1300 Ch5

SECTION 5.
1 Simplifying Rational Expressions
Chapter 5
Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Section 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions
 Rational Expressions
Rational Expressions
Definition:
Simplifying:
MATH 1300 Fundamentals of Mathematics 41

CHAPTER 5 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
42 University of Houston Department of Mathematics

SECTION 5.1 Simplifying Rational Expressions
Example:
Solution:

Additional Example 1:
Solution:
Solution:

SECTION 5.1 Simplifying Rational Expressions
Solution:

Solution:

Exercise Set 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions
Simplify the following rational expressions. If the x+3

expression cannot be simplified any further, then 16.
x2 + 9
simply rewrite the original expression.
a 2 + b2
15 17.
1. a+b
25
30 x 2 - 16
2. - 18.
36 x-4
48
3. - 49 - c 2
64 19. 2
c - 9c + 18
26
4.
39 x 2 - 11x + 10
20.
100 - x 2
60 x 2 y 5
5.
48 x5 y 3 x 2 - 2 x - 15
21.
x 2 + 10 x + 21
49a 4 b9
6. -
56a 7 b10 m 2 - m - 20
22.
m 2 + m - 30
5 x3 ( x + y )
7
7. - x2 + 5x + 6
10 x5 ( x + y )
3
23.
x 2 + x - 12
8c 6 ( c - d )
2
x 2 + 7 x + 12
8. 24.
12c ( c - d )
3
x 2 - 7 x - 30
x- y x 2 - 8 x + 12
9. 25.
y-x x 2 - 13x + 42
c-d x 2 - 7 x + 10
10. 26.
d -c x 2 + 7 x + 10
2 ( a - b) ( c - d ) x 2 - 36
27.
11. 2
x + 12 x + 36
6( b - a)
x 2 - 8 x + 16
12 ( x - y ) ( w - z ) 28.
12. - x 2 - 16
6 ( z - w) ( x - y )
9 x + 36
4x + 8 29.
13. x2 + 4x
x+2
7 x 2 - 14 x
x-3 30.
14. x-2
5 x - 15
10 x 2 - 30 x
x+5 31.
15. 2 5 x 2 + 10 x
x - 25

Exercise Set 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions
6 x2 - 8x x+5
32. 48. 3
9 x 3 - 12 x 2 x + 125
x2 + 7 x + 6 x 3 + 27
33. 49.
8x2 + 8x x 2 - 3x + 9
4 x 2 - 20 x x3 - 1
34. 50.
x2 - 4x - 5 x2 + x + 1
6 x 2 + 24 x + 18
35.
4 x 2 - 8 x - 60
5 x 2 + 10 x - 40
36.
10 x 2 - 30 x + 20
4 x 2 + 17 x + 15
37.
5 x 2 + 13x - 6
4 x 2 - 8 x - 21
38.
8 x 2 - 24 x - 14
6x2 - 5x - 4
39.
10 x 2 + 9 x + 2
15 x 2 + 4 x - 4
40.
5 x 2 - 22 x + 8
8 x 2 + 30 x + 7
41.
16 x 2 - 1
9 x 2 - 25
42.
6 x 2 - 13 x + 5
m3 + m 2 + m + 1
43.
m3 + m + m 2 n + n
ax - ay + bx - by
44.
ax - ay + 2 x - 2 y
xy - 3x + 2 y - 6
45.
yz - 3z - 5 y + 15
ab - 5a + 2b - 10
46.
a 2b + 4b - 5a 2 - 20
x3 - 8
47.
x-2

SECTION 5.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
Section 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

 Multiplication and Division
Multiplication and Division

Multiplication of Rational Expressions:
To multiply two fractions, place the product of the numerators over the product
of the denominators.
Example:
Solution:

Division of Rational Expressions:
Example:
Solution:

Solution:

Solution:

Solution:

