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Like satellite television services, satellite Internet service can be affected by rain. During heavy
rain, there is degraded performance, and the service can stop altogether during downpours.
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way to and from the satellite.

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If you don't lose connectivity during severe weather, you may find your service runs slower
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On rare occasions, your service may have a “weather outage” under clear skies. This is because
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Although it's rare for a large gateway antenna to lose connectivity due to weather, it is
possible. If this happened, the outage would likely be brief.

At the ground level, satellite service relies on dishes and antennas positioned on top or the side of
a building. That means the equipment is open not only to satellite signals, but all the
unpredictable forces of Mother Nature.

Computer is not intelligent because its accuracy and precision

depends on:

 Correct input
 Correct instruction

CORRECTION OF MATH TEST ONE

Calculate the determinant of the matrix 1 -2 3 1

 4 -6 3 2

2 4 -9 -3

3 -6 9 2

SOLUTION

 Step 1: Transform the matrix to a row echelon form

 Step 2: Calculate the determinant
 Comments

Step 1: Transform the matrix to a row echelon form

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1

Row 4 -6 3 2 0 2 -9 -2
add -4 times the 1st row to the 2nd row
Operation
the determinant does not change
1: 2 4 -9 -3 2 4 -9 -3

3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1

Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
add -2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row
Operation
the determinant does not change
2: 2 4 -9 -3 0 8 -15 -5

3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row
add -3 times the 1st row to the 4th row
Operation 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
the determinant does not change
3:
0 8 -15 -5 0 8 -15 -5
 3 -6 9 2 0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1

1 -2 3 1
-9

Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 1 -1
multiply the 2nd row by 1/2
Operation
the determinant is multiplied by 1/2 2
4: 0 8 -15 -5

0 8 -15 -5
0 0 0 -1

0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1

-9 -9

Row 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
add -8 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
Operation
2 the determinant does not change 2
5:

0 8 -15 -5 0 0 21 3

0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1
1 -2 3 1

-9
-9
Row 0 1 -1
multiply the 3rd row by 1/21 0 1 -1
Operation
2 the determinant is multiplied by 1/21
6: 2

0 0 21 3
1
0 0 1
0 0 0 -1
 7

0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1

-9 -9

0 1 -1 0 1 -1

Row 2 2
multiply the 4th row by -1
Operation
the determinant is multiplied by -1
7: 1 1

0 0 1 0 0 1

7 7

0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1

Step 2: Calculate the determinant

1 -2 3 1

4 -6 3 2
Let us denote the original matrix: A =
2 4 -9 -3

3 -6 9 2

1 -2 3 1

-9
and the row echelon form obtained above: B =
0 1 -1

2
 1

0 0 1

0 0 0 1

We then have the following relationship:

det(A) (1/2) (1/21) (-1) = det(B).

Since det(B) = 1 , we have,

det(A) = -42.

TRANSFORMING MATRIX TO THE REDUCED ROW ECHELON FORM

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 4 -6 3 2 0 2 -9 -2
Operation add -4 times the 1st row to the 2nd row
1: 2 4 -9 -3 2 4 -9 -3
3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
Operation add -2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row
2: 2 4 -9 -3 0 8 -15 -5
3 -6 9 2 3 -6 9 2

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row 0 2 -9 -2 0 2 -9 -2
Operation add -3 times the 1st row to the 4th row
3: 0 8 -15 -5 0 8 -15 -5
3 -6 9 2 0 0 0 -1

Row
1 -2 3 1 multiply the 2nd row by 1/2 1 -2 3 1
Operation
4:
0 2 -9 -2 -9
0 1 -1
0 8 -15 -5
2
0 0 0 -1
0 8 -15 -5
0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
Row 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Operation 2 add -8 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row 2
5:
0 8 -15 -5 0 0 21 3
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1
1 -2 3 1 -9
-9 0 1 -1
Row 0 1 -1 2
Operation 2 multiply the 3rd row by 1/21
6: 1
0 0 21 3 0 0 1
7
0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 -1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Row 2 2
Operation multiply the 4th row by -1
7: 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
7 7
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
Row -9 -9
Operation 0 1 -1 add -1/7 times the 4th row to the 3rd row 0 1 -1
8: 2 2
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
 0 0 0 1
7
0 0 0 1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 1
-9 -9
Row 0 1 -1 0 1 0
Operation 2 add 1 times the 4th row to the 2nd row 2
9:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 -2 3 1 1 -2 3 0
-9 -9
Row 0 1 0 0 1 0
Operation 2 add -1 times the 4th row to the 1st row 2
10:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 -2 3 0
1 -2 3 0
-9
Row 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Operation 2 add 9/2 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row
11: 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

