INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. That

is, the process of finding a function, whose differential
3. ³ k f (x)dx k ³ f (x) dx , where k is any constant

coefficient is known, is called integration. 4. If f1(x), f2(x), f3(x), ... (finite in number) are functions
If the differential coefficient of F(x) is f (x), of x, then

i.e.
d
[F(x)] f (x), then we say that the antiderivative ³ [ f (x) r f
1 2 (x) r f 3 (x)...]dx
dx

or integral of f (x) is F(x), written as ³ f (x)dx F(x), ³ f (x)dx r ³ f

1 2 (x)dx r ³ f 3 (x)dx r ...

5. If ³ f (x)dx F(x)  c
Here ³ dx is the notation of integration f (x) is the

integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx denotes 1

then ³ f (ax r b)dx F(ax r b)  c
the integration with respect to x. a

1. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 1.2 Standard Formulae of Integration

The following results are a direct consequence of the

d
We know that if [F(x)] f (x) , then ³ f (x)dx F(x). definition of an integral.
dx

Also, for any arbitrary constant C, x n 1

³ x dx  C, n z 1.
n
1.
n 1
d d
[F(x)  C] [F(x)]  0 f (x).
dx dx 1
2. ³ x dx log | x | C
? ³ f (x)dx F(x)  C,

³e ex  C
x
3. dx
This shows that F(x) and F(x) + C are both integrals of the
same function f(x). Thus, for different values of C, we obtain
different integrals of f(x). This implies that the integral of ax
³ a dx  C.
x
4.
f(x) is not definite. By virtue of this property F(x) is called log e a
the indefinite integral of f(x).

1.1 Properties of Indefinite Integration

5. ³ sin x dx  cos x  C

d ª
6. ³ cos x dx sin x  C
f (x)dx º¼
dx ¬ ³
1. f (x)

³ sec tan x  C
2
7. x dx

d
2. ³ f '(x)dx ³ dx [ f (x)]dx f (x) + c 8. ³ cos ec x dx
2
 cot x  C
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

9. ³ sec x tan x dx sec x  C 1 f (t) f (ax  b)

a³
f ´(t) dt c
a a
10. ³ cos ec x cot x dx  cos ec x  C.
(ii) When the integrand is of the form xn – 1 f ´(xn), we
put xn = t and nxn – 1 dx = dt.
11. ³ tan x dx  log | cos x |  C log | sec x |  C.
dt 1
³x ³ f ´(t) n
n 1
Thus, f ´(x n )dx
12. ³ cot x dx log | sin x |  C n

1 1
13. ³ sec x dx log | sec x  tan x |  C
³ f ´(t) dt n
f (t)
n
f (x n )  c

14. ³ cos ec x dx log | cos ec x  cot x |  C (iii) When the integrand is of the form [ f (x)]n . f ´(x), we
put f (x) = t and f ´(x) dx = dt.
dx
15. ³ 1 x 2
sin 1 x  C ; | x |  1

t n 1 [ f (x)]n 1
³ [ f (x)] ³t c
n n
Thus, f ´(x) dx dt
n 1 n 1
dx
16. ³ 1  x2 tan 1 x  C
f ´(x)
(iv) When the integrand is of the form , we put
f (x)
dx
17. ³x x 12
sec1 | x |  C ; | x | ! 1
f (x) = t and f ´(x) dx = dt.

2. METHODS OF INTEGRATION f ´(x) dt

Thus, ³ dx ³ log|t| log| f (x)| c
f (x) t
2.1 Method of Substitution
2.1.1 Some Special Integrals
By suitable substitution, the variable x in ³ f (x) dx is
dx 1 x
changed into another variable t so that the integrand f (x) 1. ³ x2  a2 a
tan 1  C
a
is changed into F(t) which is some standard integral or
algebraic sum of standard integrals.
dx 1 x a
There is no general rule for finding a proper substitution 2. ³x 2
 a2 2a
log
xa
C
and the best guide in this matter is experience.
However, the following suggestions will prove useful. dx 1 ax
(i) If the integrand is of the form f ´ (ax + b), then we
3. ³a 2
 x2 2a
log
ax
C

1
put ax + b = t and dx = dt. dx x
a 4. ³ a x2 2
sin 1
a
C

dt
Thus, ³ f ´(ax  b) dx ³ f ´(t) a dx
5. ³ x a 2 2
log x  x 2  a 2  C
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Working Role
dx
³ log x  x  a  C
2 2
6. (i) Make the coefficient of x 2 unity by taking the
x2  a2
coefficient of x2 outside the quadratic.
(ii) Complete the square in the terms involving x, i.e.
x 2 a2 x
³ a  x dx a  x 2  sin 1  C write ax 2 + bx + c in the form
2 2
7.
2 2 a
ª§ b · º b  4ac
2 2

a «¨ x  ¸ »  .
x a2 «¬© 2a ¹ »¼ 4a
8. ³ x 2  a 2 dx
2
x 2  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2
(iii) The integrand is converted to one of the nine special
x a 2 integrals.
9. ³ x 2  a 2 dx
2
x 2  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 (iv) Integrate the function.

