Name ~ Harish Umasankar

Class ~ 12-C
Roll No ~ B-12306
Year ~ 2019-2020
 ABU DHABI INDIAN SCHOOL
ABU DHABI
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sri ___________________________

Bearing the AISSCE Examination Registration number
_________
Has satisfactorily completed the chemistry project during the
academic session 2019-20 as prescribed by CBSE, New Delhi.

Date of examination: _____________________

___________________
Teacher in charge

____________________ _______________
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Topic Page.No

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

2 Learning Objective 2

3 Introduction 3

4 Principle 4

5 Apparatus Required 5

6 Chemicals required 5

7 Procedure 6-8

8 Observations 9

9 Pictures 10-11

10 Learning outcome 12

11 Bibliography 13
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude and

deep regards to my chemistry teacher Mrs. Rijula

Prabhath for inspiring and helping us to complete

this project successfully. I am grateful for her

outstanding teaching skills both theoretically and

practically. Her support was great throughout the

project. I would also like to express my deep sense of

gratitude to my peers with whom I performed this

project.I would also like to thank the chemistry lab

assistant Mrs. Khadeeja for giving me the

opportunity to do this project. I would also like to

express my gratitude to my parents from the bottom

of my heart without whose help this project wouldn’t

be possible.
 Learning Objective

To prepare soap in the lab

using olive oil and caustic
soda through saponification
reaction
 Introduction
Cleansing Action Of Soap

A soap molecule contains a non-polar lipoholic group and a

polar hydrophilic group. The dirt is held on the surface of
clothes by oil or grease which is present there. When soap is
applied, the non polar alkyl group dissolves in the oil
droplets while the polar -COONa+ group remains dissolved
in water. In this way each oil droplet is surrounded by
negatively charged oil droplet and cannot coalesce and
therefore a stable emulsion is formed. These oil droplets
containing dirt particles can be washed away with water.

Fatty acid is seldom found as free molecules in nature but is

most often a part of a larger molecule called a triglyceride.
 Principle

Soaps are prepared by the reaction between fat and oil

with sodium hydroxide solution, the reaction is known as
saponification. Fat and oils are triglycerides. Triglycerides
are esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolysis of
these triglycerides with NaOH and KOH yield sodium or
potassium salts of fatty acids and glycerol.

To separate the glycerol from the soap, the pasty boiling

mass is treated with saturated solution of NaCl. Contents
of the kettle salt out, or separate into an upper layer that is
a curdy mass of impure soap and a lower layer that
consists of an aqueous salt solution with the glycerol
dissolved in it.

The underlying principle of salting out is common ion

effect. Here, the common ion is Na+. On adding salt
solution, the ionic product of Na+ and palpitate ion
exceeds the solubility of sodium palpitate, the soap and is
thereby precipitated out.
 Apparatus Required

 Beaker
 Test Tube
 Measuring Vessel
 Hot Water Bath
 Ice Water Bath
 Stirring Rod
 Tripod Stand
 Bunsen Burner

Chemicals Required

 25 ml of Oil
 30 ml of 20% NaOH
 10 ml of Ethanol
 50 ml of saturated NaCl solution
 Procedure

Assemble a hot water bath by filling an 800 ml beaker

approximately ¾ full with water and begin heating
with a Bunsen Burner.

Add three or four boiling chips to the water in the hot

water bath to prevent the water from boiling over.

In a 150 ml beaker add the following ingredients

 25 ml of oil or 10g of solid shortening
 30 ml of 20% NaOH
 10 ml of ethanol to act as a solvent

Note the total volume in the 150 ml beaker and how

many layers the ingredients initially form

Begin heating the reaction mixture by keeping the

beaker and contents in the hot water bath. Heat the
mixture for about 25 minutes after the water comes to a
slow boil.

Using a stirring rod, stir the reaction mixture frequently

so that it does not boil over.

Maintain the total volume of the reaction mixture by

adding small quantities of 1:1 (vol/vol) ethanoldeionized
water.

Hear the mixture till separation of layers vanishes.

Test the reaction mixture to determine if the
saponification process is complete by carefully placing a
few drops of the reaction mixture in a 6-inch test tube.
Add 10 ml of cold water if fat droplets from. Add 5 ml of
the 20% NaOH and 5 ml of ethanol to the beaker and
continue to heat for additional 10 minutes or until no fat
droplets form upon heating.

When the saponification process is complete, turn the

Bunsen Burner off and add 25 ml of deionized water to
the beaker.

Place the beaker on the bench top to cool for about 5-6
minutes. Then place the soap reaction into an ice bath
and cool for about 10 minutes.

At this point, measure about 50 ml of saturated NaCl

solution and cool it also for about 5-6 minutes in the ice
baths.

After the cooling time is complete for the soap reaction

mixture, decant any liquid from the beaker (be careful
not to pour off the soap).

Add the desired pigments in order to get color and

pigments.

Add 50 ml cold and saturated NaCl solution to the soap

beaker and stir thoroughly with a glass rod. This
process separates the soap from the glycerol called
salting out.
Collect the solid soap, using Bunsen flame. {Note decant
as much liquid off before adding the solid soap to the
Bunsen funnel}.

While the air is being drowned over the soap in the

funnel, wash the soap in 20 ml volumes of ice cold
deionized water. Continue to draw air over the soap for
another 3 minutes.

Place the soap in desired mold and shape it out.

Observation
Pictures
 Learning Outcome

Soap contains alkali metals which affects our skin and our
skin may crack. To maintain the oil and moisture balance
on our skin, fatty material is required in soap.

In general the fatty matter in soap is about 70% to 80%.

Fatty matter below 70% will make our skin dry, rough and
cause our skin to crack. Whenever high percentage of fatty
matter is present, it will make the soap sticky and removing
oil and washing will become very difficult
 Bibliography
 www.google.com
 www.youtube.com
 www.wikipedia.com