechi
l
d,i
tismor
erel
i
abl
eand
obj
ect
ive.

 Usedi
nani
mal
andchi
l
dpsy
chol
ogysuccessf
ull
y.

 Dat
acol
l
ect
edi
saccur
ateandobj
ect
ive,asi
tisdoneundernat
uralset
ti
ngand
wi
l
lgi
vear
eal
i
sti
ctouch.

 Themet
hodhasbeenf
oundv
eryusef
ulwi
thshychi
l
dren.

 I
tcanbeusedwi
thal
i
ttl
etr
aini
ng.I
tdoesnotr
equi
reanyspeci
alt
oolor
equi
pment
.

 Whensi
tuat
ionscannotbest
udi
edexper
iment
all
y,obser
vat
ioni
sani
mpor
tant
t
ool
.

Demer
it
/Di
sadv
ant
ages:

 I
tist
imeconsumi
ngast
heobser
verhast
owai
tfort
hebehav
iourunderst
udyt
o
occur
.

 Ther
eisgr
eatscopef
orper
sonal
prej
udi
cesandbi
asoft
heobser
ver
.

 Onl
yov
ertbehav
iourcanbest
udi
edandnotf
eel
i
ngandexper
iences.

 Not possi
ble t
o cont
rol al
lvar
iabl
es t
hat det
ermi
ne behav
iour hence
gener
ali
zat
ioni
sdi
ff
icul
t.

3.Casest
udyorcasehi
stor
ymet
hod:
Casest
udymet
hodi
mpl
i
esadet
ail
edst
udyoft
hechi
l
drenorpat
ient
sori
ndi
vi
dual
ov
eral
i
mit
edper
iodoft
ime.Casehi
stor
yisdet
ail
eddescr
ipt
ionofapar
ti
cul
ar
i
ndi
vi
dual
.Itbasedoncar
eful
obser
vat
ionorf
ormal
psy
chol
ogi
cal
test
ing.
Car
efulst
udyi
ncl
udesanaccountofchi
l
d’sf
ami
l
y,soci
alenv
ironment
,hi
sphy
sical
condi
ti
on,hi
stor
yofdev
elopment
,hi
seducat
ionalandeconomi
calexper
ience,hi
s

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

pr
esenthabi
ts,adj
ust
ment
,sat
isf
act
ion,andany
thi
ngt
hatwi
l
lincr
easei
nsi
ghti
nto
t
heper
sonbehav
iour
.
Casest
udywi
l
lbemadebyawel
l
-tr
ained,educat
ed,soci
alphy
sicalwor
ker
,cl
i
nical
psy
chol
ogi
stwhohasani
mpar
ti
alandobj
ect
ivepoi
ntofv
iew.Dat
awi
l
lbecol
l
ect
ed
f
rom t
her
ecor
dsav
ail
abl
e,par
ent
s,t
eacher
s,andassoci
atesoft
hepat
ient
.
I
naddi
ti
ont
otheabov
esour
cesofdat
a,obser
vat
ion,
int
erv
iewquest
ionnai
res,
test
s
and measur
ementar
e al
so used t
o suppl
ementt
he i
nfor
mat
ion.Af
terdat
ais
col
l
ect
ed,
det
ail
edcasehi
stor
yispr
epar
ed,
anal
ysedandi
nter
pret
ed.
Thi
smet
hodusedt
ost
udyabnor
malandant
i-
soci
albehav
iour
,neur
osi
s,psy
chosi
s,
del
i
nquency
,cr
ime.
Mer
it
s/Adv
ant
ages:

 I
tmaybecal
l
edt
hecl
i
nical
met
hod.

 I
tisv
eryusef
uli
fdat
aiscol
l
ect
edcar
eful
l
yandobj
ect
ivel
y.

Demer
it
/Di
sadv
ant
ages:

 Aspar
toft
hedat
aiscol
l
ect
edf
rom f
ami
l
y,i
tissubj
ect
edt
oomi
ssi
onsand
commi
ssi
ons.

 Bei
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
met
hodconsumesal
otoft
ime.

 Asi
tfocusesoni
ndi
vi
dual
,gener
ali
zat
ionsabouthumanbehav
iouri
sver
ymuch
l
i
mit
ed.