Exercise Set 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
Multiply the following rational expressions and 3

simplify. No answers should contain negative 16. ( x - 2) �
2- x
exponents.
3x + 2
6 14 17. ( x - 5) �
1. � 5- x
7 18
2x + 1
8 45 18. (3 - x ) �
2. - � x -3
9 32
3
-2 19. ( x - 4) �
3. -10 � 5 x - 20
5
-2
3 20. (4 x + 28) �
4. 12 � x+7
8
3x - 4
- ab 4 -c 7 d 3 21. (2 x + 8) �
5. � 3x + 12
c5 d 8 a 6 b9
2x - 2
x5 y 6 wz 3 22. (3 x - 3) �
6. � 4x + 4
w3 z 8 x10 y 9
6 x - 12 4 x + 12
23. �
� m8 n 2 �� n 4 t 6 �� p 6 t 2 � x + 3 3x - 6
7. �- 3 5 �- 5
�� - 3 7 �
��
� pt �� m �� m n �
x + 7 6 x - 24
24. �
�x3 y 4 �� a 8b 2 �� x 2 y 3a 4 � 2 x - 8 5 x + 35
8. � 2 �- 7 7
�� - 5
��
�ab �� x y �� b y � 6 x - 10 3
25. �
5 x 15 - 9 x
3
9. -2 x 2 � 5
6x 2x 4x - 6
26. �
6x - 9 x2 + x
5
10. 6 x 4 �
2x
x2 + x - 6 x2 - 6x + 5
27. �
x+5 x-3 x 2 + 3 x - 4 x 2 - 2 x - 15
11. �
x - 3 x - 10
x 2 - x - 2 x 2 - x - 12
28. �
x + 6 -5 x 2 + 8 x + 15 x 2 - 9 x + 14
12. �
x -1 x + 6
x 2 + 3x - 10 2 x 2 - 4 x
29. �
x -5 6 x 2 - 24 x x+5
13. ( x - 2) �
x-2
6 x 2 - 30 x x 2 + 4 x - 21
30. �
x -3 x 2 - x - 6 40 x - 8 x 2
14. ( x + 1) �
x +1
x + 4 x2 - 9
31. �
-5 x 3 - x x 2 + 16
15. (7 - x) �
x-7

Exercise Set 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
x 2 - 25 x 2 + 12 x + 36 x+3 x-5
32. � 47. �
x+6 x+5 x -1 x -1
2 x 2 + 9 x + 10 x 2 + 7 x + 12 x + 4 x -3
33. � 48. �
x2 + 5x + 6 2 x2 + 3x - 5 x-2 x-2
x 2 + 2 x - 8 3 x 2 - 14 x - 5 7 x + 7 x2 -1
34. � 49. �
3x 2 + 16 x + 5 x 2 - x - 20 21x 3x
ax - bx + ay - by ax + 7 x + 2a + 14 7 x+4
35. � 50. �
ax + 7 x - 3a - 21 ax - bx + 2a - 2b x -9 x +3
2
ac - 2ad - bc + 2bd c2 - d 2 x2 - 1 x -1
36. � 51. �
ac + ad - bc - bd 3ac - 3ad + bc - bd x + 6 3 x + 18
x 5x
52. �
Divide the following rational expressions and simplify. x +4 x+2
2
No answers should contain negative exponents.

