Summer Holiday Home Assignment (2019-20)

Smoke Alarm

A Class XII Physics Model Demonstration Paper by-

Rishabh Pande
12 C
7265
Index
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgements
3. Smoke Alarm
4. Introduction
5. Types of Smoke Detectors
6. Components Required
7. Circuit Diagram
8. Working of Smoke Alarm
9. Bibliography
 SAI International School
Dept. of Physics
Certificate
This is to certify that “Master Rishabh Pande” of Class XII-C
Science has successfully completed his investigatory research
file on the topic “smoke alarm” under the guidance of “Bichitra
Mohan Dalai” during the year 2019-20 in the partial fulfillment
of physics practical examination conducted by CBSE.

Signature of Teacher
 Acknowledgement

I wish to express my sincere gratitude and

special thanks to my respected Principal
“Nilakantha Panigrahi”, physics teacher
“Bichitra Mohan Dalai” for their timely help and
valuable suggestion and instruction without
which my model demonstration report file
would not have been a success.

Master Rishabh Pande

Class XII-C Science
7265
Smoke Alarms
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an
indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire
alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household
smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local
audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.

Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like

a disk about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in)
thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically
(photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use
either, or both, methods.

Introduction
Smoke alarm circuits are a part of the security systems which
help in detecting or preventing damage. Installing Smoke Sensors in
commercial buildings like offices, movie theatres, shopping malls and
other public places is compulsory.

Types of Smoke Detectors

1. Optical or Photoelectric smoke detectors
2. Ionization smoke detectors

Optical smoke detectors consists of a light source like LED and a light
detector like photocell. The photocell conducts as long as the light falls
on it. When there is smoke, the light from the source is interrupted and
the photocell doesn't conduct.

Ionization smoke detectors consists of two electrodes and an ionization

chamber filled with ions. When there is no smoke, the ions move freely
and the electrodes conduct normally. In the presence of smoke, the
chamber is filled with smoke and interrupts the movement of ion The
sensor used in this project is MQ-2 Gas/Smoke sensor. It is sensitive to
LPG, Hydrogen, Smoke, Methane, Butane and other industrial
combustible gases.

Components Required
1. MQ-2 Sensor
2. LM358 Dual op-amp
3. 10Kohm Resistor
4. 330ohm Resistor
5. LED
6. 0.1uF Capacitor
7. 10Kohm Potentiometer
8. Battery (5V-9V)

Circuit Diagram
Working of Smoke Alarm
In this project, we implemented a simple Smoke Detector Circuit with
adjustable sensitivity. We created the Ionization Smoke Detector in
regard to this topic. We used a Smoke Sensor MQ-2 as the main
sensory device. The working of the circuit is simple and is explained
below.

LM358 acts as a comparator in this circuit. The inverting terminal of

LM358 is connected to POT so that the sensitivity of the circuit can be
adjusted. The output of LM358 is given to an LED as an indicator
although a buzzer can be used as an alarm. The non-inverting terminal
of LM358 is connected with output of smoke sensor.

Initially, when the air is clean, the conductivity between the electrodes
is less, as the resistance is in the order of 50Kohm. The inverting
terminal input of comparator is higher than the non-inverting terminal
input. The indicator LED is OFF.

In the event of fire, when the sensor is filled with smoke, the resistance
of the sensor falls to 5KQ and the conductivity between the electrodes
increases. This provides a higher input at the non-inverting terminal of
comparator than the inverting terminal and the output of comparator is
high. The alarming LED is turned ON as an indication of presence of
smoke.
Bibliography and References
1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector
2. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.electronicshub.org/smoke-detector-circuit/%3famp
3. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/simple-smoke-detector-alarm-circuit-diagram
4. https://www.electroschematics.com/2545/smoke-detector-circuit/
5. https://www.elprocus.com/smoke-detector-circuit-using-ic-555-timer/
6. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/smokedetector.html
7. https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/simple-smoke-detector