Hello!

I am Gino A. Alvarado
You can find me at galvarado@ups.edu.ec
 Academic Training
Magister in Telecommunications
University: ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL
Register Number Senescyt: 1021-14-86045257

Engineer in Telecommunications with Mention in Telecommunication Management.

University: UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL
Register Number Senescyt: 1028-10-1014444
✓ O&M Experience.
✓ Control, Design and Project Management.
✓ Equipment configuration CISCO, ALCATEL.
✓ DWDM, SDH, PDH Systems.
✓ Structured Cabling.
✓ OS Microsoft, Centos, MAC.
✓ Computers Audit.
✓ VOIP technology.
Skills
✓ IPRAN technology.
✓ Networks IP/MPLS.
✓ Audit Equipment Installations in cellular RBS.
✓ Site Surveys.
✓ knowledge of equipment installation generally standards based on ISO 11801, ANSI TIA-568C, ANSI TIA 942-A,
✓ ANSI TIA 569C, ANSI TIA 606-B, ANSI TIA 607-B
✓ Digital communications systems.
✓ LAN, WAN, WLAN, WSN.
✓ LTE technology.
✓ IPRAN technology.
✓ Propagation.
✓ DSP systems.
✓ Company Management.
 Experience
• CEO at NETWORKTEL CIA LTDA.
• PROYECT MANAGER at AKROS CIA LTDA.
• TECHNICAL MANAGER at TELPROYECT CIA LTDA.
• RF ENGINEER at ALCATEL SA.
• TELECOMMUNICATION SUPERVISOR at DATA FAST CIA LTDA.
• TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEER at EEPG SA.
 Publications
• Wireless sensor network for gas and oil industries. ESPOL.
• Study for increased efficiency in photovoltaic panels. FETIN BRASIL.
• Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol and Optimal Number of Cluster
Head Algorithm in a Randomized Wireless Sensor Network Deployment. 2017
International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer and
Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). INDIA.
• Desing of system for electrical faults diagnostic in multibranch motorcycle,
using free hadware and Android APP. 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics,
Communication, Computer and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). INDIA.
• Statistical analysis of radiation levels allowed by international standards in
conglomerate wireless systems in different urban areas of the city of Guayaquil.
2018- 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics August 19 - 22, 2018 •
University of Waterloo • Waterloo, ON, Canada
1st partial Evaluation System
30 points divided: 20 points divided:
▪ 10 points homework and workshop ▪ 20 points Exam
□ 5 points homework
□ 5 points workshop
▪ 10 points project
▪ 10 points lesson and practice
□ 5 points lesson
□ 5 points practice
WELCOME TO
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
CLASS Procedures
World’s Best Teacher
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 SDH It is a set of data transmission protocols. It can be
considered as the revolution of transmission systems, as
a consequence of the use of optical fiber as a
Synchronous transmission medium, as well as the need for more
flexible systems that support high bandwidths. The SDH
digital hierarchy hierarchy was developed in the USA. UU under the name
of SONET or ANSI T1X1 and later the CCITT (Today ITU-T)
in 1989 published a series of recommendations where it
was defined with the name of SDH.

One of the objectives of this hierarchy was in the process

of adaptation of the PDH system (Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy), since the new hierarchical system would be
gradually implanted and had to coexist with the installed
plesiochronic hierarchy. This is the reason why the ITU-T
normalized the process of transporting the old frames in
the new one. The basic SDH frame is the STM-1
(Synchronous Transport Module level 1), with a speed of
155 Mbit / s.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

Each frame is encapsulated in a special type of structure called a container. Once
encapsulated, control headers that identify the content of the structure (the container) are
added and the assembly, after a multiplexing process, is integrated into the STM-1 structure.
The upper levels are formed from multiplexing at the byte level several STM-1 structures,
giving rise to the STM-4, STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256 levels. a technology traditionally used
in telecommunication for telephony that allows to send several telephone channels on the
same medium (either coaxial cable, radio or microwave) using time division multiplexing
techniques and digital transmission equipment. It can also be sent over optical fiber, although
it is not designed for it and sometimes it is often used in this case SDH -Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy.