4.Sur
veyorf
iel
dinv
est
igat
ionmet
hod:
I
nrecenty
ear
s,t
he appl
i
cat
ion ofphy
sicalpr
inci
plest
ovar
iousaspect
sis
i
ncr
easi
ng.I
tisnecessar
ytocol
l
ectdat
afr
om l
argegr
oupsofpeopl
eaboutv
ari
ous
aspect
sli
keat
ti
tudes,bel
i
efs,pr
ejudi
ceset
c.t
ocol
l
ectsuchdat
afr
om v
ari
ous
met
hodsknownasi
nter
view;
quest
ionnai
res’
rat
ingscal
eset
c.ar
eused.
I
tisusedi
nsoci
alpsy
chol
ogyandeducat
ionalpsy
chol
ogy
.St
ati
sti
cswi
l
lbeusedt
o
sel
ectt
hesampl
e,t
oadmi
nist
ert
het
est
,anal
ysedat
aandi
nter
prett
her
esul
ts.

Adv
ant
ages:
Dat
acanbecol
l
ect
edf
rom al
argenumbersi
mul
taneousl
y.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:Exper
iment
erhast
o acceptt
heanswer
sgi
ven byt
hesubj
ect
s
wi
thoutquest
ioni
ng.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

5.Exper
iment
alMet
hod:
(exper
imenti
saquest
ionaskedf
rom nat
ure)
Accor
ding t
o Fest
inger
,“t
he essence ofan exper
imentmay be descr
ibed as
obser
vingt
heef
fectonadependentv
ari
abl
eoft
hemani
pul
ati
onofani
ndependent
v
ari
abl
e”
I
tisahi
ghl
ydev
eloped,f
ormul
i
sedandaccur
ateofal
lsci
ent
if
icmet
hods.The
essenceofanexper
imenti
npsy
chol
ogyconsi
stsofcont
rol
l
ingt
hecondi
ti
onsunder
whi
ch t
he behav
iouroccur
s.Thi
s met
hod ofexper
iment
ati
on i
s not
hing but
obser
vat
ionoft
hebehav
iourundercont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
ons.

Her
etheexper
iment
erwi
l
lnotwai
tfort
hebehav
iourt
ooccuri
nnat
ure,r
athert
he
behav
iourt
obest
udi
edwi
l
lbepr
oduced“
atwi
l
l”bycr
eat
inganappr
opr
iat
esi
tuat
ion
andbypr
esent
ingast
imul
us,
toanor
gani
sm.

Her
eiti
spossi
blet
opr
edi
ctt
henat
ureandt
ypeofr
esponseorr
esponsewhi
chmay
occurt
o a gi
ven st
imul
us.Exper
imentcan be r
epeat
ed atwi
l
l.I
tenabl
est
he
obser
vat
ionbei
ngmadeunderv
ary
ingcondi
ti
ons.

I
nanexper
imentt
hei
nvest
igat
orar
rangest
heexper
iment
alsi
tuat
ionsi
nsuchaway
t
hatcr
eat
ionf
act
orsar
ekeptconst
antandoneort
wof
act
orsar
evar
ied.Thus,t
he
exper
iment
erwi
l
lhav
eaper
fectcont
rol
oft
hewhol
esi
tuat
ion.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethest
epsi
nexper
iment
.
1.I
dent
if
yingapr
obl
em.

2.For
mul
ati
onoft
hehy
pot
hesi
s(t
ent
ati
veanswert
othepr
obl
em)

3.Di
sti
nct
ionbet
weeni
ndependent&dependentv
ari
abl
es.

4.Ar
rangi
ngt
heenv
ironment
.

5.Anal
ysi
soft
her
esul
t.

6.Test
ingoft
hehy
pot
hesi
sbyt
her
esul
tsoft
heexper
iment
.

Ev
eryexper
imentwi
l
lhav
etwogr
oupsofsubj
ect
s:-
1.Cont
rol
l
edgr
oup 2.Exper
iment
algr
oup
Bot
hgr
oupsmustbemat
chedwi
thr
egar
dtoage,i
ntel
l
igence,backgr
ound,sex,Ex.
I
dent
ical
twi
ns.

Cont
rol
l
edgr
oupwi
l
lnotbeexposedt
oanyexper
iment
alv
ari
ati
on,butwi
l
lbehel
d

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

const
ant
.Exper
iment
algr
oupwi
l
lbeexposedt
osomev
ari
abl
eandt
hebehav
iour
al
changesi
fanywi
l
lbenot
edandcor
rel
atedwi
tht
hev
ari
edf
act
or.

I
npr
act
icei
tisdi
ff
icul
ttomat
cht
hesubj
ecti
nev
eryr
espect
.Ther
efor
e,subj
ect
sar
e
t
akenatr
andom i
ntwogr
oupsi
nor
dert
oneut
ral
i
zeorequal
i
zet
hef
act
orst
hat
af
fectt
heexper
iment
alr
esul
ts.

