Influence of Large Amplitudes on Flexural

Vibrations of a Thin Circular Cylindrical Shell

HU-NAN CHU*
The Martin Company

Summary modern flight structures has been made clear largely

In this paper are derived the equations of nonlinear flexural
vibrations for a thin circular cylindrical shell. The assumptions
employed in the various steps of derivation are clearly set forth.
Axial body force terms which may be of practical importance are
included in the equations. Nonlinear periods are obtained
for the free vibrations case. Numerical examples are given for
a shell with a radius thickness ratio of 100 and two numbers of
circumferential waves, 8 and 10. The results are plotted and
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113
by the works of von K a r m a n , 1 Tsien, 2 and Donnell. 3
T h e method advocated by von K a r m a n and Tsien, 2 for
example, has become virtually standard procedure in
the solution of stability problems of thin cylinders.
Specifically, these nonlinear effects are introduced
through the inclusion of the second-order terms in the
strain-displacement relations. These second-order

compared with a previous study on flat plates. In these ex- terms are quadratic in the rotations of the cross sections.
amples, nonlinear effects are found to be considerably less mani- For reference, the reader m a y turn, for example, to
fest in cylinders than in corresponding flat plates. Biot 4 ' 14 and Novozhilov. 5
Symbols Similar effects have been considered in vibration
problems by such writers as Carrier, 6 Eringen, 7 Chu
x,y,z „ = axial, circumferential, and radial coordinates, and Herrmann, 8 and E. Reissner. 9 One difficulty in
respectively; also used as subscripts to
problems regarding nonlinear vibrations of elastic
denote quantities in these directions
e,e = linear and nonlinear strain components, respec- bodies appears to be t h a t the meaning of normal modes
tively, with appropriate subscripts (which are powerful tools in linear vibration problems)
o}x,wy = rotations about x axis and y axis, respectively becomes obscure since time and space variables are not
R,h = mean radius and thickness, respectively, of the separable in most nonlinear vibration problems.
shell
However, since one reason for studying nonlinear
p = mass density of the shell
a = stress components, with appropriate subscripts vibrations of plates and shells used in flight structures
Nx,Ny,Nxy = in-plane forces defined by Eq. (6) is the solution of problems regarding panel excitations,
Mx,My,Mxy = bending moments defined by Eq. (6) and since some experiments 10 ' 16 do indicate t h a t the
n,s = normal and tangential coordinates, respec- panel behaves like a forced nonlinear system with one
tively, of a boundary curve; also used as
or two degrees of freedom, we are therefore guided
subscripts; used only before Eq. (17)
/ = components of external traction, with appro- toward finding these vibrational modes. One ap-
priate subscripts proach involves simply the investigation of free vibra-
Fx,Fy,mx — defined by Eq. (9) tion problems. T h e mode shape assumed is the first
[my,q] normal mode shape in the linear theory and is also con-
X, Y,Z = components of body force density
sistent with the experiments.
u,v,w = middle surface displacements defined by Eq. (4)
E,G,D = Young's modulus, shear modulus, and flexural These observations would seem to p u t us in a situa-
rigidity, respectively tion similar to t h a t of the late 1930's regarding stability
F = stress function defined by Eq. (20) problems of thin cylinders—that is, the eigenvalue
\x,\y = axial and circumferential half-wavelengths, character of the problem becomes lost in changing from
respectively
the linear to the nonlinear case and we must rely heavily
L = \x
r = X, y /X x on clues derived from t h e experiments.
n = number of circumferential full waves; used Our approach in this paper is similar in some ways to
only after Eq. (23) t h a t of E. Reissner. 9 T h e differences would be in pre-
H{t) = time function in nonlinear vibrations sentation and interpretation, in various points of empha-
A = amplitude of flexural vibrations
sis, and in our systematic derivation of equations of mo-
/3 = A/h
K(k) = complete elliptic integral of the first kind tion from a set of consistent assumptions. These equa-
k — defined by Eq. (32) tions of motion include terms not included in those de-
rived by Marguerre 1 1 and used by E. Reissner. 9 T h e
(1) Introduction terms in question extend the present work to practical