2.1.2 Integrals of the Form

2.1.4 Integrals of the Form

(a) ³f a 2  x 2 dx,
px  q px  q
(a) ³ ax 2  bx  c dx, (b) ³ ax 2  bx  c
dx,

(b) ³f a 2  x 2 dx,
(c) ³ (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx

(c) ³f x 2  a 2 dx, Integral Working Rule

px  q
§ax· ³ ax 2  bx  c dx Put px + q = O (2ax + b) + P or px + q = O
(d) ³ f ¨ ¸ dx,
©ax¹
(derivative of quadratic) + P.
Working Rule Comparing the coefficient of x and constant term on both
sides, we get
Integral Substitution
§ bp ·
³f a 2  x 2 dx, x = a sin T or x = a cos T p = 2aO and q = bO + P Ÿ O =
2a
and P = ¨ q  ¸ .Then
© 2a ¹
integral becomes
³f a 2  x 2 dx, x = a tan T or x = a cot T
px  q
³ ax 2  bx  c dx
³f x a
2 2
dx, x = a sec T or x = a cosec T

2ax  b § bp · dx
2a ³ ax 2  bx  c
§a x· §a  x · dx  ¨ q  ¸ ³ 2
³ f ¨© a  x ¸¹ dx or ³ f ©¨ a  x ¸¹ dx x a cos 2T © 2a ¹ ax  bx  c

§ bp · dx
log | ax 2  bx  c |  ¨ q  ¸ ³ 2
2.1.3 Integrals of the Form 2a © 2a ¹ ax  bx  c

dx dx px  q
(a) ³
ax  bx  c
2
, (b) ³
ax  bx  c
2
, ³ ax 2  bx  c
dx In this case the integral becomes

(c) ³ ax 2  bx  c dx a ,
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

px  q 2.1.6 Integrals of the Form

³ ax  bx  c
2
dx

x2 1 x2 1
p 2ax  b § bp · dx ³ x 4  kx 2  1 dx or ³ x 4  kx 2  1 dx,
2a ³ ax  bx  c
2
dx  ¨ q  ¸ ³
© 2a ¹ ax  bx  c
2

where k is a constant positive, negative or zero.

p § bp · dx Working Rule
ax 2  bx  c  ¨ q  ¸ ³
a © 2a ¹ ax  bx  c
2
(i) Divide the numerator and denominator by x2.

1 1
Put x  z or x 
³ (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx (ii)
x x
z , whichever subsitution, on

The integral in this case is converted to differentiation gives, the numerator of the resulting
integrand.
p
³ (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx
2a ³ 2ax  b ax 2  bx  c dx (iii) Evaluate the resulting integral in z
(iv) Express the result in terms of x.

§ bp ·
 ¨ q  ¸ ³ ax 2  bx  c dx
© 2a ¹ 2.1.7 Integrals of the Form

dx
p § bp · ³P Q
, where P, Q are linear or quadratic functions of x.
(ax 2  bx  c)3 / 2  ¨ q  ¸ ³ ax 2  bx  c dx
3a © 2a ¹

2.1.5 Integrals of the Form Integral Substitution

1
P(x) ³ (ax  b) dx cx + d = z2
³ ax 2  bx  c
dx, where P(x) is a polynomial in x of cx  d

degree n t 2. dx
³ (ax 2  bx  c) px  q
px + q = z2

Working Rule: Write

dx
³
P(x)
dx ³ (px  q) ax  bx  c
2 px + q =
1
ax 2  bx  c z

(a 0  a1 x  a 2 x 2  ...  a n 1 x n 1 ) ax 2  bx  c  k ³
dx dx
ax  bx  c
2 ³ (ax 2
 b) cx  d 2 x
1
z

where k, a0, a1, ... an – 1 are constants to be determined by

differentiating the above relation and equating the
coefficients of various powers of x on both sides.
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

3. METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS quadratic factor which cannot be factorised further:

FOR RATIONAL FUNCTIONS g (x) = (ax2 + bx + c) (x – D3) (x – D4) ... (x – Dn).

In such a case express f (x) and g (x) as:
p (x)
Integrals of the type ³ can be integrated by resolving
g (x) f (x) A1x  A 2 A3 An
  ... 
g (x) ax  bx  c x  D 3
2
x  Dn
the integrand into partial fractions. We proceed as follows:
Check degree of p (x) and g (x). where A1, A2, ... An are constants to be determined by
comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both
If degree of p (x) > degree of g (x), then divide p (x) by g
sides after taking L.C.M.
(x) till its degree is less, i.e. put in the
CASE 4 : When the denominator contains a repeated
p (x) f (x)
form r(x)  where degree of f (x) < degree of quadratic factor which cannot be factorised further: That
g (x) g (x)
is
g (x). g (x) = (ax2 + bx + c)2 (x – D5) (x – D6) ... (x – Dn)
CASE 1: When the denominator contains non-repeated In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as
linear factors. That is
f (x) A1x  A 2 A3 x  A 4
g (x) = (x – D) (x – D2) ... (x – Dn).  
g (x) ax 2  bx  c (ax 2  bx  c) 2
In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as:

f (x) A1 A2 An A5 An
  ...   ... 
g (x) (x  D1 ) (x  D 2 ) (x  D n ) x  D5 (x  D n )

where A1, A2, ... An are constants to be determined by where A1, A2, ... An are constants to be determined by
comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both
sides after taking L.C.M. sides after taking L.C.M.
CASE 2 : When the denominator contains repeated as well CASE 5 : If the integrand contains only even powers of x
as non-repeated linear factor. That is (i) Put x2 = z in the integrand.
g (x) = (x – D) (x – D3) ... (x – Dn).
2
(ii) Resolve the resulting rational expression in z into
In such a case write f (x) and g (x) as: partial fractions

f (x) A1 A2 A3 An (iii) Put z = x2 again in the partial fractions and then

   ... 
g (x) x  D1 (x  D1 ) 2 x  D 3 (x  D n ) integrate both sides.

