     ⁄

Table 7. Health

Access to improved Access to Infant Total

Contraceptive Maternal
water source sanitation mortality rate fertility rate
Public expenditure prevalence rate mortality ratio
% of population % of population Per 1,000 Births
on health % of women Per 100,000
with access with access live births per woman
% of GDP ages 15–49 live births
Economy 1990–98a 1982–85a 1990–96a 1982–85a 1990–96a 1980 1998 1990–98a 1980 1998 1990–98a
Albania 2.7 92 76 .. 58 47 25 .. 3.6 2.5 ..
Algeria 3.3 .. .. .. .. 98 35 51 6.7 3.5 ..
Angola 3.9 28 32 18 16 154 124 .. 6.9 6.7 ..
Argentina 4.0 55 65 69 75 35 19 .. 3.3 2.6 38 b
Armenia 3.1 .. .. .. .. 26 15 .. 2.3 1.3 35 b
Australia 5.5 99 99 99 86 11 5 .. 1.9 1.8 ..
Austria 6.0 99 .. .. 100 14 5 .. 1.6 1.3 ..
Azerbaijan 1.2 .. .. .. 36 30 17 .. 3.2 2.0 37 b
Bangladesh 1.6 40 84 4 35 132 73 49 6.1 3.1 440 c
Belarus 4.9 .. .. .. .. 16 11 .. 2.0 1.3 22 d
Belgium 6.8 98 .. .. 100 12 6 .. 1.7 1.6 ..
Benin 1.6 14 50 10 20 116 87 16 7.0 5.7 500 c
Bolivia 1.1 53 55 36 41 118 60 49 5.5 4.1 390 c
Botswana 2.7 .. 70 36 55 71 62 .. 6.1 4.2 330 d
Brazil 3.4 75 72 24 67 70 33 77 3.9 2.3 160 c
Bulgaria 3.2 85 .. .. 99 20 14 .. 2.0 1.1 15 d
Burkina Faso 1.2 35 .. 9 18 121 104 12 7.5 6.7 ..
Burundi 0.6 23 52 .. 51 122 118 .. 6.8 6.2 ..
Cambodia 0.6 .. 13 .. .. 201 102 .. 4.7 4.5 ..
Cameroon 1.0 36 41 36 40 103 77 19 6.4 5.0 430 c
Canada 6.4 100 99 85 95 10 5 .. 1.7 1.6 ..
Central African Republic 1.9 .. 19 19 46 117 98 14 5.8 4.8 1,100 c
Chad 2.4 .. 24 14 21 123 99 4 6.9 6.4 830 c
Chile 2.4 86 85 67 .. 32 10 .. 2.8 2.2 23 b
China 2.0 .. 90 .. 21 42 31 85 2.5 1.9 65 c
Hong Kong, China 2.1 .. .. .. .. 11 3 .. 2.0 1.1 ..
Colombia 4.9 .. 78 68 83 41 23 72 3.9 2.7 80 b
Congo, Dem. Rep. 1.2 .. 27 .. 9 112 90 .. 6.6 6.3 ..
Congo, Rep. 1.8 .. 47 .. 9 89 90 .. 6.3 6.0 ..
Costa Rica 6.9 .. 92 95 97 19 13 .. 3.6 2.6 29 c
Côte d’Ivoire 1.4 20 72 17 54 108 88 11 7.4 5.0 600 c
Croatia 8.1 .. 63 67 61 21 8 .. .. 1.5 12 b
Czech Republic 6.4 100 .. .. .. 16 5 69 2.1 1.2 9d