1 -2 3 0 1 -2 0 0
Row 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Operation add -3 times the 3rd row to the 1st row
12: 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Row 1 -2 0 0 1 0 0 0
Operation 0 1 0 0 add 2 times the 2nd row to the 1st row 0 1 0 0
13:
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 2 -1

Calculate the determinant of the matrix 3 -2 1

3 2 -1

SOLUTION

 Step 1: Transform the matrix to a row echelon form

 Step 2: Calculate the determinant
 Comments

Step 1: Transform the matrix to a row echelon form

0 2 -1 3 -2 1
Row
interchange the 1st row and the 2nd row
Operation 3 -2 1 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by -1
1:
3 2 -1 3 2 -1

-2 1

3 -2 1 1
Row
multiply the 1st row by 1/3 3 3
Operation 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/3
2:
0 2 -1
3 2 -1

3 2 -1

Row add -3 times the 1st row to the 3rd row

1 -2 1 1 -2 1
Operation the determinant does not change
3:

3 3 3 3

0 2 -1 0 2 -1

3 2 -1 0 4 -2

-2 1

-2 1 1

1 3 3
Row
3 3 multiply the 2nd row by 1/2
Operation -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/2
4:
0 2 -1 0 1

2
0 4 -2

0 4 -2

-2 1 -2 1

1 1

3 3 3 3
Row
add -4 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
Operation -1 -1
the determinant does not change
5:
0 1 0 1

2 2

0 4 -2 0 0 0

Step 2: Calculate the determinant

 0 2 -1

Let us denote the original matrix: A = 3 -2 1

3 2 -1

-2 1

3 3

and the row echelon form obtained above: B = -1

0 1

0 0 0

We then have the following relationship:

det(A) (-1) (1/3) (1/2) = det(B).

Since det(B) = 0 , we have,

det(A) = 0.

0 2 -1

Calculate the determinant of the matrix 3 -2 1

3 2 1

SOLUTION

 Step 1: Transform the matrix to a row echelon form

 Step 2: Calculate the determinant
  Comments

Step 1: Transform the matrix to a row echelon form

0 2 -1 3 -2 1
Row
interchange the 1st row and the 2nd row
Operation 3 -2 1 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by -1
1:
3 2 1 3 2 1

-2 1

3 -2 1 1
Row
multiply the 1st row by 1/3 3 3
Operation 0 2 -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/3
2:
0 2 -1
3 2 1

3 2 1

-2 1 -2 1

1 1
Row
3 3 add -3 times the 1st row to the 3rd row 3 3
Operation
the determinant does not change
3:
0 2 -1 0 2 -1

3 2 1 0 4 0

-2 1 -2 1

Row 1 1
multiply the 2nd row by 1/2
Operation
3 3 the determinant is multiplied by 1/2 3 3
4:

0 2 -1 0 1 -1
 0 4 0

0 4 0

-2 1 -2 1

1 1

3 3 3 3
Row
add -4 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
Operation -1 -1
the determinant does not change
5:
0 1 0 1

2 2

0 4 0 0 0 2

-2 1 -2 1

1 1

3 3 3 3
Row
multiply the 3rd row by 1/2
Operation -1 -1
the determinant is multiplied by 1/2
6:
0 1 0 1

2 2

0 0 2 0 0 1

Step 2: Calculate the determinant

0 2 -1
Let us denote the original matrix: A =
3 -2 1
 3 2 1

-2 1

3 3

and the row echelon form obtained above: B = -1

0 1

0 0 1

We then have the following relationship:

det(A) (-1) (1/3) (1/2) (1/2) = det(B).