where A 1, A 2 , ... A n are constants to determined by 4. METHOD OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS

comparing the coefficients of various powers of x on both
sides after taking L.C.M.
Note : Corresponding to repeated linear factor (x – a)r in
the denominator, a sum of r partial
A1 A2 Ar
fractions of the type   ... 
x  a (x  a) 2
(x  a) r
CASE 3 : When the denominator contains a non repeated
The process of integration of the product of two functions is
known as integration by parts.
For example, if u and v are two functions of x,
§ du ·
then ³ (uv ) dx u.³ v dx  ³ ¨ .³ v dx ¸ dx.
© dx ¹
is taken.
In words, integral of the product of two functions = first
function × integral of the second – integral of (differential
of first × integral of the second function).
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Working Hints 4.2 Integrals of the Form:

(i) Choose the first and second function in such a way that
Where the initial integrand reappears after integrating by
derivative of the first function and the integral of the second
function can be easily found. parts.

Working Rule
In case of integrals of the form ³ f (x). x
n
(ii) dx, take xn as
(i) Apply the method of integration by parts twice.
the first function and f (x) as the second function.
(ii) On integrating by parts second time, we will obtain
(iii) In case of integrals of the form ³ (log x ) n ˜ 1dx , take 1 as
the given integrand again, put it equal to I.
the second function and (log x)n as the first function.
(iii) Transpose and collect terms involving I on one side
(iv) Rule of integration by parts may be used repeatedly, if
and evaluate I.
required.
(v) If the two functions are of different type, we can choose
the first function as the one whose initial comes first in the 5. INTEGRAL OF THE FORM
word “ILATE”, where (TRIGONOMETRIC FORMATS)
I — Inverse Trigonometric function
L — Logarithmic function dx dx
5.1 (a) ³ a  b cos x (b) ³
a  b sin x
A — Algebraic function
T — Trigonometric function
dx
E — Exponential function. (c) ³ a  b cos x  c sin x
(vi) In case, both the functions are trigonometric, take that
function as second function whose integral is simple. If Working Rule
both the functions are algebraic, take that function as first
function whose derivative is simpler. x x
1  tan 2 2 tan
(i) Put cos x = 2 and sin x = 2 so that the given
(vii) If the integral consists of an inverse trigonometric function
2 x 2 x
of an algebraic expression in x, first simplify the integrand 1  tan 1  tan
2 2
by a suitable trigonometric substitution and then integrate
the new integrand. x
integrand becomes a function of tan .
2
4.1 Integrals of the Form
x 1 2x
(ii) Put tan = z Ÿ sec dx dz
³ e ª¬ f x  f ´ x º¼ dx
x
2 2 2

Working Rule (iii) Integrate the resulting rational algebraic function of z

(i) Split the integral into two integrals. x

(iv) In the answer, put z = tan .
(ii) Integrate only the first integral by parts, i.e. 2

5.2 Integrals of the Form

³e ª¬ f x  f ´ x º¼ x ³e f (x) x  ³ e f ´(x) dx
x x x

dx dx
(a) ³ (b) ³
ª f (x).e x  f ´(x).e x x º  e x f ´(x) dx
a  b cos 2 x a  b sin 2 x
¬ ³ ¼ ³
dx
e x f (x)  C. (c) ³
a cos x  b sin x cos x  c sin 2 x
2
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Working Rule
f sin x  g cos x
(i) Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2x. l ³ 1dx  m ³ dx 
e  f cos x  g sin x
(ii) In the denominator, replace sec2x, if any, by 1 + tan2x.
(iii) Put tan x = z Ÿ sec2x dx = dz. dx
n ³ e  f cos x  g sin x
(iv) Integrate the resulting rational algebraic function of z.
(v) In the answer, put z = tan x. dx
lx  m log | e  f cos x  g sin x |  n ³ dx
5.3 Integrals of the Form e  f cos x  g sin x

(iv) Substitute the values of l, m, n found in Step (ii).

a cos x  b sin x
³ c cos x  d sin x dx 5.5 Integrals of the Form

³ sin
m
Working Role x cos n x dx
(i) Put Numerator = O (denominator) + P (derivative of Working Rule
denominator)
(i) If the power of sin x is an odd positive integer, put cos x = t.
a cos x + b sin x = O (c cos x + d sin x) + P (– c sin x + d cos x).
(ii) If the power of cos x is an odd positive integer, put sin x = t.
(ii) Equate coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides and
(iii) If the power of sin x and cos x are both odd positive integers,
find the values of O and P.
put sin x = t or cos x = t.
(iii) Split the given integral into two integrals and evaluate each
(iv) If the power of sin x and cos x are both even positive
integral separately, i.e.
integers, use De’ Moivre’s theorem as follows:
a cos x  b sin x Let, cos x + i sin x = z. Then cos x – isin x = z–1
³ c cos x  d sin x dx
1 1
Adding these, we get z  2 cos x and z  2i sin x
c sin x  d cos x z z
O ³ 1dx  P ³ dx Ox  P log | a cos x  b sin x | .
a cos x  b sin x By De’Moivre’s theorem, we have
(iv) Substitute the values of O and P found in step 2. 1 1
zn  2 cos nx and z n  2i sin n x ...(1)
zn zn
5.4 Integrals of the Form
n m
a  b cos x  csin x 1 1 § 1· § 1·
³ e  f cos x  g sin x dx ? ˜ n ¨z  ¸ ¨z  ¸
m n
sin x cos x m
(2i) 2 © z¹ © z¹