-5 10
5 15 53. �
37. � 16 - x 2
x-4
8 32
x2 - 4 2- x
6 -4 54. �
38. � x + 5 25 - x 2
25 5
x2 + 9 x+3
� 25 � 55. �2
39. -10 ��- � 2
x - 1 x - 2x + 1
� 2 �
4x2 - 9 2x - 3
12 56. �
40. 6 � x - 10 x + 25 x - 5
2
7
x 2 - 3 x - 10 x 2 - x - 6
2 57. �
41. �( -6 ) x 2 - 3 x - 28 x 2 + x - 12
3
x 2 + 4 x + 4 x 2 - 8 x - 20
� 4� 58. �
42. �- ��( -40 ) x 2 - 6 x - 16 x 2 - 9 x + 8
� 5�
6 x 2 + x - 1 3x 2 + 2 x - 1
x x4 z3 59. �
43. 2 7 � 5 6 x 2 + 5 x + 1 3x 2 + 4 x + 1
y z y
10 x 2 - 17 x + 6 6 x 2 + 5 x - 4
a 3c 7 b5 c 9 60. �
44. � 2 5 x 2 + 4 x - 12 3 x 2 - 2 x - 8
b4 a
am - an + bm - bn am - an - 3bm + 3bn
a5b6 61. �
45. 2 5 �a 5 d 2 am + an - bm - bn am + an - 3bm - 3bn
c d
cx - 2dx + cy - 2dy cx + cy + 5dx + 5dy
x3 y 2 62. �
4 5
46. x z � 6 x 2 + x - 3xy - 3 y cx + 5dx + c + 5d
w z

Section 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
 Addition and Subtraction
Addition and Subtraction

Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with Like
Denominators:
Example:
Perform the following operations. All results should be in simplified form.

SECTION 5.3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
Solution:
Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with Unlike

Denominators:
Example:

Solution:
Perform the following operations. All results should be in simplified form.

Solution:
Perform the addition. Give the result in simplified form.
Solution:

Perform the subtraction. Give the result in simplified form.
Solution:

Perform the subtraction. Give the result in simplified form.
Solution:

Perform the following operations. Give all results in simplified form.

Solution:

Exercise Set 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
Perform the indicated operations and simplify. 1 2

(Whenever possible, write both the numerator and 16. -
x-2 x+2
denominator of the answer in factored form.)
6 2
2x 3y 17. -
1. + x -3 x +7
5 7
7 4
4a 2b 18. -
2. - x+9 x-2
5 3
5 x+4
3 2 19. +
3. - x -3 3- x
4a 9b
x 2- x
7 5 20. -
4. + 5- x x-5
2c 3c
2
7 2 21. 3 -
5. 2 2
+ 5 x+5
x y xy
5
3 2 22. 4 +
6. - x-7
a 4b7 a 5b 4
7
x +8 x +7 23. +2
7. + x-2
x+5 x+5
6
x - 3 4x - 6 24. -4
8. - x -3
x -1 x -1
x+4 2
3x + 2 2x + 6 25. +
9. - x +1 x - 3
5 x - 20 5 x - 20
x -3 1
2 x + 3 10 x - 9 26. -
10. + x +3 x -3
4x - 3 4 x - 3
x-2 3
2 3 27. -
11. + x x+2
x -1 x - 5
x 4
5 6 28. +
12. + x +3 x -5
x+4 x+7
x -1 1
3 8 29. +
13. + x +1 2x +1
x x +1
2x - 3 6
-5 2 30. +
14. + x x +1
x x-4
x - 3 x +1
3 4 31. +
15. - x+2 x-4
x +1 x + 2

Exercise Set 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
x +1 x - 2
32. +
x - 3 x -1
x+5 x-2
33. -
x+4 x-3
x-4 x-2
34. -
x +1 x -1
7 5
35. +
8 x + 12 6 x - 6
5 2
36. -
12 x - 6 10 x + 40
3 8 6
37. - +
x x -1 x + 2
2 4 3
38. - +
x+3 x-2 x
4x2 + 3
39. 5 - 2
x - 2x - 8
3x 2 + 5 x
40. -2
x 2 - 3x - 4
x 2 5
41. - +
x2 + 2 x - 8 x2 - 2 x x2 + 4 x
x 1 1
42. + -
x 2 + 3 x - 18 x 2 + 6 x x 2 - 3x
x 4 2
43. + -
x 2 + 10 x + 24 x2 + 12 x + 32 x 2 + 14 x + 48
x 2 3
44. 2
- 2 + 2
x - 7 x + 12 x - 4 x + 3 x - 5 x + 4

Section 5.4: Complex Fractions
 Simplifying Complex Fractions
Simplifying Complex Fractions

Definition:
Simplifying:

SECTION 5.4 Complex Fractions
Example:
Solution:
Method 1:

Method 2:

Solution:
Solution:

Solution:

Solution:

Solution:

Exercise Set 5.4: Complex Fractions
Simplify the following. No answers should contain 5 1

negative exponents. -
6 2
10.
3 2
7 -
5 3
12
1.
5 5
8 6
11.
1 2
6 +
2 3
7
2.
2 1
3 1+
7
12.
1
4x 7
y
3.
x4 1
2+
5 y3 13. 4
1
-2
2
12a5
b
4. 5
4c 2
8
b7 14.
2
4-
3
2ab 2
c3 d x-2
5.
8a 3 c 5
15.
5bd 4 x+3
10
3x 4 y
x+7
6. 8 w6 z 5
8
9x2 w 16.
x -1
4z7 12
4 x3 yz a+b
7. 8x2 b
17.
y5 b-a
ab3
5b3c
8. 2d x2 y
10bd 18. x+ y
xy
2 3
-
3 4 x 2 + 7 x + 12
9.
1 2
+ 8x
2 5 19.
x 2 - x - 20
6x4

9 x5 6x
2
2
x - 6 x - 16 30. x + x-2
20. 4 1
18 x3 -
x 2 - 11x + 24 x + 2 x -1
1 3
x x +
+ x+3 x-4
3 2 31.
21. 3 2
x x -
- x + 3 x +1
3 2
2 5
a a -
- x +1 x - 2
4 5 32.
22. 3 2
a a +
+ x-2 x
3 4
15
x2 - 1 x+2-
x
x 33.
23. 12
1 1 x-7+
+ x
2 2x
14
5 1 x+9+
- x
3x 3 34.
24. 7
25 - x 2 x+6-
x
x
2 3
+
a b For each of the following expressions,
25.
5 4 (a) Rewrite the expression so that it contains
-
a b positive exponents rather than negative
exponents.
7 2 (b) Simplify the expression.
-
x y
26.
3 4
+ x -1
x y 35.
x -1 + 1
6
x- 3 - x -1
x -1 36.
27. x -1
9
x-
x
x -1 + y -1
37.
4 x -1 - y -1
x-
x
28.
10 c -1 + d -1
x+ 38.
x+7 c -2 + d -2
2 3
- x -2 - y -2
x -5 x +5 39.
29.
2 x -1 + y -1
x 2 - 25

a -1 - b -1
40.
b -2 - a -2
c -1 - d -1
41.
c -3 - d -3
x -3 + y -3
42.
x -1 + y -1
a -3 + b -3
43.
a -2 + b -2
x -2 - y -2
44.
x -3 + y -3
1
45. 1 +
1 + x -1
1
46. 1 -
1 + x -2
5
47. 4 -
5 + x -1
2
48. -3
2 + x -1

Section 5.5: Solving Rational Equations
 Rational Equations
Rational Equations
Definition of a Rational Equation:
Solving a Rational Equation:
Example:
Solution:

SECTION 5.5 Solving Rational Equations
Example:
Solution:


Extraneous Solutions:
Example:
Solution:

Solution:

Solution:

Solution:


Solution:

Exercise Set 5.5: Solving Rational Equations
Solve the following. Remember to identify any 5x

extraneous solutions. 16. =0
x+2
2x x 3x - 1
1. - =2 =7
5 3 17.
x+5
3a 2a 3x
2. - =1 = -2
4 3 18.
x+7
3c 2c 7
3. - = -22 =1
2 5 19. 2
x -9
5x x 5
4. + = -14 =0
8 4 20. 2
x -4
5 x 3x x+5
5. + = -2 =1
6 10 21.
x 2 - 7 x + 12
7 x 3x 11 - x
6. - =5 =1
8 20 22.
x 2 + 3 x - 10
4x + 7 x - 3 5 9
7. = + =2
x -5 x -5 23.
7 t +3
3x + 4 x + 8 3 12
8. = + =3
x-2 x-2 24.
x -1 5
x + 5 2x + 6 7 x+8
9. = - = -1
x +1 x +1 25.
9 x +1
3x + 4 5 x - 7 a+2 1
10. = - = -1
x+6 x+6 26.
a+9 4
2 7 x-7 2
11. + = -3 27. + =3
5x 4 x x+7 3
7 5 2 t+2
12. - + =2 28. - = -2
6x 4x 3 t -3
3 w - 1 3 13
13. = -4 29. + =
x-2 w + 1 4 12
-5 x+4 1 9
14. =3 30. + =
x+7 x + 9 2 14
2 5 x+3 7
15. =0 31. + =
x -5 3 x+4 x+4