Anot
herway
,ist
o use t
he same gr
oup on di
ff
erentoccasi
ons and see t
he
per
for
manceoft
hesubj
ect
.Ift
hemat
chedgr
oupsar
enotav
ail
abl
etheexper
iment
wi
l
lbeconduct
edonl
yononegr
oupundert
wocondi
ti
onsv
iz.cont
rol
l
edcondi
ti
on
t
her
ewi
l
lbenochange.underexper
iment
alcondi
ti
ont
her
ewi
l
lbepr
edet
ermi
ned
changei
nthest
imul
ussi
tuat
ion.

Thef
act
orswi
thwhi
cht
heexper
imenti
sconcer
nedar
ecal
l
edv
ari
abl
es.I
tisa
char
act
eri
sti
cofasi
tuat
ionorper
sont
hati
ssubj
ectt
ochange.I
tcanbemeasur
ed
quant
it
ati
vel
y.

Thev
ari
abl
esi
nvol
vedi
nanexper
imentar
e:
1)I
ndependentv
ari
abl
e(I
V)
2)Dependentv
ari
abl
e(DV)
3)Rel
evantv
ari
abl
e(RV)
I
ndependentv
ari
abl
e:I
tisf
act
orsel
ect
edbyt
heexper
iment
ert
oseewhet
heri
thas
anef
fectonbehav
iour
.Inot
herwor
diti
saf
act
orwhoseef
fect
sar
est
udi
ed.I
tmi
ght
beast
imul
uspr
esent
edex.Dr
ugsadmi
nist
eredt
osomesubj
ect
sinor
dert
oseet
he
ef
fect
sonl
ear
ning.Her
etheexper
iment
ergi
vest
hedr
ugt
oexper
iment
algr
oupand
nott
ocont
rol
l
edgr
oup.
Dependentv
ari
abl
e:I
tist
hebehav
iourofaper
sonorani
malwhi
cht
heexper
iment
er
pr
edi
ctswi
l
lchangei
nsomewayasar
esul
tofchangi
ngt
hei
ndependentv
ari
abl
e.
Thedependentv
ari
abl
esocal
l
edbecausei
tsv
aluedependsupont
hev
alueoft
he
i
ndependentv
ari
abl
e.Dependentv
ari
abl
eist
hesubj
ect
’sr
eact
ion.

Rel
evantv
ari
abl
e:Ar
eot
herf
act
orswhi
chcoul
daf
fectt
hedependentv
ari
abl
e.The
ef
fect
sofi
ndependentv
ari
abl
ecanbedet
ermi
nedonl
ywhent
hepossi
bleef
fect
sof
al
lot
herf
act
orswhi
chmi
ghtpr
oduceachangei
ndependentv
ari
abl
ear
econt
rol
l
ed.
Thesef
act
orsar
eknownasr
elev
antv
ari
abl
e.Theyar
eusual
l
ykeptconst
antor
cont
rol
l
edt
oav
oidanymi
sleadi
ngr
esul
ts.Ther
ebyanychangei
nthedependent
v
ari
abl
ecanbeat
tri
but
edonl
ytot
hei
ndependent
svar
iabl
e.
Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

Mer
it
s:

1.Ther
esul
tsar
eexact
,obj
ect
ive,
andquant
it
ati
ve.

2.Thef
indi
ngsoft
heexper
iment
almet
hodar
ever
if
iabl
ebyot
herexper
iment
ers
underi
dent
ical
condi
ti
ons.

3.Repet
it
ioni
spossi
ble.Repeat
edbydi
ff
erentpeopl
e.

4.I
tispossi
blet
oinv
est
igat
etheef
fectofnotonl
yonebutsev
erali
ndependent
v
ari
abl
es.

5.Theexper
iment
ercanpr
oducet
hebehav
iour‘
atwi
l
l’
.

Demer
it
s:
1.Humannat
urei
schangi
ng.Onemaynotactexact
lyi
nthesamemannerev
en
i
nident
ical
sit
uat
ions.
2.Cannotbeusedwhendanger
oust
othesubj
ect
s.

3.Exper
iment
almet
hodi
sti
me-
consumi
ng&expensi
ve.

4.Ther
ear
edi
ff
icul
ti
esi
nmeasur
ingt
hedependentv
ari
abl
e.

5.At
ti
tudeoft
hesubj
ectwi
l
linf
luencet
her
esul
t.

6.I
tisar
ti
fi
ci
alandcannotbeappl
i
edt
onat
ural
sit
uat
ion.

7. I
tisnotpossi
blet
ocont
rolal
lther
elev
antv
ari
abl
eswhi
chmi
ghti
nfl
uence
t
hedependentv
ari
abl
e.

8.I
tisnotpossi
blet
omani
pul
atehumanbei
ngsal
lthet
ime.