Working Rule n m
1 1 § 1· § 1·
(i) Put Numerator = l (denominator) + m ˜ ¨z  ¸ ¨z  ¸ .
2m  n im © z¹ © z¹
(derivative of denominator) + n
Now expand each of the factors on the R.H.S. using
a + b cos x + c sin x = l (e + f cos x + g sin x) + m
Binomial theorm. Then group the terms equidistant from
( – f sin x + g cos x) + n
the beginning and the end. Thus express all such pairs as
(ii) Equate coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term on both the sines or cosines of multiple angles. Further integrate
sides and find the values of l, m, n. term by term.
(iii) Split the given integral into three integrals and evaluate (v) If the sum of powers of sin x and cos x is an even negative
each integral separately, i.e. integer, put tan x = z.
a  b cos x  csin x
³ e  f cos x  g sin x dx
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 3

§ 7 2 · x4
³ ¨© x  5x 2  4   ³x
3
Evaluate : ¸ dx Evaluate : dx
x x¹
2
1

§ 3 7 2 · x4
Sol.
³ ¨ x  5x  4  
2
¸ dx Sol. ³x 2
1
dx
© x x¹

x4 1 1 x4 1 1
³ x dx  ³ 5x dx  ³ 4dx  ³
3 2 7
x
dx  ³
2
dx = ³ x2  1
dx = ³x 2
1
+ 2
x 1
dx
x

1 1 x3
= ³ x dx + 5 .
3
³ x dx - 4 . ³1 . dx + 7 .
2
³ x
dx + 2 . ³ x 1/ 2 dx = ³ (x  1) dx +
2
³ x2  1 dx =
3
– x + tan–1 x + C

Example – 4
x4 x3 § x1/ 2 ·
 5.  4x  7 log| x | 2 ¨ ¸C
4 3 © 1/ 2 ¹
2x  3x
Evaluate : ³ 5x dx
x4 5 3
 x - 4x + 7 log | x | + 4 x  C
4 3
2x  3x
Example – 2 Sol. ³ 5x dx

³e  ea log x  e a log a dx
x log a
Evaluate :
§ 2x 3x ·
= ³ ¨© 5 x
 ¸ dx
5x ¹
Sol. We have,

³e
x log a
 ea log x  ea log a dx ª § 2 · x § 3 ·x º (2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x
= ³ « ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸ » dx = + +C
¬« © 5 ¹ © 5 ¹ ¼» log e 2 / 5 log e 3 / 5
log a x a a
= ³e  elog x  elog a dx
Example – 5

³ (a  x  a ) dx
x a a
=
³x
3 4
Evaluate : sin dx
= ³ a dx + ³ x dx + ³ a dx
x a a

Sol. We have
a x
x a 1
= + + aa . x + C. ,= ³x
3 4
log a a 1 sin dx

Let x4 = t Ÿ d(x4) = dt

1
Ÿ 4x3 dx = dt Ÿ dx = dt
4x 3
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 6
dt
Ÿ dx =
2x
(x 2  1) dx
Evaluate ³ § 1· x dt
(x 4  3x 2  1) tan 1 ¨ x  ¸ ,= ³ .
t 2  t  1 2x
© x¹

1 1
Sol. The given integral can be written as :
=
2 ³ t2  t  1
dt

(1  1/ x 2 ) dx 1 1
I ³ § 1· ³
2 § 1 · § 3 ·2
(x 2  3  1/ x 2 ) tan 1 ¨ x  ¸
2

© x¹ = ¨ t  ¸  ¨¨ ¸ dt
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¸¹
{dividing Nr. and Dr. by x2}

(1  1/ x 2 ) dx § 1·
I ³ § 1· 1
1 ¨t ¸
¨ 2¸
{(x  1/ x)2  1} tan 1 ¨ x  ¸ = . 3 tan–1
© x¹ 2 ¨ 3 ¸ +C
2 ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹
1 § 1 ·
let x  t Ÿ ¨1  2 ¸ dx dt
x © x ¹ 1 § 2t  1 · 1 § 2x 2  1 ·
= tan–1 ¨ ¸ +C= tan–1 ¨ ¸ + C.
3 © 3 ¹ 3 © 3 ¹
dt
? I ³ (t 2
 1) .tan 1 (t)
... (i)
Example – 8
Now make one more substitution
tan–1 t = u. Then, Evaluate : ³ x log(1  x) dx
dt
du
t2 1 Sol.
³ x log(1  x) dx
du
? (i) becomes, I ³u log | u |  c
x2
x2 1
Ÿ I = log |tan–1 t| + c = log |tan–1 (x + 1/x)| + c
= log (x + 1) .
2
– ³ x 1 .
2
dx

Example – 7
x2 1 x2
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 ³ x  1 dx
x
Evaluate : ³ x4  x2 1 dx
x2 1 x2 1 1
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 ³ x  1 dx
Sol. We have,
x2 1 x2 1 1
=
2
log (x + 1) –
2 ³ x 1
+
x 1
dx
x x
,= ³ x4  x2 1 dx = ³ (x )  x2 1
2 2 dx
x2 1ª § 1 · º
= log (x + 1) – « ³ ¨ (x  1)  ¸ dx
Let x2 = t, then, d (x2) = dt 2 2¬ © x  1 ¹ »¼

Ÿ 2x dx = dt
1 ªx º
2
x2
= log (x + 1) – «  x  log | x  1|» + C
2 2 ¬ 2 ¼
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 9 Example – 10

