PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Matter can be described based on its properties. It could either be intensive or extensive and
physical or chemical.

An EXTENSIVE PROPERTY is a characteristic which depends on the amount of material. Volume

and mass are extensive properties matter.

An INTENSIVE PROPERTY is a characteristic which does not depend on the amount of material
but describes it.

Another set of properties describes wether the material has changed or not. A PHISICAL
PROPERTY can be observed in a material without changing the identity of the substance.

DUCTILITY Is the ability of a material to be stretched into wires.

MALLEABILITY is the ability of a material to be beaten into thin sheets.

HARDNESS is the ability of a material to resist cutting action,absorption,and penetration.

LUSTER is the ability of a material to reflect light.

DENSITY is a physical property of matter that express a relationship of mass to volume.

A CHEMICAL PROPERTY describes how a material changes into a different

substance.Corrosion,decomposition,and flammability are examples of chemical property.

SOME COMMON MATERIALS

Materials have characteristics which make them suitable for their intended use or function.
They enable us to work faster and easier to obtain our daily needs. Some materials are used in
food preparation to help maintain a healthy body. Other materials help us maintain a clean and
safe environment.

A. MATERIALS USED IN CLEANING

1. SOAP- It is made by boiling fat with a solution of sodium hydroxide. Soap is an
ANTISEPTIC compound or preparation which kills germs and prevent them from
spreading diseases.
2. DETERGENT- It is a strong variety of soap. It can remove dirt and dissolve grease and
natural oils.
3. SHAMPOO AND DEODORANT- Shampoo is a type of antiseptic commonly used for
cleaning hair. A DEODORANT is amaterial which destroys the odor produced by
accumulation of perspiration.
 B.MATERIALS USED FOR FOOD PREPARATION

1. ADDITIVES AND PRESERVATIVES-Some materials are used to enhance the taste

and color of the foodyou eat.These materials are called ADDITIVES. Achuete is a
natural additive used in recipes such as kare-kare.Like food coloring,it adds zest and
color to the food.MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE(MSG) is a commonly used additive as
well.
Salt and vinegar are common preservatives used to prevent fish and meat from
agents and spoilage such as bacteria,molds, and yeasts. POTASSIUM NITRATE is used
in preparing longganisa,tocino,and hotdog as a meat tenderizer.SODIUM NITRATE
and SODIUM BENZOATE are used tpreserve food packed in cans,bottles,and plastics.
2.POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE AND BOROSILICATE GLASS-Polytetrafluoroethylene
is a FLUOROCARBON plastic used to coat frying pans since it is anti-adhesive.Pans
coated with it resist high temperatures and are able to cook food without cooking
oil.These pans are commonly called nonstick pans.

B. MATERIALS FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY

1. PROVIDING LIGHT AND HEAT- An alcohol lamp is the simplest and most economical
source of light using oil or kerosene.Light bulbs use tungsten.Flourescent and
incandescent bulbs are also being used.Now,light-emitting diode (LED) lights give off
brighter light and consume less energy.
Stoves,ovens,and toasters provide heat energy used for cooking.

2.MEDICINES AND FOOD SUPLEMENTS-Supplements are usually in tablet or capsule

form which are readily available.Vitamins supply us with specified needed additional
nutrients.
3.COSMETICS- Cosmetics improve one’s appearance and personality. Talc is used in
face and bath powders.Calcium Carbonate absorbs moisture and kaolin,a natural
clay mineral,makes them adhere to the skin.
Ladies are use lipstick ang rouge,a face powder with a l;ittle iron oxide powder.

D.MATERIALS USED IN THE INDUSTRY

1.METALS-Metals are usually heavy and solid at room temperature.When combined
with other metals,they acquire properties which make them suitable for many
purposes.An alloy is two or more metals combined.
A.STEEL- This metal rusts upon contact with water and oxygen present in the air. It is
generally used as a construction material.However,when chromium is added to
steel,an alloy called stainless steel is manufactured.
 B.GUNMETAL- This metal is a combination of copper,iron,and zinc.It is used in
manufacturing chains,buckles,and firearms.
C.IRON AND BRASS-When these metals are combined,they form steel which is used
in posts, beams ,and bridges.
D. ALUMINUM- It is a soft, lightweight, and weak metal. When combined with other
substances, it becomes a good conductor of heat when used in cooking utensils.

2.PLASTICS- Everywhere in the house you see a familiar synthetic material called
plastic
POLYMER can easily be molded through heat and pressure and made into bags,
basins, plates and other items.Materials made of plastic are cheap, lightweight, and
durable.POLYETHYLENE, a polymer, gives a waxy appearance to plastic
bags.POLYCARBONATE ,a kind of plastic which is resistant to heat, is used in making
ice boxes.

3.NYLON AND RUBBER- Nylon is synthetic fiber used in making fabric, ropes, and
mats.RUBBER is a tough elastic polymeric substance made from latex of a tropical plant.

4. PAINT AND VARNISH-Paint is a mixture of coloring matter with a suitable liquid that
forms a dry coat when spread over a surface. Oil paint is made from linseed oilwich
gives it a particular color,a thinner such as turpentine and drying agent.VARNISH, a resin
dissolved in liquid,gives wood a smooth and fine finish.

5.SOLVENTS AND PESTICIDE-Solvents are liquids which dissolved other substances and
are used for cleaning and removing stains.MURIATIC ACID is used in removing stains in
kitchen sink and bathroom tiles.THINNER is used to dissolve solid material in paint.

6.TEMPERED GLASS- Windshields of cars and windows are made of extra strong glass
produced by lamination. A thin layer of tough plastic is sandwiched between two layers
of glass.

7.METALLOIDS-Metalloids have properties of both metals and non metals.They also

conduct heat and electricity.