Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Using Wavelet Transform and Halfing Algorithm

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation ........ Email:editoriijee@ipasj.org
Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 ISSN 2321-600X
Classification of Power Quality

Disturbances Using Wavelet Transform and
Halfing Algorithm
Oyedoja, Kayode Oyeniyi
Department of Technical Education,

Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo,
Oyo State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
There is demand for power supply with higher quality by consumer around the world. Disturbances caused by
inductive loading, local and remote faults, capacitor switching, poor power factor, lack of Var support, system
voltage regulation, transformers and generators, AC motor drives can affect electricity usage causing tripping of
sensitive equipment, resetting of control system, damage of power supplies for electronics equipment without
backup supply facilities, problems with equipment that requires constant steady-state voltage, mal-operation of
sensitive equipment and relays and flicker in incandescent lamps. Thus there is need to identify different kinds of
disturbances and take steps to mitigate them. This paper present a power quality disturbance classification
technique based on wavelet transform and halfing algorithm. Wavelet transform is used to find the interval of the
disturbance and thus isolate the disturbance signal. The isolated signal is then transformed into a 2-dimensional
image, characteristic map, with halfing algorithm. The thus generated characteristic map clearly classifies and
identifies the type of disturbance and can be processed further with classification methods such as clustering for
automation purposes.
Keywords: Wavelet Transform, Halfing Algorithm, Power Quality, Power Disturbances
1. INTRODUCTION
Considerable changes in a business environment have increased the use of sensitive electronic components, computers,
programmable logic controllers, protection and relaying equipment which have increased the power consumptions [1],
[2]. Increasing consumer expectations with the requirement of green supply around the globe, where integration of
renewable energy sources to the distribution grid is the focus area of smart grid, electrical power systems are expected
to deliver power supply continuously at high quality to the consumers. Economy of any country suffers with huge losses
when there are voltage or current abnormalities present in the power delivery. Any deviation/disturbance manifested in
the voltage, current and frequency from the standard rating is treated as a power quality (PQ) problem that results in
failure or malfunctioning of electrical/electronic equipments [3]. Power quality disturbances increase the risk of black-
out; especially because of the failure of interdependencies between sub-networks and associated dynamical
propagations. To prevent these issues customers are willing to invest in the on-site equipments to ensure higher level of
quality supply such as uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and stabilizer even though these are very costly [4]. It shows
the importance of power quality towards economic distribution of the energy.
2. RELATED LITERATURE
Among various power quality assessment methods, one of the important methodologies is disturbance
classification. Wavelet transform can be used to detect power quality problems and identify their occurrences in
terms of time, generating data in both time and frequency domains via multi-resolution analysis. Fourier
transform can be used with wavelet transform to extract unique features that characteristic power quality events
from voltage or current wave forms [5], [11]. [6] Presented a novel power disturbance classifier using a rule
based method and a wavelet packet based hidden Markov model. The Markov model method classified six
types of actual recorded power quality disturbances. Classification of power quality disturbances based on
inductive learning by using decision trees has been presented in [7]. The wavelet transform has been utilized to
Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 1