Psy
chol
ogyandt
hest
udentnur
se.
1.I
twi
l
lenabl
etounder
standt
oher
sel
f:
 Under
standi
ngofmot
ives,
dri
ves,
emot
ions,
per
sonal
i
ty,
ambi
ti
onset
c.

 Real
i
sehowherper
sonal
i
tyi
sdi
ff
erentFr
omeanot
herone.

 Howshef
eel
s,t
hinksandr
easons.

 Howshear
ri
vesatdeci
sionsandsol
vespr
obl
ems.

 I
dent
if
yherdef
encemechani
sm andhav
eacont
rol
overt
hem.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

 Whatar
ethef
act
orst
hati
nfl
uencedhert
ochooset
henur
singpr
ofessi
ons?

 Hel
phert
ounder
standt
heneedf
oreconomi
csel
f-
stuf
fi
ness.

 Assessi
ngherabi
l
iti
es,
li
mit
ati
ons,
andweakness.

 Under
standi
ngherst
rengt
h& weakness,l
i
ke& di
sli
kei
nter
est& di
sint
erest
,
abi
l
iti
es&di
sabi
l
iti
es.

 Gi
veani
nsi
ghti
ntoherownbehav
iour
.

 At
tai
nsel
f-
disci
pli
ne.

 Dev
elopat
ti
tudeoft
oler
ance

2.Psy
chol
ogywi
l
lhel
pst
udentnur
sei
nunder
standi
ngot
her
s:

 Knowl
edgeofhumannat
urewi
l
lhel
phert
obei
nposi
ti
ont
ounder
standt
hem
bet
ter&achi
evegr
eat
ersuccessi
nint
erper
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
p.

 Peopl
ecomef
rom di
ff
erentbackgr
ound,
cul
tur
e,r
eli
gion,
tradi
ti
on,
hav
edi
ff
erent
v
alue,
att
it
udes,
cust
om et
c.shehast
olear
ntoi
nter
estwi
tht
hem.

 Shehast
owor
kst
udy& l
i
vewi
thot
her
snur
ses,doct
ors,pat
ient
s,andt
hei
r
f
ami
l
ies.Shehast
omakeagoodadj
ust
ment
.

 Lear
nabouti
ndi
vi
dual
dif
fer
ences.

 Lear
nwhyot
herar
edi
ff
erentf
rom herunder
standt
hei
rli
kes,di
sli
keabi
l
iti
es,
di
sabi
l
iti
es,
str
engt
handweakness.

 Lear
nhowcust
omsorbel
i
efsorcul
tur
alf
act
orsaf
fectbehav
e.

 Under
standot
her
sshor
tcomi
ngs.

3.St
udyofpsy
chol
ogywi
l
lhel
pthest
udentnoset
oappr
eci
atet
henecessi
tyof
changi
ngt
heenv
ironmentorsur
roundi
ngs:

 Changeofenv
ironmenti
simpor
tantandnecessar
yforbet
teradj
ust
mentand
happi
ness.Ex.Aboywhoi
sdeni
edofl
ove,af
fect
ion&car
eofpar
ent
swi
l
ldo
bet
teri
fgi
vent
hecar
eoff
ost
erpar
ent
s.

 Shehast
omai
ntai
napl
easantat
mospher
eint
hehospi
talt
oensur
ethepat
ient

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur
ATextBookofPsy
chol
ogy

speedyr
ecov
ery
.

4.Psy
chol
ogywi
l
lthr
ow l
i
ghtont
hei
nter
dependencesofbody
,mi
ndandspi
ri
tin
eachi
ndi
vi
dual
:

 Whenanur
sei
swor
ri
edaboutani
mpor
tantexami
nat
ionf
orwhi
chshef
eel
sfi
l
l
pr
epar
edshesoonl
osesherappet
it
e.Thus,
mindaf
fect
sthebody
.

 Whenaper
soni
smetwi
thanacci
dent
,hemi
ghthav
esuf
fer
edmul
ti
plei
njur
ies
t
ohi
sbodyandt
hushi
smi
nddoesnotwor
k.Hemi
ghtgetangr
yatev
ery
one.
Thus,
bodyaf
fect
sthemi
nd.

 I
nanat
mospher
eoft
ensi
onandcr
it
ici
sm,
shecannotgi
vei
ntoherf
ullcapaci
ty.
Hermi
ndandbodywor
kdi
ff
erent
ly.

 Thus,
heal
thymi
ndi
naheal
thybodyshoul
dbegi
venpr
ior
it
y.

Ompr
akashSwami
(Aut
hor
)-Associ
ateProfessor
,Mahat
maGandhi
Nur
singCol
l
ege,
Jai
pur