Exercise Set 5.5: Solving Rational Equations
x 3 x-3 7 4
32. - = 48. - =1
x-2 7 x-2 x x+5
4 1 -8 4 1
33. - = 49. + =1
x - 5 3 3 x - 15 x + 4 x +1
7 4 5 5 2
34. + =- 50. + =1
x + 2 3x + 6 3 x-4 x+2
3 2 1 7 8
35. - = 51. - =1
4a - 8 3a - 6 36 x+5 x+8
5 1 7 5 6
36. - = 52. - =1
3c + 15 2c + 10 12 x+7 x+9
3 1 7 x-4 2
37. + = 53. - = -1
x + 5 x - 3 x 2 + 2 x - 15 x + 5 x + 10
2 1 4 x-2 1
38. - = 54. - = -1
x - 1 x + 2 x2 + x - 2 x+7 x+3
4 2 -8 1 4 x
39. + = 55. + =-
x - 3 x + 1 x2 - 2x - 3 2 x - 5 3x 2x - 5
7 2 10 2 1 6x
40. + = 2 56. = -
x - 4 x - 5 x - 9 x + 20 3x + 1 x 3x + 1
3 4 8 4 3 3x
41. - = 2 57. + =
x+2 x-2 x -4 3x + 2 x - 1 x - 1
3 6 24 5 2 x
42. - = 2 58. - =
x - 4 x + 4 x - 16 2x - 3 x 2x - 3
1 6
43. 1 - =
x x2
12 1
44. + =1
x2 x
7 4
45. 2 + =
x x2
4 11
46. + =3
x2 x
6 1
47. + =1
x+4 x

SECTION 5.6 Rational Functions
Section 5.6: Rational Functions
 Working with Rational Functions
Working with Rational Functions

Definition of a Rational Function:
Domain of a Rational Function:
Example:

Solution:

Graph of a Rational Function:

Example:
Solution:

The graph of the function is shown below, labeled with the information from parts (b)-(d).

Vertical Asymptotes:

Finding Vertical Asymptotes
Example:
Solution:

Horizontal Asymptotes:

Solution:
f ( x) = 0
x-3
=0
x -1


Solution:

Solution:


Exercise Set 5.6: Rational Functions
Find the indicated function values. If undefined, state The graph of each of the following functions has a
“Undefined.” horizontal asymptote at y = 1 . (You will learn how to
find horizontal asymptotes in a later mathematics
x course.) For each function,
1. If f ( x) = , find
x -3 (a) Find the domain of the function and express it
(a) f (0) (b) f (-1) (c) f ( 13 ) as an inequality.
(b) Write the equation of the vertical
asymptote(s) of the function.
5 (c) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function,
2. If f ( x) = , find if they exist. If an intercept does not exist,
x+5
state “None.”
(a) f (0) (b) f (-5) (c) f ( 15 ) (d) Find f (1) and f ( -1) .
(e) Based on the features from (a)-(d), match the
3x - 2 function with its corresponding graph, using
3. If f ( x) = , find the choices (Graphs I-IV) below.
x-7
(a) f (0) (b) f (-3) (c) f ( 54 )
Graph I: Graph II:
y y
2x + 7 
4. If f ( x) = , find 
x-6 

(a) f (0) (b) f (4) (c) ( )

f - 34 x x
- -  - -  
-
-
2
5. If f ( x) = 2
, find -
x - x-6 -
(a) f (-2) (b) f (0) (c) f (5)