T HE IMPORTANCE of including nonlinear effects in

problems regarding strength and stability of
problems under contemplation. However, since the
problems regarding the free vibrations m u s t first be
solved, these extra terms are merely presented in this
Received May 2, 1960.
* Structures Research Staff, The Martin Company, Denver, paper. Also, examples are worked out with a view to
Colo. possible application to the flutter and panel excitation
602
 Cylindrical Shell
-Flat Plate (Ref 8)
0.4,
0.4 0.8 12 2.0
Fi3. 1. Pattern of vibration modes.
Amplitude
"Shell Thickness
problems. We start, however, by deriving the differen-
FIG. 2. Influence of large amplitudes on period of vibrations.
tial equations of motion. Number of circumferential waves, n = 8.
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113

(2) Stress Equations of Motion

(a) Strains and Displacements
The strain expressions in which the second-order terms are included m a y be found in a number of references, in-
cluding, for example, Novozhilov. 5 When applied to cylindrical shells in which the shell thickness is small compared
to the radius, they read

eXx = exx + (l/2)a^ 2 , eyy = ev. + (l/2)«x*( = e2; ( 1 / 2 ) (co/ + CO,2)

(1)
= ex
where

= dnx/dx, = diiy/dy + uz/R, e2Z = du2/dz

exv = diiy/dx + dux/by, exz = bux/~dz + bujdx, e.yz - bu2/dy + dtiy/dz (2)
'h/Rj
are the strain components in the linear theory, and

1 [duz uy dul 1 (bux da*

(3)
2\dy R dz 2 \dz dx
are the components of rotation. ux, uy, and uz are the axial, circumferential, and radial displacement components,
respectively, x and y are the axial and circumferential coordinates, respectively, measured along the middle sur-
face of the undeformed shell, while z is the radial coordinate measured from this surface. R is the mean radius of
the undeformed shell.
Next, we consider only those problems in which the displacements are predominantly flexural. T h e term uv/R
in Eqs. (2) and (3) can therefore be neglected. In addition, if in these problems the characteristic dimensions in-
volved (the axial and circumferential wavelengths, for example) are large as compared to the shell thickness, we can
assume the displacements to be

ux = u(x,y) — z(dw/dx), uy = v(x,y) — z(dw/dy), uz = w(x,y) (4)

where the transverse shear deformation is neglected.
The strain expressions of Eq. (1) can now be calculated by using Eq. (4). The result is
2 2 2
bu 1 /dw\ d w dv w 1 /dw\ d2w
txx = + Z
dx 2\dx) ~ d^' dy R by2'
(5)
1 /dw\2 1 fdw\2 dv dn d2w
e = + 2z
" 2W7 2\by)> ' dx oy dx dy dxdy

(b) The Strain-Energy Expression

We shall neglect the contribution in strain energy due to azz. T h e discussion will therefore be limited to fre-
quencies below t h a t at which azz becomes important—i.e., frequencies of the thickness-stretch vibrations. 1 2 This is
603
 604 J O U R N A L O F T H E A E R O S P A C E S C I E N C E S —A U G U S T 1 9 6 1

acceptable since this paper will discuss t h e effect of large amplitudes on those flexural vibrations whose frequencies
are far below those of t h e thickness-stretch modes.
T h e strain-energy expression is then

W = (
2/ / /
&XX ^XX Vyy^yy ~t~ crXy€Xy)dxdydz
dw\2 d2w~ dv w
"i/JTHS + K dx I dx 2 + °V Idy
1 /dw\2 _
+
R
d2w~
+

dv du dw dw d2w '
2 + O-x 2z: dx dy dz
2\dy) dy . dx dy dx dy dxdy.

If we define

h/2 r*h/2 n
Nx , dz
/ -h/2
<JXX dZ, Ny = I (Jyy dZ, NXy = j (6)
+ h/2-h/2 J-h/2 J- h/2
Mx = h/2 nh/2 n
' - h/2 J -h/2 J - h/2
/
<ixx z dz, expression
where h is t h e shell thickness, t h e strain-energy My = I candyy z dz,
then Mxy = as
be written I
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113

- h/2 J -h/2 J -
dw\ d2w r dv w 1 /dw\2~\
<HJMs-:+i( dx J J d y
2
+
R +
2 \dy) J
dw dv du dw dw d2w .
Mu 2 N* - 2MXy ^ - } dxdy (7)
dy .dx dy dx dy.