produce representative feature vectors that can capture the unique and salient characteristics of each
disturbance. [8] Proposed a new fast processing method based on mathematical morphology theory combined
with threshold theory to denoise and locate the disturbances of the power quality signals corrupted by noise.
Wavelet transform in conjunction with Kalman filter can be used for online real-time detection and
classification of voltage events in power system [9]. Detection of electrical power quality disturbance by
wavelet analysis has been presented in [10]. Various kinds of power quality were reviewed with the goal of
detecting them using wavelet transform. [11] Propose a power quality disturbance classification techniques
based on the energy of the distorted signals. The multi-resolution analysis technique of DWT is employed on
the distorted signals to extract the energy distribution features at different levels of resolution. Research works
have been carried out in the area of classification of power quality events using the intelligent techniques
including rule based fuzzy expert system [12]. [13] Proposed the design of a tool to quantify power quality
parameters using wavelets and fuzzy set theory. Wavelet transform extract features of power quality events
while fuzzy classify events using these features. [14] Presented a wavelet based fuzzy reasoning approach to
power quality disturbance identification and recognition. To extract power quality disturbance features the
energy distribution of the signal at each wavelet decomposition level is considered. [15] Discussed a hybrid
technique for characterizing power quality disturbances based on discrete wavelet transform and Kalman filter for
extracting features from the captures distorted waveform. The fuzzy expert system has been used to characterize the
power quality events in the captured waveform. When traditional approaches have difficulty in achieving the desired
speed, accuracy and selectivity, artificial neural network can be used to solve power quality problems. It also plays a
vital role in classification of faults [16]. The concept of discrete wavelet transform for feature extraction of power
disturbance signal combined with artificial neural network acts as a powerful tool for detecting and classifying power
quality problems has been presented in [17], [18]. [19] Presented an effective wavelet based feature extraction method
for classification of power quality disturbances. Classification and detection of transient signals are widely applied in
many fields of power system. Wavelet transform and neural network can be used to classified power system transients
[20], [21]. The authors in [22] proposed a neural fuzzy technology based classifier for the recognition of power quality
disturbances. The classifier adopts neural networks in the architecture of frequency sensitive, competitive learning and
learning vector quantization. [23] Presented an effective wavelet based feature extraction method for classification of
power quality disturbance signals. The wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis techniques are employed to
detect and locate disturbance [24]. In order to classify these disturbances an algorithm grouped them into classes by
applying artificial neural network resulting in a hybrid system. S-transform has been proposed in [25] to overcome the
drawbacks of the wavelet transform in power quality analysis. S-transform based neural network classifier can
effectively detect and classify different power quality events [26], [27].
A new approach is used in this paper to identify and classify power quality disturbances such as sag, swell,
harmonics, interruption etc. wavelet transform is used to identify the interval of disturbance and thus isolate the
disturbance signal. Dymel mother wavelet is used to decompose the signal up to 5th level to identify the interval of
disturbance. The isolated signal is then transformed to a characteristic map with halving algorithm to classify the type
of disturbances. The characteristics map presents a visual representation of the disturbance that makes it easy to
recognize its type.
3. TYPES OF PQ DISTURBANCES
PQ disturbances discussed in this work have been considered into four categories as follows:
3.1 Voltage Sag

Voltage sag is defined as the decrement of the nominal rms voltage between 0.1p.u to 0.9 p.u. The duration of the
voltage sag can be from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. The occurrence of sag is due to Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault,
motor starting and over current presence. The general term for voltage sag is also known as the short duration decrease
of the voltage. If the decrease of the voltage is longer than 1-minute, under voltage term is used. Generally, voltage sag
is divided into three classes based on the duration of the occurrences. The classes are instantaneous sag, momentary sag
and temporary sag [28].
3.2 Voltage Swell

Voltage swell is defined as the increment of the rms voltage between 1.1 to 1.8p.u. The frequency of the voltage
swell occurrences is low compared to the voltage sag. Coincidently, the duration of voltage swell is the same as voltage
sag, which is between 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. The factor that caused voltage swell is the starting of large motor, SLG

