Submitted by Sheikh Zeeshan

Alam Roll No. 11291 MBA (W)

Submitted to
Sir Umer Farooq

Date: 03/May/2019
Transportation on Karachi Road
and its impact on Economics

Efforts were made to investigate the traffic jam in Karachi and its efficiency has
been affected. The same field in the previous chapter, on the previous study,
expanded the fast-moving causes of the Karachi and the increasing trend and the
demands of more facilities at the vehicle. It has become a challenge for the future
to organize traffic flow through traffic to the city and to track ways through which
the problems can reduce the problem by reducing the problems. This study has
been temporarily used and the basic data is collected through various methods and
technologies which help in researching helpful topics. Additionally, one of Karachi's
urban researchers, along with the research questions set out by An Interview.
Researcher's research and experience work in a fairly accurate way to work out the
fact that he works. Data results have been detected seriously. The result of this
study has shown that major issues for traffic are the absence of long-term
management by traffic management, which implies negative impact on livelihood
performance. It has been recommended that the symptoms expressed in this study
can prove to be and can be dependent on the disadvantage of the responsibility
factor to control the better efficiency of the economy.
Today big Cities mainly depend on transport system for their economic
survival and socio-environmental sustainability and the transport system has
a direct impact on all sectors of an economy. The impacts of ill-planned
transport system on human environment include congestion, more energy
consumption, pollution, traffic crashes, wastes time, delay, decreases
productivity and imposes costs on society. These negative impacts can be
minimized after the identifying the main factors of traffic jam in the city and
then remedial measurement can be taken to control these factors. There has
been a major growth of traffic volume in Karachi over the past two decades
due to the great urban population with a large number of vehicle owners and
citizens who transact businesses from one part of the city to another.
Although many infrastructure facilities such as under passes, wide roads,
bridges, signal free corridor etc. have been made in Karachi in last decade
but increasing traffic volume and other main factors rapidly shrink these
facilities at present and in the future there will be worst position if long-term
planning has not been done before. Resultantly, our economy will be badly
affected. A considerable amount of research has been made to regulate
vehicle movement through manual or automatic signalized facilities which
translate into an orderly traffic flow. Despite the huge investment in road
infrastructure, large cities are facing an ever increasing problem of traffic
jam, accidents, air and noise pollution. One of the basic problems of the
Karachi bus service lays in mismanagement particularly the failure of
regulating, monitoring and enforcement agencies (Rao and Grenoble 1991).
Mankind has been endeavoring for the improvement of transportation since
early history of civilization. This improvement is not only done for the easy
communication of services but also for the exchange of goods and services.
Consequently, this improvement has uplifted the standard of living and
lifestyle of humans. A best transportation system results into a well-
developed society and a progressive country (Golob and Regan 2000). Rapid
increase in population become a major cause of traffic problem and creates a
turbulence situation for traffic management. Ultimately it leaves negative
impact on the economic development of Pakistan (Golob and Regan 2003).
Constantly increase in traffic is the growing problem for urban areas because
of personal vehicles of citizens (Weisbrod et al. 2003). There is need to
introduce the most effective traffic control system which comprise of
technology deployment. In the past many researchers have done the work in
the same relevant field, but due to rapidly changes in the structure of
Karachi city and as well as growing population demand more and enough
space and facilities for vehicles. Difficulties to manage traffic flow increased
day by day so it requires long term planning to shield the future related
problem in this field, which should be realized today. The main factors which
are selected as variables in this research are responsible for traffic jam in the
city and have been investigated and analyzed through different angle. These
factors are used in this research first time and no others researcher had
investigated before such an angle which has been used in this research.

Link: https://ideas.repec.org/s/ksb/journl.html
Problem Statement

Karachi is biggest city of Pakistan. Its generate 70% of revenue of our

country economy. But due to mismanagement of traffic on road Karachi has
facing many problems and its impact decrease Pakistan economy. Karachi
has no properly system of traffic. Increasing vehicles on road making more
disturbance on road. Karachi has infrastructure issue as well. Day by day
increasing numbers of vehicle on road and no properly designing on road
creating more problems.
Research Objective

Make better plans for

infrastructure. Improving Road
frame and design.
Expand public transport service with advance technology
Organise road use to decrease blocking and help safety

Key research question

Q1. What are the factor which influence the Pakistan Economy?
Q2. How we can make better plan for infrastructure of Karachi?
Q3. How we can make better transportation system?
Q4. How we can increase Pakistan economy by better transportation system?

Limitations & Delimitations

Limitations
a) Transportation of heavy goods on road is very difficult.
b) Economy affected by rain. Some rain generate traffic jam issue.

Delimitations
a) Delimitation of this article is limited time frame to work.
b) This study is limited due to budget constraints and includes a limited
sample.
 Significance of the Research:

This article help to make better plan for infrastructure and will help for
growth economy power. It will be helpful as well as for public, workers and
students who travel on the daily basis. Once we get better module of
structure so we can control as well as pollution which are creating global
warming.
Proposed Research Model:

Variables
a) Traffic density
b) Traffic speed
c) Road length
d) Linear distance
e) Distance to populated area
f) Distance to industrial area
g) Weather
h) Road surface
i) Construction work
j) Electronic traffic control system
k) Infrastructure
l) Vehicles types
m) Parking
n) Lane

Dependent Independent
variables variables
Traffic
Traffic speed density
Road length Distance to populated area
Linear Distance to industrial
distance area
Road surface Electronic traffic control system
Infrastructur Construction
e work
Vehicles
types
Lane
 Literature Review

In the past, many researchers have searched in the same relevant field, but
because of the rapid changes in the structure of the city of Karachi and the
growing population, more and more areas and means for vehicles are
required. The complexity of managing the flow of traffic is increasing day by
day. Therefore, to solve a future problem in this area, long-term planning is
needed, which must be done today. Some examples will be added to support
this recent research and study.

Traffic jams occur when the road’s carrying capacity is saturated, as many
vehicles pass through the same point at the same time. They usually occur in
the morning and afternoon (“structural” queues), and sometimes during the
day (queues) due to road works, accidents, extreme weather conditions, etc.
(Salman and Qureshi 2009).

According to conservative estimates, more than 300 cars were registered

daily in Karachi, and their number reached 1.5 million. The client finds easy
access to personal vehicles through vehicle financing systems of various
banks, as well as low prices for CNG and CIS (Humayun 2006).

There are certain problems, such as baggage overload and old vehicles on
the road, which can lead to slower speeds. Alternatively, a high accident rate
in Karachi is also associated with poor road design, poor road maintenance
and less valuable road safety measures (Odero et al., 1997).

Traffic jams are associated with conditions in which traffic is reduced. This is
due to bad traffic signal and overloaded traffic. In a densely populated city is
quite difficult to extend the road.
KASBIT Business Journal, 5: 25-32 (2012)
http://ideas.repec.org/s/ksb/journl.html
Factors Affecting Stagnation in Karachi and Its Consequences ... 28 F. Matin,
G. M. Herani and W. A. Warraich

While the infrastructure of the city is not developed properly. This scenario
can be easily observed in various urban areas where vehicles grow faster
and exceed the carrying capacity of the transport system. As a result, slow
traffic creates a problem for people and overloads the economy, as the level
of response of people to their work tasks becomes low.

It has also been established that traffic jams affect people's daily lives, which
negatively affects air quality due to emissions, cessation of working hours
and additional business costs since the end of the workforce, suppliers and
customer markets (Weisbrod et al., 2003). ,
Most of the economy is associated with employees who spend time doing
business. When a traffic jam occurs, workers have a critical situation for a
timely response. Especially in megacities, the delayed reaction has a direct
negative impact on commercial activities and does not respond well to the
economic development of Pakistan. When workers travel long distances, this
directly affects time and congestion. The fact that traffic jams spend precious
time and money. In this sense, it is necessary to find ways to effectively
administer the metropolitan transport system. It also provides effective
results for business organizations to minimize the risk factor caused by
overload (Weisbrod et al., 2003).

In the context of reduced workload, several workers can respond to their

work in a timely manner and achieve effective results for the development of
the economy (Hashimoto 1990). The sharp change in demand for vehicles
has a negative impact on the management of time and other resources that
are currently being consumed. During peak hours, an adequate motion
control system must be maintained (Hau 1992). On the other hand, traffic
jams also increase the number of accidents and injuries. In most cases,
civilians faced this insecurity problem during this congestion in major cities.

According to WHO (2009), a high level of traffic accidents is largely

dependent on vehicles and poor adherence to traffic regulations. This type of
problem should have priority, and public safety measures should be
guaranteed.

a) Traffic density

Traffic density shows the compact and the number of vehicles

that occupy distance in kilometre or miles.

b) Traffic speed

Due to heavy traffic vehicle speed is go down and produce heavy

traffic on road. Once traffic have started jam then public have started
facing problem and getting late.
c) Road surface

Karachi has another problem is facing which is Road surface which is

not appropriately design, many place road surface is damage and its
impact on traffic.

d) Electronic traffic control system

 People do not follow the Electronic traffic control system and many
place Electronic traffic control system is not working properly. It should
be fixed and people should aware by Electronic traffic control system

e) Infrastructure

Karachi has big issue is, its Infrastructure problem. After 72 years we
still do not have perfect Infrastructure which help us to provide basic
transportation system.

f) Vehicles types

In Karachi, due to back bone of Pakistan. Arrived different types of

vehicle all over the Pakistan for transfer goods at port, traveling
many people in Karachi by different cities and villages.

g) Parking

In Karachi this is big issue that people do not have properly place to
park their vehicles. They parked their vehicles at anywhere, where
they find the place.

h) Lane

Karachi road has one more problem is the LANE. We do not fixed
lane system for bikes, cars, ambulance, buses and heavy vehicles.

Research Methodology
To find the result of the study, data was collected by different areas and
different types of people which lives in Karachi.
Questionnaire and their results

On these research, collected data and their result through all over the survey
including personal observation, experiences and impact on personal life.
The result of the survey is mentioned below.

Question 1: Gender

Question 2: Age group

Question 3: What type of transport you use

 Question 4: Do you get stuck on road in traffic

Question 5: How long is your total daily commuting time by

road.
Question 6: Your average fuel consumption in litter. (Without traffic)

Question 7: Your average fuel consumption in litter. (With traffic)

In question 6 and 7, we can easily identify that the difference between them,
fuel consumption increase too high. Which is impact of traffic.
 Test 1
Traffic congestion issue

Hypothesis-1
Data
Null Hypothesis m= 3
Level of Significance 0.05
Population Standard Deviation 1.157681115
Sample Size 250
Sample Mean 3.188

Intermediate Calculations
Standard Error of the Mean 0.073218183
Z Test Statistic 2.567668214

Two-Tailed Test
Lower Critical Value -1.959963985
Upper Critical Value 1.959963985
p-Value 1.024E-02
Reject the null hypothesis

Test 2
Traffic jam issue

Hypothesis-2
Data
Null Hypothesis m= 3
Level of Significance 0.05
Population Standard Deviation 1.180193689
Sample Size 250
Sample Mean 2.813333333

Intermediate Calculations
Standard Error of the Mean 0.074642003
Z Test Statistic -2.500826074

Two-Tailed Test
Lower Critical Value -1.959963985
Upper Critical Value 1.959963985
p-Value 1.239E-02
Reject the null hypothesis

Test 3
Financial issues
 Hypothesis-3
Data
Null Hypothesis m= 3
Level of Significance 0.05
Population Standard Deviation 0.968811897
Sample Size 250
Sample Mean 3.2

Intermediate Calculations
Standard Error of the Mean 0.061273044
Z Test Statistic 3.264078064

Two-Tailed Test
Lower Critical Value -1.959963985
Upper Critical Value 1.959963985
p-Value 1.098E-03
Reject the null hypothesis

Discussion and Conclusion

The results conclude that the city of Karachi is in a terrible condition in recent years
due to unplanned and fast-growing traffic. This study also closed the key congestion
factors due to the lack of availability of long-term traffic management planning and
negative economic performance. Although many infrastructure facilities have been
built in Karachi over the last decade, such as subways, wide roads, bridges, freeway
corridors (Lyari Expressway, etc.), increased traffic and other key factors are rapidly
reducing these facilities. In the future, there will be a worse position if long-term
planning has not been carried out. The city lacks adequate planning and traffic
management. Therefore, 92% of the respondents are not satisfied with the current
traffic management, since there is less parking available and the number of cars on
the road increases.

Recommendation
It is recommended that the factors given in this study be corrected and remedial
measures taken to control these responsible factors leading to better economics. All
government departments responsible for the transport sector need to be under one
window for better coordination and management. General awareness must be
developed in public. In order to reduce the fastest traffic of all time, the introduction
of decent public transport, including orbit and transit traffic in the city, should
prevent the use of private vehicles.
Links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi
https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/pakistan/pklandst.htm
http://www.kasbit.edu.pk/KBJVol_5/4%20Faiq%20Matin%20- %20FINDING
%20FACTORS%20OF%20TRAFFIC%20JAM%20IN%20KARACHI%20AND
%20ITS% 20IMPACT.pdf
http://www.kcci.com.pk/research/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Karachi-Traffic-
Chaos-Jamming-the-Wheels-of-Economy.pdf
http://www.lahoreschoolofeconomics.edu.pk/EconomicsJournal/Journals/Volu
me%202 3/Issue%202/02%20Matthew.pdf
https://www.pide.org.pk/Research/Report18
7.pdf
https://ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/is
sra-
paper/ISSRA_Papers_Vol4_IssueII_2012/02-Curbing-the-Menace-of-
Violence-Asma-Sana.pdf
PFD Book.
1. Changing Demographic, Social, and Economic Conditions in Karachi
City, 1959–94: A Preliminary Analysis
MEHTAB S. KARIM
2. Problem of Traffic Congestion and Correlation Analysis of Driving
behaviors in Qasimabad, Hyderabad SUMRA ARAIN*, FAHAD AHMED
SHAIKH*, AND MUHAMMAD MUJTABA SHAIKH** RECEIVED ON
04.03.2016 ACCEPTED ON 16.08.2016
3. Factors Affecting Traffic Jam in Karachi and its Impact on
Performance of Economy Faiq Matin1, Gobind M. Herani2 and
Usman Ali Warraich3