Since det(B) = 1 , we have,

det(A) = -12

PROBLEM

0 2 -1

Find (if possible) the inverse of the matrix 3 -2 1

3 2 1

SOLUTION

 Step 1: Adjoin the identity matrix to the given matrix

 Step 2: Transform the matrix to the reduced row echelon form
 Step 3: Interpret the reduced row echelon form
 Comments
Step 1: Adjoin the identity matrix to the given matrix

0 2 -1 1 0 0

Adjoining I3 to the given matrix, we obtain the 3x6 matrix: 3 -2 1 0 1 0

3 2 1 0 0 1

Step 2: Transform the matrix to the reduced row echelon form (Hide
details)

- -
0 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 1 0
1 2
Row
interchange the 1st row and the
Operation - -
3 1 0 1 0 2nd row 0 2 1 0 0
1: 2 1

3 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 1

-2 1 1

3 -2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Row
3 3 3
Operation 0 2 -1 1 0 0 multiply the 1st row by 1/3
2:
0 2 -1 1 0 0
3 2 1 0 0 1

3 2 1 0 0 1

- -
1 1 1 1
Row 2 2
add -3 times the 1st row to the
Operation 1 0 0 1 0 0
3rd row
3:
3 3 3 3
3 3
 - -
0 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
1 1

3 2 1 0 0 1 -
0 4 0 0 1
1

-2 1 1

-2 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 3 3 3
Row
3 3 3
Operation multiply the 2nd row by 1/2 -1 1
4:
0 2 -1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

2 2
0 4 0 0 -1 1

0 4 0 0 -1 1

- -
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0

3 3 3 3
3 3

Row
- add -4 times the 2nd row to the -
Operation 1 1
1 3rd row 1
5:
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

2 2
2 2

- - -
0 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 1
1 2 1

Row
Operation 1 -2 1 0 1 0 multiply the 3rd row by 1/2 1 -2 1 0 1 0
6:
 3 3 3 3 3 3

-1 1 -1 1

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

2 2 2 2

0 0 2 -2 -1 1 -1 1

0 0 1 -1

2 2

- -
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0

3 3 3 3
3 3

- -
1 1
Row 1 1
add 1/2 times the 3rd row to the
Operation 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
2nd row
7:
2 4
2 4

- -
1 1
1 1
- -
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
2 2
2 2

Row - - -
1 1 add -1/3 times the 3rd row to 1 1
Operation 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 1
the 1st row
8:
 3 3 3 3 3 2 6

- -
1 1
1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

4 4
4 4

- -
1 1
1 1
- -
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
2 2
2 2

- -
1 1 1 1
2 1
1 0 1 0 0 0

3 2 3 3
3 6

-
- 1
1 1
Row 1
add 2/3 times the 2nd row to the 0 1 0 0
Operation 0 1 0 0
1st row
9: 4
4 4
4

-
- 1
1 1
1 -
- 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
1
2
2 2
2

Step 3: Interpret the reduced row echelon form

The matrix in reduced row echelon form obtained above can be interpreted as [ C | D ], where
both C and D are 3x3 matrices.
 1 0 0

Since C = 0 1 0 equals I3

0 0 1

1 1

3 3

-1 1

then D = 0 is the inverse of the original matrix.

4 4

-1 1

-1

2 2

PROBLEM

Solve the following system of 3 linear equations in 3 unknowns:

1 x1 +2 x2 -3 x3 = 1

1 x1 +3 x2 +4 x3 = 2

2 x1 +5 x2 +1 x3 = 3

SOLUTION

 Step 1: Transform the augmented matrix to the reduced row echelon form
  Step 2: Interpret the reduced row echelon form

Step 1: Transform the augmented matrix to the reduced row echelon

form (Hide details)

1 2 -3 1 1 2 -3 1
Row
Operation 1 3 4 2 add -1 times the 1st row to the 2nd row 0 1 7 1
1:
2 5 1 3 2 5 1 3

1 2 -3 1 1 2 -3 1
Row
Operation 0 1 7 1 add -2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row 0 1 7 1
2:
2 5 1 3 0 1 7 1

1 2 -3 1 1 2 -3 1
Row
Operation 0 1 7 1 add -1 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row 0 1 7 1
3:
0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0

1 2 -3 1 1 0 -17 -1
Row
Operation 0 1 7 1 add -2 times the 2nd row to the 1st row 0 1 7 1
4:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Step 2: Interpret the reduced row echelon form

The reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrix is

 1 0 -17 -1

0 1 7 1

0 0 0 0

which corresponds to the system

1 x1 -17 x3 = -1

1 x2 +7 x3 = 1

0 = 0

No equation of this system has a form zero = nonzero; Therefore, the system is consistent.

The leading entries in the matrix have been highlighted in yellow.

A leading entry on the (i,j) position indicates that the j-th unknown will be determined using the
i-th equation.

Those columns in the coefficient part of the matrix that do not contain leading entries,
correspond to unknowns that will be arbitrary. The system has infinitely many solutions:

x1 = 17 x3 -1

x2 = -7 x3 +1

x3 = arbitrary