fault, light system loading and incorrect tap setting of the transformer. The swell that is caused by SLG occurs at
unfaulted phase. The swell is also divided into three main classes namely; instantaneous swell, momentary swell and
temporary swell. Like voltage sag, if the duration of increasing voltage exceed 1 minute, overvoltage term is preferable.
Installing fast acting tap changers in the system can mitigate voltage swell. The consequence of this event are over
heating of DC regulators and higher iron loss in most machines applications [28].
3.3 Interruption
Interruption is defined as the decrement in rms voltage less than 0.1p.u. Most of the interruption occurs after the
voltage sag. The interruption is resulted from the loose connection, severe fault and reclosing of circuit breaker. For the
reclosing of circuit breaker action, transient phenomena followed by interruption can be observed. The interruption
results in nuisance tripping and misoperation of the overall system. Interruptions show that the voltages are almost zero
and no more supply available into the system [29].
3.4 Harmonics
Harmonic distortion is the corruption of the fundamental sine wave at frequencies that are multiples of the
fundamental. Symptoms of harmonic problems include overheated transformers, neutral conductors, and other
electrical distribution equipment, as well as the tripping of circuit breakers and loss of synchronization on timing
circuit that are dependent upon a clean sine wave trigger at the zero crossover point.
Harmonic distortion has been a significant problem with IT equipment in the past, due to nature of switch-mode power
supplies (SMPS). These non-linear loads, and many other capacitive designs, instead of drawing current over each full
half cycle, “slip” power at each positive and negative peak of the voltage wave [30].
4. WAVELET TRANSFORM
A wavelet is a wave-like oscillation with amplitude that starts out at zero, increases, and then decreases back to
zero. It can typically be visualized as a “brief oscillation” like one might see recorded by a seismograph or heart
monitor. Wavelets can be combined, using a “shift, multiply and sum” technique called convolution, with portions of
an unknown signal to extract information from the unknown signal. A wavelet transform is the representation of a
function by wavelets. The wavelets are scaled and translated copies (known as “daughter wavelets”) of a finite-length or
fast-decaying oscillating waveform (known as the “mother wavelets”). WT have advantages over traditional Fourier
transforms for representing functions that have discontinuities and sharp peaks, and for accurately deconstructing and
reconstructing finite, non-periodic and/or non-stationary signals. WT is a transform which is capable of providing the
time and frequency information simultaneously, hence giving a time-frequency representation of the signal. They are
classified into discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs). Both DWT and CWT
are continuous-time (analog) transforms. They can be used to represent continuous-time (analog) signals. CWTs
operate over every possible scale and translation whereas DWTs use a specific subset of scale and translation values or
representation grid [31].
4.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform
All the wavelet functions used in the transformation are derived from mother wavelet through translation (shifting)
and scaling (dilation or compression). The CWT is as expressed in Equation (1), where x (t) is the signal to be analyzed
and Ψ (t) is the mother wavelet or the basis function.
1  t  
X WT t , s    x (t ). ( t )   dt (1)
s s 
The mother wavelet used to generate all the basic functions is designed based on some desired characteristics
associated with that function. The translation parameter relates to the location of the wavelet function as it is shifted
through the signal. Thus, it corresponds to the time information in the Wavelet Transform. The scale parameter is
defined as l1/fl, where f is the frequency of the information. Scaling either dilates (expands) or compresses a signal.
Large scales (low frequencies) dilate the signal and provide detailed information hidden in the signal, while small
scales (high frequencies) compress the signal and provide global information about the signal. Notice that the WT
merely performs the convolution operation of the signal and the basis function. The above analysis becomes very useful
as in most practical applications, high frequencies (low scales) do not last for a long duration, but instead, appear as
short bursts, while low frequencies (high scales) usually last for entire duration of the signals[31].
4.2 Discrete wavelet transform
The continuous wavelet transform was developed as alternative approaches to the short time Fourier transform to
overcome the resolution problem. The important point to note here is the fact that the computation is not a true
continuous wavelet. From the computation at finite number of location, it is only a discretized version of the continuous

wavelet. Note, however, that this is not discrete wavelet transform (DWT). These days, computers are used to do almost
all computations. It is evident that neither the FT, nor STFT, nor the CWT can be practically computed by using
analytical equations, integrals, etc. It is therefore necessary to discretize the transforms. As the discretized CWT
enables the computation of the continuous wavelet transform by computers, it is not a true discrete transform. As a
matter of fact, the wavelet series is simply a sampled version of the CWT, and the information it provides is highly
redundant as far as the reconstruction of the signal is concerned. This redundancy, on the other hands, requires a
significant amount of computation time and resources. The discrete wavelet transform DWT provides sufficient
information both for analysis and the synthesis of the original signal, with a significant reduction in the computation
time. The DWT is considerably easier to implement when compared to the CWT.
Wavelet analysis deals with expansion of functions in term of a set of basic functions like Fourier analysis.
However, wavelet analysis expands functions not in terms of trigonometric polynomials but in terms of wavelets, which
are generated in the form of translations and dilations of a fixed function called mother wavelet. Comparing with FT,
wavelet can obtain both time and frequency information of signal, while only frequency information can be obtained by
Fourier transform [31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37].
The signal can be represented in terms of both the scaling and wavelet functions as follows:
j 1
f t    c j (n)(t  n)    d j (n)212 (2 j t  n) (2)
n n j 0
where cj is the j level scaling coefficient, dj is the j level wavelet coefficient, (t) is the scaling function, Ψ(t) is
wavelet function, J is the highest level of wavelet transform, and t is time.
Each level is created by scaling and translation operations in a special function called mother wavelet. A mother
wavelet is a function that oscillates, has finite energy and zero mean value. Wavelet theory is expressed by continuous
wavelet transformation as:

X ( t ) a , b ( t ) dt (3)
CWT  x ( a , b )  W x ( a , b )  

where  a , b ( t )  a  ( t  b ) , a (scale) and b (translation) are real numbers.

