SORIANO, LUISA 11 – LINNAEUS

BIOLOGY 1
M I C R O S C O P E

The microscope is one of the most important tools used in

chemistry and biology. This instrument allows a scientist
or doctor to magnify an object to look at it in detail.
Many types of microscopes exist, allowing different levels
of magnification and producing different types of images.
Some of the most advanced microscopes can even see atoms

C E N T R I F U G E

A centrifuge is a laboratory device that is used

for the separation of fluids, gas or liquid, based on
density. Separation is achieved by spinning a vessel
containing material at high speed; the centrifugal
force pushes heavier materials to the outside of the
vessel. This apparatus is found in most laboratories
from academic to clinical to research and used to
purify cells, subcellular organelles, viruses,
proteins, and nucleic acids.

Electrophoresis is a “powerful and inexpensive

molecular separation technique.” Various reasons
exist for carrying out electrophoresis including non-
invasive binding to molecules and visualization of
molecule separation. Overall, electrophoresis aims
to provide an accurate way of analyzing substances,
such as your blood and DNA.

E L E C T R O P H O R E S I S
SORIANO, LUISA 11 – LINNAEUS
BIOLOGY 1
C H R O M A T O G R A P H

‘Chromatography’ is an analytical technique

commonly used for separating a mixture of chemical
substances into its individual components, so that
the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed.
There are many types of chromatography e.g., liquid
chromatography, gas chromatography, ion-exchange
chromatography, affinity chromatography, but all of
these employ the same basic principles.

X - R A Y D I F F R A C T I O N M A C H I N E

X-ray crystallography (XRC) is a

technique used for determining the atomic and
molecular structure of a crystal, in which the
crystalline structure causes a beam of
incident X-rays to diffract into many specific
directions. By measuring the angles and
intensities of these diffracted beams, a
crystallographer can produce a three-
dimensional picture of the density of
electrons within the crystal.
S P E C T R O P H O T O M E T E R

Spectrophotometers are widely used in various

disciplines such as physics, molecular biology,
chemistry and biochemistry. Applications for specs
include measurement of substance concentration such
as protein, DNA or RNA, growth of bacterial cells,
and enzymatic reactions. Important features to look
for in spectrophotometer are broad dynamic range,
sample volume capability and lamp type and lifetime.
SORIANO, LUISA 11 – LINNAEUS
BIOLOGY 1
C O M P U T E R

Bio computers use systems of

biologically derived molecules—such as DNA
and proteins—to perform computational
calculations involving storing, retrieving,
and processing data.
The development of biocomputers has been
made possible by the expanding new science of
nanobiotechnology. The term nanobiotechnology
can be defined in multiple ways; in a more
general sense, nanobiotechnology can be
defined as any type of technology that uses
both nano-scale materials (i.e. materials
having characteristic dimensions of 1-100
nanometers) and biologically based materials