Evaluate
sin 1 x  cos 1 x
Evaluate ³ sin 1 x  cos 1 x
dx
§ 1  sin x cos x · § 1  sin 2x ·
³e ³e
x 2x
(i) ¨ ¸ dx (ii) ¨ ¸ dx
© cos 2 x ¹ © 1  cos 2x ¹

sin 1 x  cos 1 x
Sol. ³ sin 1 x  cos 1 x
dx

§ 1  sin x cos x ·
³e
x
Sol. (i) I ¨ ¸ dx
© cos2 x ¹
sin 1 x  ( S / 2  sin 1 x )
³ S/2
dx

­ 1 sin x cos x ½
³e ® 2 
x
{' sin–1 T+ cos–1 T= S/2}. I ¾ dx
¯ cos x cos2 x ¿
2
S³
Ÿ I (2 sin 1 x  S / 2) dx
³e  sec2 x}dx
x
I {tan

³e tan x dx  ³ e x sec 2 x) dx
x
4
S³
I sin 1 x dx  ³ 1.dx II I

tan x .e x  ³ sec 2 e x d  ³ e x sec 2 x dx  c

4
I
S ³ sin 1 x dx  x  c ... (i) I = ex tan x + c.

Let x = sin2 T, then dx = 2 sin Tcos TdT= sin 2TdT

­ 1  sin 2x ½
³e
2x
(ii) I ® ¾ dx
¯1  cos 2x ¿
³ sin ³ T.sin 2 T dT
1
? x dx
I II

applying integration by parts

­1  2 sin x cos x ½
³e
2x
® ¾ dx
cos 2T 1 ¯ 2 cos 2 x ¿
³ sin  ³ cos 2T dT
1
x dx T
2 2

T 1 ­ 1 2sin x cos x ½
³e 
2x
.cos 2T  sin 2T ® 2 ¾ dx
2 4 ¯ 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x ¿

1. T 1
. (1  2 sin 2 T)  .sin T . 1  sin 2 T ­1 2 ½
³e ® sec x  tan x ¾ dx
2x
2 2
¯2 ¿
1 1 1
sin x (1  2x)  x 1 x ... (ii)
2 2 1 2x
³e .tan x dx 
2³
2x
e .sec 2 x dx
II I
from (i) and (ii);

4 ­ 1 1 1 ½ e 2x e2 x 1
I ® (sin x ) (1  2x)  x 1 x ¾  x  c tan x .  ³ sec2 x. dx  ³ e 2x .sec 2 x dx
S¯2 2 ¿ 2 2 2

2
{ x  x 2  (1  2x) sin 1 x}  x  c 1 2x
S I e .tan x  c
2
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 11 Example – 13

Evaluate : ³ x 2  2x  5 dx
Evaluate : ³
1 dx
 8x  x 2
Sol. We have,

³ x 2  2x  5
Sol. ³
1
dx
 8x  x 2
= ³ x 2  2x  1  4 dx
1
1 1 = ³ {x  8x  9}
2 dx
= (x + 1) (x  1) 2  2 2 + . (2)2 log |(x + 1)
2 2
1
+ (x  1) 2  2 2 | + C = ³ {x  8x  16  25}
2
dx

1
= (x + 1) x 2  2x  5 + 2 log |(x + 1) + x 2  2x  5 | + C
2 1
= ³ {(x  4) 2
 52 }
dx
Example – 12

1 § x4·
Evaluate : ³ 2
1
dx
= ³ 5  (x  4)
2 2
dx = sin–1 ¨ ¸ +C
x  x 1 © 5 ¹

Example – 14
1
Sol. ³ 2 dx
x  x 1
2x  3
Evaluate : ³ x  4x  1
2
dx
1
= ³ 1 1
dx
x  x   1
2

4 4
2x  3
Sol. ³ x 2  4x  1
dx
1
= ³ dx
(x  1/ 2) 2  3 / 4
(2x  4)  1
1
= ³ x 2  4x  1
dx
= ³ 2 dx
(x  1/ 2) 2  3/2
2x  4 1
= ³ x  4x  1
2 dx – ³ dx
1 x  4x  1
2

=
3/2
dt 1
§ x  1/ 2 ·
= ³ t
– ³ 2
dx, where t = x2 + 4x + 1
tan –1
¨ ¸ +C (x  2)  2
3
© 3/2 ¹

2 § 2x  1 · =2 t – log | (x + 2) + x 2  4x  1 | + C
= tan–1 ¨ ¸ + C.
3 © 3 ¹
= 2 x 2  4x  1 – log | x + 2 + x 2  4x  1 | + C
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 15 Example – 16

³ sin x.cos
3 5
Evaluate
Evaluate : ³ (x  5) x 2  x dx x dx

³ sin
3
Sol. I x.cos5 x dx
d
Sol Let (x – 5) = O . (x2 + x) + P. Then,
dx Let cos x = t Ÿ– sin x dx = dt

x – 5 = O(2x + 1) + P. I  ³ (1  t 2 ) . t 5 .dt
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x, we get
t8 t 6
³ t dt  ³ t dt  c
7 5
1 11 I
1 = 2O and O + P = – 5 Ÿ O = and P = – 8 6
2 2
cos8 x cos6 x
I  c
³ (x  5) x  x dx
2
8 6

³R (1  R 2 ) 2 dR, if sin x = R, cos x dx = dR.

3
Aliter : I
§1 11 ·
= ³ ¨ (2x  1)  ¸
© 2 2¹
x 2  x dx
³R dR  ³ R 5 R  ³ R 7 dR
3
I

1 11
= ³ 2 (2x  1) x 2  x dx – 2 ³ x 2  x dx
I
sin 4 x 2sin 6 x sin 8 x
  c
4 6 8
1 11
2³ ³
= (2x  1) x 2  x dx – x 2  x dx Example – 17
2
Evaluate ³ sin 11/ 3 x cos 1/ 3 x dx
2 2
1 11 § 1· §1·
=
2 ³ t dt –
2 ³ ¨
©
x  ¸ ¨ ¸
2¹ © 2¹
dx where

³ sin
11/ 3
Sol. Here, x, cos 1/ 3 x dx
t = x2 + x
§ 11 1 ·
1 t
ª
11 «­° 1 §
3/ 2
1· §
2 2 º
1· §1· » ¨ 3  32¸
.  ® ¨ x  x   i.e., ¨ ¸ 3
= ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
2 3 / 2 2 «°̄ 2 © 2¹ © 2¹ ©2¹ » ¨¨ 2 ¸¸
¬ ¼ © ¹

ª 2 º cos 1/ 3
1 · § 1 · ½°
2 2
? ³ sin 1/ 3 x .sin 4 x dx ³ (cot
 1/ 3
1 §1· § 1· § I x) (cosec2 x)2 .dx
 . ¨ ¸ log «¨ x  ¸  ¨ x  ¸  ¨ ¸ ¾»  C
2 ©2¹ «© 2¹ © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ °»
¬ ¿¼
³ (cot
1/ 3
I x) (1  cot 2 x) cosec2 x dx.
1 3/2 11 ª 2x  1 2 1 § 1· º {let cot x = t, –cosec2 x dx = dt}
= t – « x  x  An ¨ x  ¸  x 2  x » + C
3 2 ¬ 4 8 © 2¹ ¼
 ³ t 1/ 3 (1  t 2 ) dt  ³ (t 1/ 3  t 5 / 3 ) dt

1 2
= (x + x)3/2 ­3 3 ½
3  ® t 2 / 3  t8 / 3 ¾  c
¯2 8 ¿

11 ª 2x  1 x 2  x  1 An § x  1 ·  x 2  x º ­3 3 ½
– « ¨ ¸ » +C  ® (cot 2 / 3 x)  (cot 8 / 3 x) ¾  c .
2 ¬ 4 8 © 2¹ ¼ ¯2 8 ¿
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 18
1 ­ sin (x  b) cos (x  a) cos (x  b) sin (x  a) ½
sin (a  b) ³ ¯ cos (x  a) cos (x  b) cos (x  a) cos (x  b) ¿
®  ¾ dx
Evaluate

1
(i) ³ sin (x  a) cos (x  b) dx 1
sin (a  b) ³
{tan (x  b)  tan (x  a)} dx

1
(ii) ³ cos (x  a) cos (x  b) dx 1
[–log |cos (x–b) + log | cos (x–a)|] + c
sin (a  b)

1
Sol. (i) I ³ sin (x  a) cos (x  b) dx 1 ª
«log
cos (x  a) º
»c
sin (a  b) ¬ cos (x  b) ¼

cos (a  b) dx
cos (a  b) ³ sin (x  a) cos (x  b)
I . Example – 19

1
1 cos {(x  b)  (x  a)} Evaluate : ³ 1  sin x  cos x dx
cos (a  b) ³ sin (x  a) cos (x  b)
. dx

1 ­ cos (x  b) . cos (x  a) sin (x  b) . sin (x  a) ½

cos (a  b) ³ ¯ sin (x  a) cos (x  b) sin (x  a) cos (x  b) ¿
. ®  ¾ dx 1
Sol. , = ³ 1  sin x  cos x dx

1
cos (a  b) ³
I {cot (x  a)  tan (x  b)} dx
1
= ³ 2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
dx
1 
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1
I {log | sin (x  a) |  log | cos (x  b)}  c
cos (a  b)
1  tan 2 x / 2
= ³ 1  tan 2 x / 2  2 tan x / 2  1  tan 2 x / 2 dx
1 sin (x  a)
I log e c
cos (a  b) cos (x  b)
sec 2 x / 2
= ³ 2  2 tan x / 2 dx
1
(ii) I ³ cos (x  a) cos (x  b) dx
x 1 x
Putting tan = t and sec2 dx = dt, we get
2 2 2
1 sin (a  b) dx
³
sin (a  b) cos (x  a) cos (x  b)
1 x
,= ³ t 1 dt = log | t + 1| + C = log tan
2
1 + C
1 sin {(x  b)  (x  a)}
³
sin (a  b) cos (x  a) cos (x  b)
dx
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 20 Example – 21

3cos x  2
Evaluate :
3sin x  2 cos x
³ 3cos x  2 sin x dx
Evaluate : ³ sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

Sol. We have,

3sin x  2 cos x 3cos x  2

Sol. , = ³ 3cos x  2 sin x dx ,= ³ sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

Let 3 cos x + 2 = O (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) +

d P (cos x – 2 sin x) + Q
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = O. (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) +
dx Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant
term on both sides, we get
P (3 cos x + 2 sin x) O – 2P = 0, 2O + P = 3, 3O + Q = 2
Ÿ 3 sin x + 2 cos x = O (–3 sin x + 2 cos x) +
6 3 8
Ÿ O= ,P= and Q = –
P (3 cos x + 2 sin x ) 5 5 5

Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x on both sides, O(sin x  2 cos x  3)  P(cos x  2 sin x)  Q
we get
? ,= ³ sin x  2 cos x  3
dx

– 3O + 2P = 3 and 2O + 3P = 2
cos x  2sin x
Ÿ ,=O ³ dx  P ³ sin x  2 cos x  3 dx +
12 5
Ÿ P= and O = –
13 13 1
Q ³ sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

P(3sin x  2 cos x)  O(3cos x  2sin x) Ÿ , = O x + P log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | + Q ,1, where

? ,= ³ 3cos x  2 sin x
dx
1
,1 = ³ sin x  2 cos x  3 dx

3sin x  2cos x
= O ³ 1 . dx  P ³ dx
3cos x  2sin x 2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Putting, sin x = , cos x = we get
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2

dt
=Ox+P ³ t
, where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x ,1 = ³
1
dx
2 tan x / 2 2(1  tan 2 x / 2)
  3
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2

5
= O x + P An | t | + C = x+ 1  tan 2 x / 2
13
= ³ 2 tan x / 2  2  2 tan 2 x / 2  3(1  tan 2 x / 2) dx

12 sec 2 x / 2
13
An | 3 cos x + 2 sin x | + C = ³ tan 2 x / 2  2 tan x / 2  5 dx
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 22
1 1
1 2 1 2
1 x 2 1 x  x dx
,= ³
³ 1 x2  x4
dx Ÿ
2 x2  1 x2  1
x2 x2

§ 1 ·
¨ 1  2 ¸ dx
Sol. ³ ©
x ¹ 1 1
1 2 1 2
1 1 x 1
x  2 1
2
Ÿ ,= ³ dx – ³ x dx
x 2 x2  1 2 x2  1
x2 x2
1
x+ =t
x
1
1
dt 1 x2
Ÿ ³ 2
t 1
Ÿ ,=
2
³ § 1 ·2 dx
¨x  ¸ 2
© x¹
1 t 1
 An +C
2 t 1

1
1 1
x 1 1 x2
1

An x
+C
–
2
³ § 1 ·2 dx
2 1
x  1 ¨x  ¸ 2
x © x¹

Example – 23
1 1
Putting x – = u in 1st integral and x + = Q in 2nd
x x
1
Evaluate : ³ x4  1 dx
integral, we get

Sol. We have, 1 du 1 dQ
2 ³ u2  2 2 ³ Q2  2
I 2
 2

1
,= ³ x4  1 dx

1 § u · 1 1 Q 2
1 = tan–1 ¨ – log +C
2 2 ¸ 2 2 2 Q 2
x2 © 2¹
Ÿ ,= ³ 1
dx
x2 
x2
1 § x  1/ x · 1 x  1/ x  2
= tan–1 ¨ ¸ – log +C
2 2 © 2 ¹ 4 2 x  1/ x  2
2
1 2
Ÿ I= ³ x dx
2 x2  1
1 § x2 1 · 1 x2  2 x  1
x2 = tan–1 ¨¨ ¸¸ – log 2 +C
2 2 © 2x¹ 4 2 x  x 2 1
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 24 Example – 25

dx
³
Evaluate : ³ (x 2  3x  3)
x2
x 1
dx ︵x  1 ︶x 2
 x  1

 dt
Sol. = ³ 2
§1· §1 · 1
x2 t2 ¨ ¸ ¨  1¸ 
©t¹ ©t ¹ t
Sol. Let , = ³ (x 2  3x  3) x 1
dx

 dt
= ³ 1 1
Putting x + 1 = t2, and dx = 2t dt, we get t  1
t2 t

(t 2  1) 2t dt  dt
,= ³ {(t = ³ t2  t 1
2
 1) 2  3(t 2  1)  3} t 2

 dt
= ³ § 1· 3
¨t  ¸
1 © 2¹ 4
1
(t 2  1) t2
Ÿ ,=2 ³ 4 2
t  t 1
dt = 2 ³ 2 1 dt § 1 2 ·
t  2 1 § 1· 3
t = – An ¨ t   ¨ t  ¸  ¸ + C
¨ 2 © 2¹ 4 ¸
© ¹

Example – 26

du 1 dx
Ÿ ,=2 ³ 2c where t –
t
= u.
³ (1  x
u 
2
3 2
) 1  x2

1
Sol. Put x =
t
­ 1½
2 § u · 2 °t  t ° dt
Ÿ ,=
3
tan –1
¨
© 3¹
¸ + C =
3
tan–1
® ¾ +C Ÿ ,= ³ (t 2
 1) t 2  1
° 3 °
¯ ¿
put t2 – 1 = y2

y dy
Ÿ ,=– ³ (y 2
 2) y
2 § t2 1 · 2 °­ x °½
Ÿ ,= tan–1 ¨¨ ¸¸ + C = tan–1 ® ¾ +C 1 § y ·
3 t 3 3 °¯ 3 (x  1) °¿ =– tan–1 ¨ ¸ +C
© ¹ 2 © 2¹

1 § 1- x 2 ·
=– tan–1 ¨ ¸ +C
¨ ¸
2 © 2x ¹
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 27
§ 1· 1
or 1 + 2B – 2 ¨  ¸ 1 ?B 
© 2¹ 2
3x  5
Evaluate ³ (3x  2) (x  1) 2
dx
1 1 1 x 1
Now  .
(x  1) (x 2  1) 2(x  1) 2 x 2  1
3x  5 A B C
Sol. Let  
(3x  2) (x  1) 2 3x  2 x  1 (x  1) 2 dx 1 1 x 1 dx
? ³ ³ 2(x  1) dx  2 ³ x dx  ³ 2
(x  1) (x 2  1) 2
1 2 x 1
? 3x – 5 = A (x + 1)2 + B (3x – 2) (x + 1) + C (3x – 2)

2 27 1 1 1
Putting x , we get A  log | x  1 |  log (x 2  1)  tan 1 x  c
3 25 2 4 2

8 Example – 29
Putting x = –1, we get C ;
5
x4
Putting x = 0, we get B
Find ³ (x  1) (x 2  1) dx
25

ª 27 1 1 8 1 º
? I ³ «¬ 25 . 3x  2  25 . (x  1)  5 . (x  1) 2 » dx
¼
x 1
Sol. x  x  x  1 x
3 2 4

8 1
 log | 3x  2 |  log | x  1 |  . c . x 4  x 3  x 2  x,
25 25 5 (x  1)
  
Example – 28 x  x2  x
3

x3  x 2  x  1
dx   
Evaluate ³ (x  1) (x 2
 1)
1

1 A Bx  C
Sol. Let  x4 1
(x  1) (x 2  1) x 1 x 2 1 ? x 1
(x  1) (x 2  1) (x  1) (x 2  1)

A(x 2  1)  (Bx  C) (x  1)
(x  1) (x 2  1) x4 dx
? ³ (x  1) (x 2  1) dx ³ (x  1) dx ³ (x  1) (x 2  1)
or 1 = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 1)

1 x2 1 1
Putting x = 1, we get A ;  x  log | x  1|  log (x 2  1)
2 2 2 4

1 1
Putting x = 0, we get A – C = 1 ? C A 1   tan 1 x  c
2 2

Putting x = –1, we get 2A – 2 (–B + C) = 1

 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 30
1 1 2
log|1  y |  log | 1  y |  log | 1  2y | c
6 2 3
dx
Evaluate ³ sin x  sin 2x
1 1
log (1  cos x)  log (1  cos x)
6 2
Sol. Let the given integral be I, then

2
dx dx  log | 1  2 cos x | c
I ³ sin x  2sin x cos x ³ sin x(1  2 cos x) 3

Example – 31
sin x dx sin xdx
³ sin 2
x(1  2 cos x) ³ (1  cos 2
x) (1  2 cos x)
x 3  3x  2
Evaluate ³ (x 2  1)2 (x  1) dx
Put cos x = y so that –sin x dx = dy.

dy
? I ³ (1  y 2
) (1  2y) x (x 2  1)  2 (x  1)
Sol. I ³ (x 2  1)2 (x  1) dx
dy
³
(1  y) (1  y) (1  2y) x dx
³ (x 2
 1) (x  1)
dx  2 ³
(1  x 2 ) 2
... (1)

1
Now we break (1  y) (1  y) (1  2y) into partial fractions x A Bx  C
Let 
(1  x) (1  x 2 ) 1 x 1 x2

1 A B C ?
Let   x = A (1 + x2) + (Bx + C) (1 + x)
(1  y) (1  y) (1  2y) 1  y 1  y 1  2y
1
Putting x = –1, we get A 
2
A(1  y) (1  2y)  B (1  y) (1  2y)  C (1  y) (1  y)
(1  y) (1  y) (1  2y)
1
Putting x = 0, we get, 0 = A + C Ÿ C A
? 1 = A (1 + y) (1 + 2y) + B (1 – y) (1 + 2y) + C (1 – y) (1+y) 2

1 1 4 Putting x = 1, we get 1 = 2A + 2(B + C)

Putting y = 1, we get A ; putting y  , we get C
6 2 3
1
= 2A + 2B + 2C = –1 + 2B + 1 ? B
2
1
Putting y = –1, we get B 
2
§ 1 1·
¨ x ¸
x 1 2 2
Now I
ª 1
³ « 
1

4 º
» dy
? ³ (1  x) (1  x 2 ) dx ³ ¨¨  2(1  x)  1  x 2 ¸¸ dx
¬ 6 (1  y) 2 (1  y) 3 (1  2y) ¼ ¨ ¸
© ¹
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Example – 32
1 1 x 1 dx
 log | 1  x |  ³ dx  ³
2 2 1 x 2
2 1 x2
1 2
If ³ f (x) cos x dx 2
f (x) + c, then f(x) can be
1 1 1
 log | 1  x |  log (1  x 2 )  tan 1 x ... (2)
2 4 2 (a) x (b) 1 (c) cos x (d) sin x

dx
To evaluate : ³ (1  x , put x tan T 1 2
³ f (x) cos x dx f (x)  c, differentiating both
2 2
) Sol. Here,
2

sides, we get
dx sec 2 T
Then, ³ ³ (1  tan 2 T)2 dT f (x) cos x = f (x) . f’ (x)
(1  x 2 )2

d
i.e., cos x f (x))
1  cos 2T dx
³ cos TdT ³ 2 dT
2

Ÿ f (x) ³ cos x dx
1 ª sin 2T º 1
T [T  sin T cos T]
2 «¬ 2 »¼ 2 Ÿ f (x) = sin x + c.
Hence (d) is the correct answer.

1 ª 1 x 1 º
« tan x  . »
2¬ 1 x 2
1 x2 ¼

1 1 x
tan 1 x 
2 2 1 x2

Now from (1),

3 1 1 x
I tan 1 x  log | 1  x |  log (1  x 2 )  c
2 2 4 1 x2