T h e strain-energy variation becomes

8W
-;;K d8u
dx
dw d8w\
dx dx J
d28w
dx2
( d8v
dy
dw d8w
dy
8w

d28w /d8v d8u dw d8w dw d8w\ d28w"

2 xv xy
dxdy
dy \ dx dy dx dy dy dx ) dxdy.

which m a y be integrated b y parts to yield

TV dw dw /dw\
8W = (j> Nn 8un + Nn — dw + Nns — 8w - Mn8 ( — ) + Nns 8us +
dn ds \dnj
dM,„ dMns dN, dNxy'
dn 8w + 2 ——
ds 8w
ds
-//{[ dx dy
8u +
dx dy J
8v +

'd2Mx d2Mv d2Mxv

dx2 dy2 dxdy dx \ x
dx) dy\ v
dy)

A (N M + A (N M _ ** 8w{
xy +
dxdy (8)
dx \ dy) by V " bx) R

where t h e line integral is to be taken around t h e curve bounding the middle surface of t h e shell element under con-
sideration, and n and s are the normal and tangential coordinates, respectively, to this boundary curve. In setting
up E q . (8), use was made of

//[£- dy
dxdy ~
- /
Q> Nn8un ds, etc.,

T ,, d8w , T dMn
and -bwds
ds

(c) The External Work

Let fx, fv, a n d / 2 denote t h e x, y and z components, respectively, of the surface tractions per unit original area. The
external work then becomes

We = I I (fxUX + fyUy + fzliz) dS

where S indicates t h e total external surfaces. T h e external work variation is then

 THIN CIRCULAR C Y L I N D R I C A L SHELL 605

%We = I I [fxdux + jybUy + fz8uz)zzJ/2h/2 dxdy + (f> i (fjun + fs8us + f28uz) dzds
J J J J-h/2

Hence, b y t h e assumed displacements of Eq. (4), we have

8We =
j J {/* \8u ~z ~dx~)+ fy vv "•z d ~ J + / 2 H ^ +

Now, if we define
/r \'-
J J -h/2[_
8un
d8w\
>—}
„ (
dn J +fs(8us
b8w\
- z —
ds J )+fz8w
dzds

Fx = M.JZl'/l Fy = fvlJZtji q = / , ] S J : ^ 1 , « X = *f,U'-$

*h/2
fndz, Nns* = fsdz, Qn = fzdz{
-h/2 J -h/2 J -h
-h/2 (9)
h/2 r*h/2
Mn*
/ -h/2
fnzdz, Mns* = I fszdz
-h/2 J -h
then t h e external work variation m a y be written as
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113

f
dm dmv
8W« ff[^u + Fy8v + (^
T
+ - » + q]8W dxdy +
(10)
/[». *8un + Nns* 8us + ( Qn - mn + ^ ^ - ) fa> - Mn*d f ^ dsl

where use has been made of

CC ( d8w d8w\ C C C (dmx dmv\

m +m dxdy = mjw ds
JJ \ * ^ »^j f ~ J J U r + ^ ) S w dxdy
i>M*
and 8w ds

(d) The Kinetic Energy Expression

T h e kinetic energy is

T — - I I \p{ux2 + uy2 + u2) dxdydz

which b y means of Eq. (4) m a y be written as

dw\2 <>w\2 '

T u — z- v —z — + w^ dxdydz
dxj
dy/
= M h* /dw\2 hz /dw\
\ If { 2
+ hi)2 + hw2 +
12 \ d x / + 12 \ d y / dxdy

where the dot indicates differentiation with respect to time. Hence the kinetic energy variation is

fT I phd d2w phz d2w \ f pW dw

2 8w
I ( phu 8u + phi) 8i) 12 —dx— 12 ——dy22 8w + phw 8w dxdy + Q) —12 —
dn 8w ds
JJ \ 12 dx2 12 dy ) J
which m a y be integrated b y parts with respect to time to yield

hd fd2w b2w\ ph? did

nil 8u — hi) 8v -\ — \- ——2 8w — hw 8w dxdydt 8wdsdt (11)
12 \ dx 2 by ) Jh J 12 d^

in which the variations a t t\ and /2 have been set to zero.