1/ 2
a
Equation (3) has great theoretical interest for the development and comprehension of its mathematical properties.
However, its discretization is necessary for practical applications. For discrete-time systems, the discretization process
leads the time discrete wavelet series as:

X ( t ) m , n ( t ) dt (4)
DWT  x ( m , n )   
t  nb 0 a 0m
m /2 (5)
 m ,n (t )  a 0  ( )
a 0m
where a = aom and b = nboaom.
DWT provides a time and frequency representation of the recorded power quality signals. This is a very attractive
feature in analyzing time series because time localization of spectral components can be obtained. Classical methods of
signal processing depend on an underlying notion of stationary, for which methods such as Fourier analysis are very
well adapted. In power quality researches, however, more properties other than stationary are required, and thus the
DWT application is more appropriate than Fourier transform. The goal of multi resolution analysis (MRA) is to
develop representation of a signal at various levels of resolution. MRA is composed of two filters in each level which
are low pass and high pas filter. MRA can detect, diagnose defects, and provide early warning of power quality
problems. Power quality problems are characterized by their maximum amplitudes, crest voltages, RMS, frequency,
statistics of wavelet coefficients, instantaneous voltage drops, number of notches, duration of transients, etc. These
characteristics are unique identifying features for different power quality problems and introduced signal processing
tools in power quality analysis [31] – [37].
5. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
Series of power signals with various forms of disturbances were collected and processed with wavelet transform
and halfing algorithm in matlab. The results for harmonics, sag, interruption and swell are shown in the following
figures. It is clear from the characterization map that the radius of the obtained characteristic ellipsis correlates with the
voltage disturbance factor. The first wavelet detail shows the interval, and thus the duration of the disturbances,
enabling us to extract the signal in that interval and process it with halfing algorithm to obtain the characterisation
map.

Figure 1.: Power signal showing harmonics disturbance
Figure 2: Reconstructed wavelet details
Figure 3: Wavelet coefficients

Figure 4: Absolute values of coefficients
Figure 5. Isolated harmonics disturbance and its characterization map

Fig 6.: Power signal showing sag disturbance

Figure 10. Isolated sag disturbance and its characterization map
Figure 11: Power signal showing interruption disturbance


Figure 15. Isolated interruption disturbance and its characterization map

Figure 16.: Power signal showing swell disturbance

Figure 20: Isolated swell disturbance and its characterization map
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The result shows that wavelet transform is very useful in identifying the interval of disturbance in power signals,
thus enabling the isolation of such disturbance for further processing. Much more, the new halfing algorithm
transforms the isolated disturbances into a 2-dimensional image, characteristic map that is then used to classify and
identify the type of disturbance.
The current work is limited to harmonics, sag, interruption and swell. Further work is needed to extend the results
to cover other forms of disturbances such as surge, transients, oscillatory, notch, spikes etc.
References
[1] A. Thapat, T.K. Saha, Z.Y. Dong. “Investigation of power quality categorization and simulating its impact on
sensitive electronic equipment,” IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet 2004;1: pp.528-533.
[2] O. P. Mahela, A. G. Shaik and N. Gupta. “A critical review of detection and classification of power quality
events,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. vol. 41, 2015, pp. 495-505.
[3] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, and H.W. Beaty. “Electrical power systems quality,” New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1996, pp.1-38.