Denmark 6.7 100 .. .. 100 8 5 .. 1.5 1.8 10 d
Dominican Republic 1.6 49 71 66 78 76 40 64 4.2 2.9 ..
Ecuador 2.5 58 70 57 64 74 32 57 5.0 2.9 160 c
Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.8 90 64 .. 11 120 49 48 5.1 3.2 170 c
El Salvador 2.6 51 55 62 68 84 31 60 4.9 3.3 ..
Eritrea 2.9 .. 7 .. .. .. 61 8 .. 5.7 1,000 c
Estonia 5.1 .. .. .. .. 17 9 .. 2.0 1.2 50 d
Ethiopia 1.7 .. 27 .. 8 155 107 4 6.6 6.4 ..
Finland 5.7 95 98 100 100 8 4 .. 1.6 1.8 6d
France 7.1 98 100 .. 96 10 5 71 1.9 1.8 10 d
Georgia 0.7 .. .. .. .. 25 15 .. 2.3 1.3 70 b
Germany 8.3 .. .. .. .. 12 5 .. 1.4 1.4 8d
Ghana 1.8 .. 56 26 42 94 65 20 6.5 4.8 ..
Greece 5.3 85 .. .. 96 18 6 .. 2.2 1.3 1d
Guatemala 1.5 58 67 54 67 84 42 32 6.3 4.4 190 c
Guinea 1.2 20 62 12 14 185 118 2 6.1 5.4 ..
Haiti 1.3 .. 28 19 24 123 71 18 5.9 4.3 ..
Honduras 2.7 50 65 32 65 70 36 50 6.5 4.2 220 d
Hungary 4.1 87 .. .. 94 23 10 73 1.9 1.3 15 d
India 0.6 54 81 8 16 115 70 41 5.0 3.2 410 c
Indonesia 0.6 39 62 30 51 90 43 57 4.3 2.7 450 c
Iran, Islamic Rep. 1.7 71 83 65 67 87 26 73 6.7 2.7 37 c
Ireland 4.9 97 .. .. 100 11 6 60 3.2 1.9 6d
Israel 7.0 100 99 .. 100 16 6 .. 3.2 2.7 5d
Italy 5.3 99 .. .. 100 15 5 .. 1.6 1.2 7d
Jamaica 2.3 96 70 91 74 33 21 65 3.7 2.6 ..
Japan 5.9 99 96 99 100 8 4 .. 1.8 1.4 8d
Jordan 3.7 89 89 91 95 41 27 50 6.8 4.1 41 b
Kazakhstan 2.1 .. .. .. .. 33 22 59 2.9 2.0 70 e
Kenya 2.2 27 53 44 77 75 76 39 7.8 4.6 590 c
Korea, Rep. 2.5 83 83 100 100 26 9 .. 2.6 1.6 20 d
Kuwait 2.9 100 100 100 100 27 12 .. 5.3 2.8 5d
Kyrgyz Republic 2.7 .. 81 .. .. 43 26 60 4.1 2.8 65 b
Lao PDR 1.2 .. 39 .. 24 127 96 25 6.7 5.5 650 b
Latvia 4.0 .. .. .. .. 20 15 .. 2.0 1.1 45 d
Lebanon 3.0 92 100 75 100 48 27 .. 4.0 2.4 100 c
Lesotho 3.7 18 52 12 8 119 93 23 5.5 4.6 ..
Lithuania 7.2 .. .. .. .. 20 9 .. 2.0 1.4 18 d
Macedonia, FYR 7.8 .. .. .. .. 54 16 .. 2.5 1.8 11 b
Madagascar 1.1 31 29 .. 15 119 92 19 6.6 5.7 490 c
Malawi 2.8 32 45 60 53 169 134 22 7.6 6.4 620 c
Malaysia 1.3 71 89 75 94 30 8 .. 4.2 3.1 39 b
     

PEOPLE

Access to improved Access to Infant Total

Contraceptive Maternal
water source sanitation mortality rate fertility rate
Public expenditure prevalence rate mortality ratio
% of population % of population Per 1,000 Births
on health % of women Per 100,000
with access with access live births per woman
% of GDP ages 15–49 live births
Economy 1990–98a 1982–85a 1990–96a 1982–85a 1990–96a 1980 1998 1990–98a 1980 1998 1990–98a
Mali 2.0 .. 37 21 31 184 117 7 7.1 6.5 580 c
Mauritania 1.8 37 64 .. 32 120 90 .. 6.3 5.4 ..
Mexico 2.8 82 83 57 66 51 30 65 4.7 2.8 48 c
Moldova 4.8 .. 56 .. 50 35 18 74 2.4 1.7 42 d
Mongolia 4.3 .. .. .. .. 82 50 .. 5.3 2.5 150 d
Morocco 1.3 32 52 50 40 99 49 59 5.4 3.0 230 c
Mozambique 2.1 9 32 10 21 145 134 6 6.5 5.2 ..
Myanmar 0.2 27 38 24 41 109 78 .. 4.9 3.1 230 c
Namibia 3.8 .. 57 .. 34 90 67 29 5.9 4.8 230 c
Nepal 1.3 24 44 1 6 132 77 29 6.1 4.4 540 c
Netherlands 6.1 100 100 .. 100 9 5 75 1.6 1.6 7d
New Zealand 5.9 100 .. 88 .. 13 5 .. 2.0 1.9 15 d
Nicaragua 4.4 50 81 27 31 84 36 60 6.3 3.7 150 b
Niger 1.3 37 53 9 15 135 118 8 7.4 7.3 590 c
Nigeria 0.2 36 39 .. 36 99 76 6 6.9 5.3 ..
Norway 6.2 99 100 .. 100 8 4 .. 1.7 1.8 6d
Pakistan 0.9 38 60 16 30 127 91 24 7.0 4.9 ..
Panama 6.0 82 84 81 90 32 21 .. 3.7 2.6 85 d
Papua New Guinea 2.6 .. 28 .. 22 78 59 26 5.8 4.2 ..
Paraguay 2.6 23 39 49 32 50 24 59 5.2 3.9 190 c
Peru 2.2 53 80 48 44 81 40 64 4.5 3.1 270 c
Philippines 1.7 65 83 57 77 52 32 47 4.8 3.6 170 c
Poland 4.2 82 .. .. 100 26 10 .. 2.3 1.4 8d
Portugal 4.7 66 82 .. 100 24 8 .. 2.2 1.5 8d
Romania 2.9 71 62 .. 44 29 21 57 2.4 1.3 41 d
Russian Federation 4.5 .. .. .. .. 22 17 34 1.9 1.2 50 b
Rwanda 2.1 .. .. .. .. 128 123 21 8.3 6.1 ..
Saudi Arabia 6.4 91 93 86 86 65 20 .. 7.3 5.7 ..
Senegal 2.6 44 50 .. 58 117 69 13 6.8 5.5 560 c
Sierra Leone 1.7 24 34 13 11 190 169 .. 6.5 6.0 ..
Singapore 1.1 100 100 85 100 12 4 .. 1.7 1.5 6d
Slovak Republic 5.2 .. .. 46 51 21 9 .. 2.3 1.4 9d
Slovenia 6.8 .. 98 80 98 15 5 .. 2.1 1.2 11 d
South Africa 3.2 .. 70 .. 46 67 51 69 4.6 2.8 ..
Spain 5.6 99 .. .. 100 12 5 .. 2.2 1.2 6d
Sri Lanka 1.4 37 46 .. 52 34 16 .. 3.5 2.1 60 d
Sweden 7.2 100 .. .. 100 7 4 .. 1.7 1.5 5d
Switzerland 7.1 100 100 .. 100 9 4 .. 1.5 1.5 5d
Syrian Arab Republic .. 71 85 45 56 56 28 40 7.4 3.9 ..
Tajikistan 6.6 .. 69 .. 62 58 23 .. 5.6 3.4 65 b
Tanzania 1.3 52 49 .. 86 108 85 18 6.7 5.4 530 c
Thailand 1.7 66 89 47 96 49 29 72 3.5 1.9 44 c
Togo 1.1 35 63 14 26 100 78 24 6.8 5.1 480 c
Tunisia 3.0 89 99 52 96 69 28 60 5.2 2.2 70 b
Turkey 2.9 69 .. .. 94 109 38 .. 4.3 2.4 ..
Turkmenistan 3.5 .. 60 .. 60 54 33 .. 4.9 2.9 110 b
Uganda 1.8 16 34 13 57 116 101 15 7.2 6.5 510 c
Ukraine 4.1 .. 55 .. 49 17 14 .. 2.0 1.3 25 b
United Kingdom 5.9 100 100 .. 100 12 6 .. 1.9 1.7 7d
United States 6.5 .. .. 98 .. 13 7 76 1.8 2.0 8b
Uruguay 1.9 83 89 59 61 37 16 .. 2.7 2.4 21 b
Uzbekistan 3.3 .. 57 .. 18 47 22 56 4.8 2.8 21 b
Venezuela, RB 3.0 84 79 45 58 36 21 .. 4.2 2.9 65 c
Vietnam 0.4 .. 36 .. 21 57 34 75 5.0 2.3 160 c
Yemen, Rep. 2.1 .. 39 .. 19 141 82 21 7.9 6.3 350 c
Zambia 2.3 48 43 47 23 90 114 26 7.0 5.5 650 c
Zimbabwe 3.1 52 77 26 66 80 73 48 6.4 3.7 400 d
World 2.5 w .. w .. w .. w .. w 80 w 54 w 49 w 3.7 w 2.7 w
Low income 1.3 .. .. .. 24 97 68 24 4.3 3.1
Middle income 3.1 .. .. .. .. 60 31 53 3.7 2.5
Lower middle income 3.0 .. .. .. .. 62 35 53 3.7 2.5
Upper middle income 3.3 77 .. 51 .. 57 26 65 3.7 2.4
Low and middle income 1.9 .. .. .. 29 87 59 48 4.1 2.9
East Asia & Pacific 1.7 .. 84 .. 29 55 35 52 3.0 2.1
Europe & Central Asia 4.0 .. .. .. .. 41 22 67 2.5 1.6
Latin America & Caribbean 3.3 72 .. 46 .. 61 31 59 4.1 2.7
Middle East & North Africa 2.4 68 .. .. .. 95 45 55 6.2 3.5
South Asia 0.8 52 77 7 16 119 75 49 5.3 3.4
Sub-Saharan Africa 1.5 .. .. .. .. 115 92 21 6.6 5.4
High income 6.2 .. .. .. .. 12 6 75 1.8 1.7
Note: For data comparability and coverage, see the Technical Notes. Figures in italics are for years other than those specified.
a. Data are for most recent year available. b. Official estimate. c. Estimate based on survey data. d. Estimate by the World Health Organization and Eurostat. e. Estimate by UNICEF.