(e) The Work of Body Forces

Let X, Y, and Z be t h e x, y, and z components, respectively, of the body force per unit original volume. The
variation of the work of body forces can then be written as
 606 JOURNAL OF THE AEROSPACE S C I E N C E S —AUGUST, 1961

bWB = I I I (X bux + Y biiy + Z 8uz) dxdydz

(12)
dbw\
z —- ) + Z bw dxdydz\
dx J dy/
If we define
h/2 h/2 h/2
X Xdzy Y Ydzf Z = Z dz (13)
/ -h/2 / ~h/2 / -h/2

then Eq. (12) may be written as

bWB = i ) [X bu + Y bv + Z bw] dxdy

-///H!)+Ki") z dzdxdy

If we limit ourselves to those problems in which

(X + Y)z dz = 0

we will then have

Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113

bWB = (X 8u + Y 8v + Z 8w) dxdy (14)

(/) The Shell-Stress Equations of Motion

The variational principle states that among all the admissible states of stress the actual one is that which satisfies

where L = T - U = T - W + We + WB.
r L dt = 0

Therefore, from Eqs. (8), (10), (11), and (14), we obtain the following
set of shell-stress equations of motion:
dNx i>Nxy dNxy dNv
— x + - ^ + Fx + X = phu -^J + -r* + Fy + Y = phv
Ox oy ox oy
&MX ^w dw\ d/ dw dw\
+ 2 — ( (15)
dx2 by2 dxdy dx \
x
dx xy
dyj dy\ u dy xv
dx)
drnx dmy
Z — phw —
M3
2
R dx dy T2 \dx dy2/
In addition, at the boundary, we have
1.0
Nn = Nn*, Nn8 = Nn8*, Mn = Mn*, and]
^ phz dw dw
Qn = f»» + - r + Nn— +
(16)
0.91
12 dn dn
N &w . ^Mn dMni
ds dn ds 0.8
Since the superposition principle no longer holds in non-
linear problems, a uniqueness theorem similar to that 0.7
of F. Neumann for the linear case cannot be formulated
in our case.
Eqs. (15) (with the exception of the body force terms 0.6
X, Y, and Z) reduce to those equations derived by L.
Donnell3 when u, v, and w terms are put to zero, and to
that equation derived by G. Herrmann 13 when R tends lH 0.5
to infinity. — Cylindrical Shell
As mentioned earlier, the axial and circumferential — Flat Plate (Ref 8)
wavelengths considered in this paper are large com- 0.4,
pared to the shell thickness. Therefore, the term 0.4 0.8Amplitud* 1.6 2.0
»• Shtll Thickness
(ph*/l2)(d2/dx2 + d2/dy2)w in Eq. (15) can be
FIG. 3. Influence of large amplitudes on period of vibrations.
neglected. Number of circumferential waves n — 10.
 T H I N C I R C U L A R C Y L I N D R I C A L SHELL 607

(3) D i s p l a c e m e n t E q u a t i o n s of M o t i o n the displacement equations of motion. However,

(a) Stress-Displacement Relations equations obtained in this manner are awkward for
use in m a n y practical problems. T h e following con-
In general, there are six stress-strain relations for a siderations therefore appear in order.
three-dimensional solid. Since the transverse shear We assume t h a t the shell is free from all external
strains eyz and exz are neglected in our case, only four forces b u t subject to the internal pressure p and one
stress-strain relations remain. T h e n the strain com- constant axial body force. F3i Fy, mXi myy Y, and Z
ponent ezz is eliminated, and we have the following three are then zero, q is equal to p, and X is constant. We
stress-strain relations: can, therefore, define a stress function F{x,y) such t h a t

"XX (TZi
d2F d2F
\*xx 1 "*vv) ~r Nx Xx = h -h
1- V 2
1- V NXy =
dy2' dxdy
E V (17) (20)
°yy =
1 72 \eyy + Vtxx) +
1— V
Furthermore, if the motion is predominantly flexural
Vxy = G e
xy (as was assumed a t the beginning of t h i s paper) the
longitudinal and circumferential inertia t e r m s r phii and
Hence, b y using Eq. (5), we have phv of Eq. (15), can then be shown negligible according
E du d2w 1 /dw\2 dv to a perturbation procedure. 8 Therefore, the first two
9
z 2 (-- — +*> — equations of (15) are identically satisfied b y the stress
1 — V" dx dx 2 \ dx/ dy
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113

function defined b y Eq. (20), and the third equation of

w v /dw\2 d2w (15) becomes
R 2\dy) vz dy2\ +
D d2Fd2w d2F d2w d2Fd2w
dv d2w 1 /dw\2 w - V % = — 2• 2 2 H —
dx2 dy2
_dy -—+2WJ
dy 2\dy 2

2 2
+
R +
(18) h dy dx
1 d2F X (dw
dxdy dxdy
d2w
(21)
du v fdw\ d w~
dx 2 \ dxj dx _
R dx2' _ / — _|_
h \dx
x
dx2
+h pw\

/dv du dw dw d2w On the other hand, from Eq. (19) we obtain the follow-
- 2zG ing equation of compatibility:
\dx dy dx dy dxdy J
1 /d2w\2 d2wd2w 1 d2w
which can then be integrated across the shell thickness VAF = ( ) 1 — (22)
h to yield E ' ~ \dxdyj dx2 dy2 R dx2

Eh 'du 1 /dw\2 and in Eqs. (21) and (22)

Nx =
dx 2 \ dxj V4 = v2V2 and V2 = d 2 /dx 2 + d 2 /dy 2
dv w v /dw
V + V +
(as is customary).
dy R 2 \dyj J If we think in terms of an axial force field Xx, then
Vd2w d2w~~ (X/h)(dw/dx) m a y be referred to as the "buoyancy
Mx = t e r m " while (Xx/h) (d2w/dx2) m a y be called the "curva-
\_dx2 dy2 _
ture term"^—to use a phrase coined by M. A. Biot. 14
Eh fdv w 1 /dw\2 Eqs. (21) and (22) will form the basis of our following
Ny = 2 + +
1 - v \_dy R 2 \dy)
+ discussions.
(19)
du v /dw\2
v
ox + ]2\dx) _
^T
(4) S o l u t i o n of Free V i b r a t i o n s
2 2
Yd w d w~ When the shell is free from the external and body
My =
[_dy2 dx2_ forces, the equations take the form
/dv du dw dw\ D d2Fd2w d2F d2w ,
Nxy = VAw + pib 2z-^-^- +
\dx dy dx dy)' dy2 dx2 dxdy dxdy
2
dw d2F d2w 1_ d^F
M... = —D(v 1 -- v) (23)
'dxdy dx 2
dy 2
R dx2
in which integrals containing azz are neglected according 1 / d2w \ 2 d2w d2w 1 d2w
to comments presented earlier in this paper regarding E \dxdyj dx2 dy2 R dx2
thickness-stretch modes.
Since our purpose at present is to establish the effect
(b) The Stress Function and Displacement Equations of large amplitudes in relation to the corresponding
of Motion linear vibrations, we assume t h a t the vibration modes
If we substitute Eq. (19) into Eq. (15), we obtain form a p a t t e r n of equal "lobes" (which is suggested b y
 808 JOUR N AL OF T H E A E R O S P A CE S C I E N C E S —A UG US T 196 I

solution of t h e corresponding linear vibrations, as we (p) Solution of Free Nonlinear Vibrations

shall presently see). Each lobe is characterized b y a We assume t h a t
longitudinal a n d a circumferential half-wavelength,
\x and \y, respectively. Thus, we m a y consider each w = AH{i) sin {TTX/L) cos {ny/R) (28)
lobe individually, and position our coordinates ac- in accordance with our assumption t h a t for slight non-
cordingly. In particular, we set linearities t h e effect of large amplitudes lies primarily
0 < x < L and •TR/2n < y < icR/2n in t h e frequency of vibrations. From t h e second equa-
tion of (23), we then find
as a "representative l o b e / ' while n is the number of t h e
circumferential full waves. Apparently, 1
F EAH { - X
R
Xr — L and irR/n
. TTX ny AH
In Fig. 1, the intersections of solid lines represent points sin -r- cos — X (29)
L R 32
of maximum positive amplitude, while those of t h e
-2 2 TTX 2nyl
dotted lines represent points of maximum negative cos
amplitude (or vice versa). Also, a full- and dotted- ~R\
line intersection represents a point where w = 0. Solution (28) satisfies boundary conditions (27) exactly
while solution (29) does not, although they both satisfy
(a) Solution of Free Linear Vibrations boundary conditions (27) in the limit of vanishing
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113

If t h e nonlinear terms of E q . (23) are dropped, then amplitudes—i.e., when they tend to the linear vibrations.
the corresponding linear equations are obtained T h u s However, solution (29) does satisfy the boundary condi
tions (27) "in t h e mean"—i.e., when it is integrated
D l_b2F E d2w
V % + pw — 2 V4F (24) over the entire wavelength of t h e boundary, In other
R dx R~dx~c<
words, solutions (28) a n d (29) apply to only t h a t por-
If we assume tion of the cylinder n o t near the cylinder ends. I n
passing, it m a y be noted t h a t it is possible to impose
w = A sin (TTX/L) cos {ny/R) sin cot
(25) displacement boundary conditions on u and v in t h e
F — B sin {TTX/L) COS {ny/R) sin cot rectangular plate, while this is n o t t h e case for a lobe in
a complete cylinder. Hence, the boundary conditions
we get
of reference 8 are n o t used here.
»v! (h y / (1 + r2)2 + If solutions (28) and (29) are substituted into t h e
p _12(1 - *>) \RJ '
2
xj first equation of (23), permitting the collection of t h e

^y r . ( 1 + rJ)-r (26)
first harmonic terms, the following is obtained:

S + oo2H + {TT/2Y{E/P){A/\V)2 X
N o t e t h a t E q . (25) satisfies the boundary conditions (1/X,) 2 (1 + r*)H* = 0 (30)

w - d2w/dx2 = F - b2F/dx2 = 0, at where co is the linear frequency as defined by Eq. (26),

xv —
— 0,
n LT.I{ If we write 2"* as the nonlinear period of vibrations,
(27) T as the linear period of vibrations, and co* t h e non-
w _ 5 2 W / / ^ 2 __ f d2F/by2 - 0, at
y ~~ ± TrR/2n ' linear frequency of vibrations, then, from E q . (30),
we find t h a t
exactly, which are t h e same as those used in reference
9. Also, in Eq. (26) and thereafter, r — \y/\x- T*/T = [2K(k)/ir](co/t**) (31)
where K(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the first
kind; and

while
i 1 + (7r/2y(E/p)(A/X ni/\ r(l+r')
li l)