[4] R.A. Flore. “State of the art in the classification of power quality events, an overview,” In proceedings of 10th
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power. vol 1, 2002, pp.17-20.
[5] S. Santoso, W.M. Grady, E. J. Powers, J. Lamoree and S. C. Bhatt. “Characterization of distribution power
quality events with Fourier and Wavelet Transforms,” IEEE Transaction Power Delivery. vol. 15. no. 1, 2003, pp.
247-254.
[6] J. Chung, E. J. Powers, W. M. Grady and S. C. Bhatt. “Power Disturbance Classifier using a Rule-based Method
and Wavelet Packet-based Hidden Markov Model,” IEEE Transaction Power Delivery. vol. 17, no. 1, 2002, pp.
223-241.
[7] T. K. A. Galil, M. Kamel, A. M. Youssef and M. M. A. Salam. “Power quality disturbance classification using
the inductive inference approach,” IEEE Transaction Power Delivery. vol. 19. no 4, 2004, pp. 1812-1818.
[8] S. Ouyang and J. Wang. “A new morphology method for enhancing power quality monitoring system,”
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 29, no. 2, 2007, pp.121-128.
[9] E. Perez and J. Barrors. “A proposal for on-line detection and classification of voltage events in power systems,”
IEEE Transaction Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 4, 2008, pp. 2132-2138.
[10] K. O. Oyedoja and O. O. Obiyemi. “Wavelet transform in the detection of Electrical power quality disturbances,”
International Journal of engineering and applied sciences. vol. 3, no. 2, 2013, pp. 22-31.
[11] R. Subhamita and N. Sudipta. “Classification of power quality disturbances using features of signals,”
International Journal of scientific and research Publications,” vol. 2, no. 11, 2012, pp. 1-9.
[12] K. C. Bayindir, M. Tumay and M. U. Cuna. “Fuzzy logic PWM current controller based shunt active power filter
for power quality compensation,” Engineering intelligent systems for electrical engineering and communications.
vol. 16, no. 1, 2008, pp. 5-16.
[13] S. Meher and A. K. Pradhan. “Fuzzy classifiers for power quality events analysis,” Electric power systems
Research, vol. 80, 2010, pp. 71-76.
[14] T. Zhu, S. K. Tso, and K. L. Lo. “Wavelet-based fuzzy reasoning approach to power-quality disturbance
recognition,” IEEE Transaction Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 4, 2004, pp. 1928-1935.
[15] A. A. Abdelsalam, A. A. Eldesouky and A. A. Sallam. “Characterization of power quality disturbances using
hybrid technique of linear kalman filter and fuzzy-expert system,” Electric Power Systems Research. vol. 83,
2012, pp. 41-50.
[16] R. N. Mahanty and P. B. Duta Gupta. “ANN based fault classifier with wavelet MRA generated inputs,”
Engineering intelligent systems for electrical engineering and communications. vol. 16. no. 2. 2008.
[17] M. T. Tsai, C. H. Lin and S. L. Chen. “Application of a probabilistic neural network for detecting harmonic
components,” Engineering intelligent systems for electrical engineering and communications. vol. 16, no. 4,
2008.
[18] M. B. Reaz, M. S. Sulaiman, F. M. Yasin and M. Kamada. “Expert system for power quality disturbance
classifier,” IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery. vol. 22, no. 3, 2007, pp. 1979-1988
[19] M. Uyar, S. Yildirim, M.T. Gencoglu. “An effective wavelet-based feature extraction method for classification of
power quality disturbance signals,” Electric power systems Research. vol. 78, 2008, pp. 1747-1755.
[20] T. Jayasree, D. Devaraj and R. Sukanesh. “Classification of transients using wavelet based entropy and radial
basis neural network,” International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering. vol. 1. no. 5, 2009, pp.
1793-8163.
[21] H. Zhengyou, G. Shibin, C. Xiaoqin, Z. Jun, B. Zhiqian, and Q. Qingquan. “Study of a new method for power
system transients classification based on wavelet entropy and neural network,” International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems. vol. 33. no. 3, 2011, pp. 402-410
[22] J. Huang, M. Negnevitsky, and T. Nguyen. “A neural-fuzzy classifier for recognition of power quality
disturbances,” IEEE Transaction Power Delivery. vol. 17, no. 2, 2002, pp. 609-616.
[23] M. Uyar, S. Yildirim, and M. T. Gencoglu. “An effective wavelet-based feature extraction method for
classification of power quality disturbance signals,” Electric power systems Research. vol. 78, 2008, pp. 1747-
1755.
[24] M. Oleskovicz, D. V. Coury, O. D. Felho, W. F. Usida, A. A. Carneiro and L. R. Pires. “Power quality analysis
applying a hybrid methodology with wavelet transforms and neural networks,” International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems. vol. 31, no. 5, 2009, pp. 206-212.