The hierarchy used in Latin America is the same as in Europe, which groups 30 + 2 channels
of 64Kb / s to obtain 2048 kbit / s (E1). Then, multiplying by 4 successively, higher level
hierarchies are obtained with the speeds of 8 Mbit / s (E2), 34 Mbit / s (E3) and 139 Mbit / s
(E4).

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

Speed Hierarchies in SDH

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 SDH multiplexing
One of the main advantages of SDH
technology is the possibility of
multiplexing PDH flows in an STM-1
frame and also multiplexing STM
frames in other higher level frames.
A container is always a flow of greater
capacity than its associated
information flow. Thus, a C12 includes
an E1 flow of 2 Mbps and also filler
and justification bits to compensate
for the clock differences between the
different flows inserted and the clock
of the composite STM-1 frame.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Multiplexing Steps

The multiplexing of flows in SDH involves three steps:

Mapping - process in which tributaries are adjusted in virtual containers (VCs) by adding filler or
justification bits as well as Path Overhead (POH) information
Alignment - a procedure that is carried out when we insert a pointer inside a Tributary Unit (TU) or an
Administrative Unit (AU) in order to locate the first byte of the virtual container.
Multiplexing - a process in which multiple lower level flows are adapted to a higher level flow or when
several upper level flows are adapted within the Multiplex Section.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

SDH Network
elements
DXS
TM
ADM

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Japón Europa y L. America

5° Nivel 397.200 Kbps 564.962 Kbps

x4 EUA x4

4° Nivel 97.728 Kbps 274.176 Kbps 139.264 Kbps

x3 x6 x3 x4

3° Nivel 32.064 Kbps 44.736 Kbps 34.368 Kbps

x5 x7 x4

2° Nivel 6.312 Kbps 8.448 Kbps

x4 x3 x4

1° Nivel 1.544 Kbps 2.048 Kbps

x24 x30

64 Kbps

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

AVAC Homework,
How many bits does the basic SDH frame contain and at what speed is it
transmitted?
What are the standardized speeds of SDH?
What are the standardized speeds of SONET?
How many bits does the STM-64 frame contain? What is the frame's duration
time? At what speed is it transmitted?
How many phone conversations could an STM-1 frame convey? Consider that,
due to the overhead, the efficiency is 83%.

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

1 point
 C-n Container

It is the structure that forms the useful load of information. It is the "Box or container" in which the
information signs are placed of entry.
The digit "n" defines the level of the container and refers to the level of the PDH speed that fits in
the container. The lowest level is divided into C-11 for the first order American 1544 Kbps and the
C-12 for the first European order of 2048 Kbps.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 VC-n Container

Structure of information used to establish connections between different levels of the journey.

In the Virtual Container facilities are added for the supervision and maintenance (heading) of the
trajectories from end to end of the container or groups of tax units.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 TU-n Container

In the Tax Units, pointers are added to the containers virtual

A pointer allows the SDH system to compensate for differences in phase or frequency within the
SDH network and also locate the start of the virtual container.

The digit "n" refers to the level of the virtual container that corresponds directly with the tax unit.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 TUG-n Container

A Group of Tax Units groups several tax units TU-n that are multiplexed together.

The digit "n" refers to the level of tax unit that corresponds directly with the tax unit (s) group, as in
the case where multiplexing is not required (TU-3 and TUG-3)

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 AU-n and AUG

AU-n : Its function is to add pointers to virtual containers, in way similar to the tax units.
Information structure that adapts information between trajectory of high order and the multiplexer
section.

AUG : A Group of Administrative Units groups several units administrative bodies that go together to
form an SDH system of first order.
In the multiplexing, according to the structure of the ETSI, the AUG it is identical to the
Administrative Unit that is defined.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Multiplexing structure
VC 4

TUG 3 TUG 3 TUG 3

#1 #2 #3

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 TUG 2 # 1

TUG 2 # 2

TUG 2 # 3

TUG 2 # 4
TUG 3

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

TUG 2 # 5

TUG 2 # 6

TUG 2 # 7

C11 # 4 C11 # 3 C11 # 2 C11 # 1

TUG 2

C12 # 3 C12 # 2 C12 # 1

TUG 2
 TUG 2 #1 C2

TUG 2 #2

TUG 2 #3

TUG 2 #4

TUG 2 #5
TUG - 3 # 1

TUG 2 #6

TUG 2 #7

TUG 2 #1 C 12 C 12 C 12

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

TUG 2 #2 C 12 C 12 C 12

TUG 2 #3 C 11 C 11 C 11 C 11

TUG 2 #4 C 11 C 11 C 11 C 11

TUG 2 #5
TUG - 3 # 2

TUG 2 #6

TUG 2 #7
C3
TUG - 3 # 3
 TUG 2 #1 C2

TUG 2 #2

TUG 2 #3

TUG 2 #4

TUG 2 #5
TUG - 3 # 1

TUG 2 #6

TUG 2 #7

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

TUG 2 #1 C 12 C 12 C 12

TUG 2 #2 C 12 C 12 C 12

TUG 2 #3 C 11 C 11 C 11 C 11

TUG 2 #4 C 11 C 11 C 11 C 11
VC 4

TUG 2 #5
TUG - 3 # 2

TUG 2 #6

TUG 2 #7
C3
TUG - 3 # 3
 Real Case
For the Davis Cup final, which is classified by Ecuador, whose seat is Salinas, the Local Telecommunications
Operator has an SDH link of 155.52 Mbps with Guayaquil. The sales staff is requesting to be delivered along with
the accreditations of the National Press and International, a quantification of the availability, for: Data, Internet and
Lines dedicated to 64 Kbps to be installed in the booths and press rooms; whose signals will be delivered
multiplexed in E1's facilities staff. Of which the following requirements already exist:

A 6.3 Mbps TV signal to be delivered at the GYQ Matrix Station. The Organizer of the event has installed control and
centralized management in GYQ of: Light, Marker, Irrigation, Box Office, Attendee Counters, and Alarms for the
venue where the event takes place, for 72 monitoring points under the ANSI standard.
An LAN LAN of the international extended ATP by means of Estación Terrena Guayaquil of 1,5 Mpps.

It is necessary to know that using this link, the Local Operator interconnects with three telephony operators through
270 voice channels each and in turn provides transport service to the Salinas naval and air base of a PDH - E3
signal.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
LESSON.

1 point

Graphically, the STM-1 frame is composed
of a byte array (octets) of 9 rows and 270
columns. Therefore, bits per second: 9 x
270 x 8 x 8000 (remember, 8000 samples
per second) = 15552000 or 155.52 Mbps.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
Structure of the
STM-1 frame
The bits are transmitted from left to right and top to
bottom. The first 9 bytes of each row are used for
information of the SDH systems themselves (they do not
carry user information). They are divided into 3 parts:
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH): control
information at the regeneration level of the SDH signal
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH): control information
at the multiplexing level of the different internal flows in
the frame
Pointers: are indicators to the information flows that are
housed within the STM frame itself
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
The first 9 bytes of each row, carry information that the system use for himself. The headings section is:
SOH = RSOH + MSOH

Header section for regenerators (RSOH) that has three rows by nine bytes.

Header of the multiplex section (MSOH) that has five rows by nine bytes.

A pointer that occupies 9 bytes of a row. The remaining 261 bytes per row are used for the capacity of
transport useful charge of the SDH system. However, part of that capacity the SDH system uses for
additional headers.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 STM-1 Speed
The STM-1 frame is transmitted at 8000 times per second, which It is also the sampling rate of a
PCM system, therefore, the period of the plot is 125 useg.

The transmission speed of the STM-1 is obtained in the following way:

speed = (8000 frames / sec) * (9 rows / frames) * (270 bytes / row) *

(8 bits / byte).

Speed = 155.520 Kbits / s.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Advice
Section Header:
Regenerator Section Header (RSOH)
• Parity verification
• Alignment of the frame
• Data and voice communication
Multiplexer Section Header (MSOH)
• Parity verification
• Alarm information
• Automatic switching protection
• Data and voice communication

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
Multiplexing
by Byte 8000 Frames per minute

Interleaving

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Exercise

AAAA
STM-1 #1
BBBB
STM-1 #2

CCCC STM-4
STM-1 #3

DDDD
STM-1 #4

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

AVAC Homework, research.

Positive Justification
Negative Justification

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

0,5 point
Workshop
For the Comebol final, which is classified by Barcelona, whose seat is Guayaquil, the Local Telecommunications
Operator has an SDH link of 311,04 Mbps with Brasil. The sales staff is requesting to be delivered along with
the accreditations of the National Press and International, a quantification of the availability, for: Data, Internet
and Lines dedicated to 64 Kbps to be installed in the booths and press teams; whose signals will be delivered
multiplexed in E1's facilities staff. Of which the following requirements already exist:

A 12,6 Mbps Goal TV signal to be delivered at the GYQ Matrix Station. The Organizer of the event has installed
control and centralized management in GYQ of: Light, Marker, Irrigation, Box Office, Attendee Counters, and
Alarms for the venue where the event takes place, for 144 monitoring points under the ANSI standard.
An LAN of the international extended Coup by means of base station on Guayaquil of 3 Mbps.

It is necessary to know that using this link, the Local Operator interconnects with four telephony operators
through 300 voice channels each and in turn provides transport service to the Salinas naval and air base of a
PDH - E3 signal.
Diagram the frame

2,5 point
 Error Error in monitoring the SDH network So far, this
document has discussed these points:

monitoring • a byte B1 is used to mark if there are errors in the RS.

on PDH • a B2 byte is used to check for errors in the MS.

frame • a byte B3 is used to mark for errors in the VC-4 path.

• a V5 byte is used to mark for errors in the VC-12 path.

Table 3 represents the same module as discussed

above, but the equipment has been labeled A to F. The
STM-1 Multiplexer (MUX) is configured to multiplex 63 x
2 Mbit / s.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Exercise
Mark the possible errors in the pic

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Regenerator Section Header

BYTE Function
A1 Provides frame alignment (11110110, F6h)

A2 Provides frame alignment (00101000, 28h)

J0 Transmits a text message so that the receiver can verify

that it is connected to the desired network element

B1 For error monitoring of the regenerator section (BIP-8xN)

E1 Voice communication of the regenerator section (order

wire) at 64 Kbps
F1 It can be used to provide a 64kbps voice or data channel

D1-3 Used to transmit OAM information between adjacent

terminals (192 Kbps)

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Multiplexer Section Header

BYTE Función
B2 For error monitoring of the multiplexer section (BIP-24xN)

K1-K2 Automatic Protection Switching (APS) signaling transmission

K2 Bits 6, 7 and 8 of the K2 byte are used for transmission of

the RDI and AIS alarms of the Multiplexing Section
E2 Voice communication of the multiplexer section (order wire)
at 64 Kbps
D4-12 Used to transmit OAM information between multiplexer
section terminals (576 Kbps)
S1 Bits 5 to 8 indicate synchronism status

Z1-2 Bytes reserved

M1 Used to transmit the number of erroneous blocks detected

by the receiver via the B2 byte

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Higher Order Path Header

BYTE Function
J1 Used to transmit a text message

B3 For monitoring the errors of the payload within the STM-N

frame (BIP-8)
C2 To indicate the composition of the multiplex structure used
in VC-4
G1 To communicate the status and performance of the
trajectory to the transmitting terminal
F2-3 For voice communications between user terminal elements

H4 Multiframe and load position indicator

K3 For future use

N1 For specific administration purposes

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
AVAC Homework, research.

Formation of an STM-1 from 140

Mbps scheme
HAND MADE AND SCANNED

1 point
Lesson 5

1 point