Graph III: Graph IV:
x -1
6. If f ( x) = 2 , find  y  y
x + 2x + 1
(a) f (-4) (b) f (0) (c) f (1)  
x x
-x - -  -  
7. If f ( x) = 2
, find
x - 121 - -
(a) f (-3) (b) f (0) (c) f (12) - -
1
8. If , find
2
x - 5 x - 14 x-4
11. f ( x) =
(a) f (0) (b) f (-1) (c) f (7) x-3
x -3 x+6
9. If f ( x) = , find 12. f ( x) =
2
x + 11x + 28 x+2
(a) f (3) (b) f (-4) (c) f (0)
x+6
13. f ( x) =
x+5 x-3
10. If f ( x ) = , find
x 2 - x - 12
(a) f (0) (b) f (-2) (c) f (-5) x-4
14. f ( x) =
x+2

The graph of each of the following functions has a For each of the following functions,
horizontal asymptote at y = 0 . (You will learn how to (a) Find the domain of the function and express it
find horizontal asymptotes in a later mathematics as an inequality. Then write the domain of the
course.) For each function, function in interval notation.
(a) Find the domain of the function and express it (b) Write the equation of the vertical
as an inequality. asymptote(s) of the function.
(b) Write the equation of the vertical (c) Find the x- and y- intercept(s) of the function.
asymptote(s) of the function. If an intercept does not exist, state “None."
(c) Find the x- and y-intercept(s) of the function,
if they exist. If an intercept does not exist, 10
19. If f ( x) =
state “None.” x+5
(d) Find f (1) and f ( -1) .
(e) Based on the features from (a)-(d), match the 12
function with its corresponding graph, using 20. f ( x) = -
x -3
the choices (Graphs I-IV) below.
x-6
21. f ( x) =
Graph I: Graph II: x+2
 y  y
x
22. f ( x) =
  8- x
x x
- -   - -   x+3
23. f ( x) =
- - x
- -
4- x
24. f ( x) =
x +1
Graph III: Graph IV:
 y y 9- x
25. f ( x) =

 x2 - 9
x
x
-   x -8
-  
26. f ( x) =
-
- x 2 - 16
-
- 24
27. f ( x) = - 2
x - 8 x + 12
4 2x
15. f ( x) = - 28. f ( x) =
x-2 2
x + x - 20
8 x+5
16. f ( x) = - 29. f ( x) =
x 2
x - 2x +1
4 x+8
17. f ( x) = 30. f ( x) =
x 2
x + 5x + 4
8 4
18. f ( x) = 31. f ( x) = -
x-2 2
x + 8x
x-4
32. f ( x) =
x2 - 6 x

x 2 + 10 x + 25
33. f ( x ) =
5- x
x 2 - 7 x - 18
34. f ( x) =
5x
2x
35. f ( x) =
x 2 - 25
x +1
36. f ( x) = 2
x - 16
x 2 + 5 x - 14
37. f ( x) =
5x + 7
9x2 - 1
38. f ( x) =
3x - 2
25 x 2 - 36
39. f ( x) =
x2 - 5x + 4
x2 + 7 x + 6
40. f ( x) =
x 2 - 5 x - 24

1300 Ch5

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1300 Ch5

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SECTION 5.

1 Simplifying Rational Expressions

Section 5.1: Simplifying Rational Expressions

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Simplify the following rational expressions. If the x+3

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Section 5.2: Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

Multiplication and Division

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Division of Rational Expressions:

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Multiply the following rational expressions and 3

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No answers should contain negative exponents.

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Section 5.3: Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

 Addition and Subtraction

Addition and Subtraction

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Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions with Unlike

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Perform the indicated operations and simplify. 1 2

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Section 5.4: Complex Fractions

 Simplifying Complex Fractions

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Simplify the following. No answers should contain 5 1

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Section 5.5: Solving Rational Equations

Solving a Rational Equation:

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