[25] M. F. Faisal, A. Mohammed and H. Shareef. “Power quality diagnosis in distribution networks using support
vector regression based S-transform technique,” Engineering Intelligent Systems. vol. 18, no. 2, 2010
[26] S. Mishra, C. N. Bhende, and B. K. Panigrahi. “Detection and classification of power quality. Disturbances using
s-transform and probabilistic neural network,” IEEE Transaction power Delivery. vol. 23, no. 1 2008, pp. 280-
287.
[27] A. Rodrizuez, J. A. Aguado, F. Martin, J. J. Lopez, F. Munoz and J. E. Ruiz. “Rule-based classification of power
quality disturbances using S transform,” Electric power system research. vol. 86, 2008, pp.113-121.
[28] Abdelazeem, A. Abdelsalam, Azza., Eldesouky, A., Abdelhay, A. Sallam. “Characterization of power quality
disturbances using hybrid technique of linear kalman filter and fuzzy expert system, ELSEVIER Electric power
system Research. 2012: 83, 41-50.
[29] Wayne L. Stabbins, “Power Distortion: A User’s Perspective on the Selection and application of Mitigation
Equipment and Techniques,” IEEE Textile industry Technical Conference Paper, May. 1996.
[30] John F. Hirbbard, “Understanding and Correcting Harmonic Distortion,” PCIM/Power Quality ’92 Confernce and
Exhibition, September, 1992.
[31] P. Kailasapathi and D. Sivakumar “Method to Analyze Power Quality Disturbances,” European Journal of
Scientific Research, 47(1), 2010. 6-16.
[32] T. Lachman, A. P. Memon, T. R. Mohamad and Z. A. Memon “Detection of Power Quality Disturbances using
Wavelet Transform Technique. International Journal for the Advancement of Science and Arts, Vol. 1 No. 1
2010. 1-13.
[33] S. Santoso, J. P. Edward, W. M. Grady, and A. C. Parsons. “Power Quality Disturbance Waveform Recognition
Using Wavelet-based Neural Classifier-Part 1: Theoretical Foundation,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery. vol. 15,
2000, pp. 222-228.
[34] J. V. Wijayakulasooriya, G. A. Putrus, and P. D. Minns. “Electric Power Quality disturbance Classification Using
Self-Adapting Artificial Neural Networks,” IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution. vol.
149, no. 1, 2002, pp. 98-101.
[35] J. R. Williams and K. Amaratunga. “Introduction to wavelets in Engineering,” International journal for
numerical methods in Engineering. vol. 37, no. 14, 1994, pp. 2365-2388.
[36] D. Hart, D. Uy, D. Novosel, S. Kunsman, C. LaPlace and M. Tellarini. “Improving power quality,” ABB Review.
vol. 4, no. 1, 2000, pp. 12-19.
[37] A. Girgis, W. B. Chang and E. B. Makram. “A digital recursive measurement scheme for online tracking of
power system harmonics,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. vol. 6, no. 3, 1991, pp. 1153-1160.

Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Using Wavelet Transform and Halfing Algorithm

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Using Wavelet Transform and Halfing Algorithm

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

Classification of Power Quality

Department of Technical Education,

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 1

3.1 Voltage Sag

3.2 Voltage Swell

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 2

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 3

where  a , b ( t )  a  ( t  b ) , a (scale) and b (translation) are real numbers.

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 4

Figure 1.: Power signal showing harmonics disturbance

Figure 2: Reconstructed wavelet details

Figure 3: Wavelet coefficients

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 5

Figure 4: Absolute values of coefficients

Figure 5. Isolated harmonics disturbance and its characterization map

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 6

Fig 6.: Power signal showing sag disturbance

Figure 7: Reconstructed wavelet details

Figure 8: Wavelet coefficients

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 7

Figure 9: Absolute values of coefficients

Figure 10. Isolated sag disturbance and its characterization map

Figure 11: Power signal showing interruption disturbance

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 8

Figure 12: Reconstructed wavelet details

Figure 13: Wavelet coefficients

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 9

Figure 14: Absolute values of coefficients

Figure 15. Isolated interruption disturbance and its characterization map

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 10

Figure 16.: Power signal showing swell disturbance

Figure 17: Reconstructed wavelet details

Figure 18: Wavelet coefficients

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 11

Figure 19: Absolute values of coefficients

Figure 20: Isolated swell disturbance and its characterization map

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 12

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 13

Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Page 14

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen