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SECTION : 1
Q-1 (A) Describe briefly measurement through Rotameter.
Ans. Rotameter is variable area flowmeter used to measure fluid
flow. It works on the principle of upthrust force exerted by fluid and
force of gravity. The buoyant force exerted on an immersed object is
equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the object. Under this
principle, the rotameter works with float-tapered tube system.
➢ Construction:-
A rotameter is made up of a
tapered tube and a float inside it.
The glass tapered tube has a scale
on the surface or a scale is placed
adjacent to it, according to
purpose.
Tapered tube:
The tapered tube is placed
vertically in the flow channel with
a conical shape inside. The
quantity measured is defined by
the height of float going up. Glass
tubes are used for both liquid and gas measurement. Metallic tubes
are used where the process fluid with high temperature and
pressure.
Float:
Stainless steal floats are commonly used, there are different types of
metals from lead to aluminium used as floats. A float material,
shapes are also varied according to applications considering
density.
Working:
Fluid enters from the bottom of the
tapered tube, then some of the fluid
strikes directly into the float bottom
and others pass aside the float. Now
the float experience two forces in
opposite direction, darg force upward and gravitational force
downward.
Fluid flow moves the float upward against gravity.At some point,
the flowing area reaches a point where the pressure-induced force
on the floating body exactly matches the weight of the float. The
float will find equilibrium when the area around float generates
enough drag equal to weight - buoyancy.
As the float weight and gravity are constant, the distance float
displaced upward is proportional to the flow velocity of the fluid
passing through the tapered tube.
Measuring Principles of Variable Area Flowmeters:
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑄 = 𝑘√
𝜌
(a)Basic size:-
It is a standard size of hole or shaft which is decided during the
designing process with which limits are to be decided.
(b)Lower deviation
It is defIned as the difference between lower limit size and the
corresponding basic size. It is represented by EI for hole and ei for
shaft. It is positive when the lower limit size is greater than the
basic size. It is negative when the lower limit size is less than the
basic size.
Lower deviation = Lower limit size - Basic size
(c)Allowance
Maximum clearance between shaft and hole
(d)Zero line
It is straight line which is drawn to represent the basic size. All
limits and fits are explained with the reference of the zero line.
(e)Upper deviatin
It is defined as the difference between upper limit size and the
corresponding basic size. It is represented by ES for hole and es for
shaft. It is positive when the upper limit size is greater than the
basic size. It is negative when the upper limit size is less than the
basic size.
Upper deviation = Upper limit size - Basic size
(f)Fundamental deviation
It is one of the two deviations which is chosen to define the position
of the tolerance zone.
D= √18 × 30 = 23.2379𝑚𝑚
1
i= 0.45(23.2379) + 0.001× 23.2379
3
= 1.3074 microns
Fundamental deviation
= 16D0.41 = 16(23.2379)0.44
= 63.8626 microns
Q-5(A)Explain with neat sketch measurement of effective
diameter screw thread using three wire method and derive
equation.
Ans. This method is more accurate than two wire method as it
ensures alignment of micrometer faces parallel to the thread axis.
Here, three wires of exactly known diameters are used, one on one
side & the two on the other side. The wires may be held in hand or
hung from a stand.
From the fig, M=diameter over the wires
E= effective diameter (to be found)
d= diameter of wires
h=height of wire center above the pitch line
r=radius of wire
H=depth of thread
D=major diameter of the thread.
𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
From the triangle e ABD, AB cosec 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
2
𝜃 𝑃 𝜃 𝐻 𝑃 𝜃
H = DE 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 and CD = 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
2 4
𝑑 𝜃 𝑃 𝜃
Further h = (AD - CD) = [ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ] − [ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 ]
M = D + 3d – 1.5155P
We can measure the value of M practically & then compare with the
theoretical values usig foemulae derived above. After finding the
correct value of M, as d is known, E can be found out.
Q-5(B) Explain constant chord method for measuring gear
thooth thickness with neat sketch.
Ans. Defined as “The chord joining those points, on opposite faces
of tooth, which make contact with the mating teeth when the
centerline of the tooth lies on the line of the gear centers”.
Constant chord measured where the tooth flank touches the flank of
the basic rack. The teeth of the rack are straight and inclined to
their Centre line at the pressure angle. Tooth thickness of rack along
pitch line is equal to the arc tooth thickness of gear round its pitch
circle.
Property used :-
“The gear tooth and rack space are in contact in the symmetrical
position at the points of contact of the flanks, the chord is constant
at this point irrespective of the system of gear in mesh”.
In fig.
PD=PF=arc PF=1/4×circular pitch
1 𝜋𝑃𝐶𝐷 1
=4× =4×𝜋×𝑚
𝑁