19th CENTURY WORLD SPAIN AND PHILIPPINES

1. Define the following terms:

a. Nationalism – is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the
interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-
governance) over the homeland. Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and
maintaining a single national identity based on shared social characteristics, such as culture and
language, religion and politics, and a belief in a shared and singular history.
b. Absolutism – is the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute
sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator. The most commonly studied form of
absolutism is absolute monarchy, which originated in early modern Europe and was based on the
strong individual leaders of the new nation-states that were created at the breakup of the medieval
order
c. Conservatism – is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the
context of culture and civilization. The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, human
imperfection, organic society, hierarchy, authority, and property rights. Conservatives seek to
preserve a range of institutions such as monarchy, religion, parliamentary government, and
property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity.
d. Constitutionalism – is descriptive of a complicated concept, deeply embedded in historical
experience, which subjects the officials who exercise governmental powers to the limitations of a
higher law. Constitutionalism proclaims the desirability of the rule of law as opposed to rule by the
arbitrary judgment or mere fiat of public officials.
e. Liberalism – political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to
be the central problem of politics. Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to protect
individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that government itself can pose a
threat to liberty.
f. Mercantilism – economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th
century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of
augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of
political absolutism.
g. Capitalism – is an economic system where private entities own the factors of production. The four
factors are entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural resources, and labor. The owners of capital
goods, natural resources, and entrepreneurship exercise control through companies. The individual
owns his or her labor. The only exception is slavery, where someone else owns a person's labor.
Although illegal throughout the entire world, slavery is still widely practiced.
h. Socialism – is an economic system where everyone in the society equally owns the factors of
production. The ownership is acquired through a democratically elected government. It could also
be a cooperative or a public corporation where everyone owns shares. The four factors of
production are labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources.
i. Communism – is an economic system where everyone in the society equally owns the factors of
production. The ownership is acquired through a democratically elected government. It could also
be a cooperative or a public corporation where everyone owns shares. The four factors of
production are labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources.
 j. Humanism – is a progressive philosophy of life that, without theism or other supernatural beliefs,
affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the
greater good.
k. Secularism – is the "indifference to, or rejection or exclusion of, religion and religious
considerations." As a philosophy, secularism seeks to interpret life on principles taken solely from
the material world, without recourse to religion. It means that governments should remain neutral
on the matter of religion and should not enforce nor prohibit the free exercise of religion, leaving
religious choice to the liberty of the people. One manifestation of secularism is asserting the right to
be free from religious rule and teachings, or, in a state declared to be neutral on matters of belief,
from the imposition by government of religion or religious practices upon its people.
l. Individualism – is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that
emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals
and desires and so value independence and self-reliance, and advocate that interests of the
individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external
interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government.

2. Discuss the ff. significant events during 18th century period:

 How did they contribute to the political movement during 19th century?
a. American Revolution
b. French Revolution
c. Industrial Revolution

3. What were the reasons why Spain declined as a world powerful nation?

4. Describe the Philippine Society during the 19th century under the following aspects

a. Political Systems
b. Economic Systems
c. Cultural Systems
1. Education
The public education in the Philippines started by 1863, the curriculum was controlled by
the church. Twenty percent of the Filipino students who went to school could read and
write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it correctly. By 1880’s the sons of the wealthy
Filipinos were sent to Europe to study higher education. The Filipino students who arose
abroad came to be known as the Propaganda Movement
2. Religious