(32)
A
(i + r 4 )
CO 2/ U
1+
12(1 - v2) \RJ K
' \R ' y
'
 THIN CIRCULAR
(5) N u m e r i c a l E x a m p l e s a n d D i s c u s s i o n s
Numerical examples are given for R/h — 100 and
v = 0.318, which are typical for a thin shell made of an
aluminum alloy. In Fig. 2, n is equal to 8 (of special
interest in flutter analyses 11 ) while in Fig. 3, n is equal
to 10 (for comparison). Results from reference 8 are
reproduced in both Figs. 2 and 3 to show t h a t the
reduction in period of vibrations is much less for a
cylinder t h a n for a flat plate. Physically, this is due
to the fact t h a t the nonlinearities are introduced through
the in-plane forces such as Nx and Ny. In linear vibra-
tions, these in-plane forces are zero for flat plates, while
this is not the case for cylinders where Ny is not equal
to zero. T h e effect of Ny can be seen through the last
term of (26), which vanishes for flat plates. For
n = 8, this term varies from 7.5 percent of the total
[of Eq. (26) ] for r = 4, to 60 percent of the total for
r = 1. Therefore, the additional in-plane forces aris-
ing from the nonlinear terms should exert less influence
Downloaded by 123.2.138.201 on July 19, 2019 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.9113
for cylinders. This influence reaches a minimum a t
r = 1.
Another interesting feature is t h a t the results are
symmetric with respect to r—that is, Eq. (31) has the
same value when r is replaced b y 1/r. This is not as
obvious for a cylinder as it is for a flat plate. Conse-
quently, in Figs. 2 and 3, curves for r < 1 do not appear
explicitly and curve r = 1 is highest.
In direct consequence of this last observation, if
finite amplitudes are to be considered, the square wave
pattern then becomes the most likely mode under the
assumptions used in this paper. This would facilitate
the s t u d y of nonlinear panel excitation problems, 10 - 16
since a mode shape is often assumed to reduce problems
of this n a t u r e into a forced nonlinear system of b u t
one or two degrees of freedom. Naturally, the most
appropriate modes are those which have the least
strain energies. 15 In the case of a cylinder, the square
wave p a t t e r n has least strain energy under the as-
sumptions used in this paper.
References
1
Karman, Th. v., Fes tigkeitspr obi erne im Maschinenbau,
Encyklopadie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, Vol. IV,
No. 4, pp. 311-385, 1910.
Pinned Rotating Blade Linear Vibration
Thus, to find the natural frequencies, a set of trial
values of frequency are chosen and, for each of these,
the integrations are performed as indicated above and
the determinant of (C.6) evaluated. T h e zeros of this
determinant define the natural frequencies. Having
C Y L I N D R I C A L S H E L L 609
2
Karman, Th. v., and Tsien, H. S., The Buckling of Thin
Cylindrical Shells under Axial Compression, Journal of the
Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 303-312, June 1941.
3
Donnell, L. H., A New Theory for the Buckling of Thin
Cylinders Under Axial Compression and Bending, Trans. ASME,
Vol. 56, p. 795, 1934.
4
Biot, M. A., Theory of Elasticity with Large Displacements and
Rotations, Proc. 5th International Congress of Applied Mechan-
ics, pp. 117-122, 1938.
5
Novozhilov, V. V., Foundations of the Nonlinear Theory of
Elasticity, Graylock Press, Rochester, N. Y., 1953.
6
Carrier, G. F., On the Nonlinear Vibration Problem of the
Elastic String, Quart. Appl. Math., Vol. 3, p. 157, 1945.
7
Eringen, A. C , On the Nonlinear Vibration of Elastic Bars,,
Quart. Appl. Math., Vol. 10, pp. 361-369, 1952.
8
Chu, Hu-Nan, and Herrmann, G., Influence of Large Ampli-
tudes on Free Flexural Vibrations of Rectangular Elastic Plates,
J. Appl. Mech., Trans. ASME, Vol. 78, pp. A532-A540, Decem-
ber 1956.
9
Reissner, E., Nonlinear Effects in Vibrations of Cylindrical
Shells, Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation Report AM5-6, September
1955.
10
Kirchman, E. J., and Greenspon, J. E., Nonlinear Response
of Aircraft Panels to Acoustic Noise, J. Acoustical Society of
America, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 854-857, July 1957 W. R. Strong,
unpublished report, The Glenn L. Martin Company, August
1957.
11
Marguerre, K., Zur Theorie der Gekriimmten Platte Grosser
Formdnderung, Proc. 5th International Congress of Applied
Mechanics, pp. 93-101, 1938.
12
Gazis, D. C. Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Propaga-
tion of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders, J. Acoustical Society
of America, Vol. 31, pp. 568-578, 1959.
13
Herrmann, G., Influence of Large Amplitudes on Flexural
Motions of Elastic Plates, NACA T N 3578, May 1956.
14
Biot, M. A., Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity and the Linearized
Case for a Body Under Initial Stress, Edinburgh Phil. Mag. and
Sci., Ser. 7, Vol. 27, No. 183, pp. 468-489, April 1939.
16
Holt, M., and Strack, S. L., Supersonic Panel Flutter of a
Cylindrical Shell of Finite Length, Journal of Aerospace Sciences,
Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 197-208, March 1961. In this paper, a re-
sult from The Flexural Vibrations of Thin Cylinders, by Arnold
and Warburton, published in the Proceedings of the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 167 (1953), was quoted. This
quoted result actually indicates an n between 7 and 8. Since n
must be an integer and since our paper is concerned with slight
nonlinearities, n is chosen to be 8.
16
Lassiter, L. W., and Hess, R. W., Calculated and Measured
Stresses in Simple Panels Subject to Intense Random Acoustic
Loading Including the Near Noise Field of a Turbojet Engine,
NACA Rept. 1367, 1958.
(Continued from page 601)
found a natural frequency, the corresponding values of
the weighting functions, relative to one of the set,
m a y be found from any three of ( C o ) . Using these,
the corresponding mode shapes can be determined by
substitution into the first two of (C.4).