Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.) INTRODUCTION
In the middle of the 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian known as the “Father of Criminalistics”, defined search for truth as the
basis and goal of all criminal investigations. He asserted that “a large part of the criminalist’s work is nothing more than a battle against lies. He
has to discover the truth and must fight the opposite. He meets the opposite at every step.
The searches for truth and attempts at uncovering falsehood have been a universal and almost constant endeavor dating back at
ancient times. In their attempt to discover deception, primitive societies developed complex procedures founded on magic and mysticism. The
doors to the truth, divine creatures sent messages through fire, boiling water and torture. In some instances, faith in these powerful mysticism
miraculously allowed the innocent to go unscathed while the guilty bore the mark of guilt.
Some of these rituals were based on sound physiological principles. Oriental people for example distinguished truth form lying by
having the entire accused chew dry rice and then spit it out. While this was a simple task for the honest, those who were deceiving has difficulty
in accomplishing this task and were then judged to be guilty and punished accordingly. This practice recognized that fear slows the digestive
process, including salivation. Thus, the deceptive were unable to spit out the dry rice, while the innocent, having faith in the power of their deity
to clear them of the unjust accusation, felt little fear in contrast to the guilty who know they would be discovered.
Throughout the centuries, man continued to experiment with more scientific methods in determining truth and deception with the
following scientists having contributed much in the development of the polygraph instrument:
a) Development of the CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT
i) ANGELO MOSSO – 1895
(1) Studied fear and its influence on the hearth and his observations subsequently formed the basis for the technique.
(2) Developed the SPHYGMAMOMANOMETER and the SCIENTIFIC CRADLE, which he used in studying fear on the
heart.
i) It must be recognized that there is no such thing as an instrument that will detect lies. The popular name, Lie
Detector, given to a collection of certain medical instruments, is somewhat misleading. No collection of inanimate
objects including the very finest and complicated modern computers, can detect lies on the part of any human
being.
ii) The students can understandably ask, “Well, what does this do called “lie detector” do?” The answer to that
question is that the lie detector records certain physiological activities of the body. These activities are constantly in
operation as long as the person is alive. The student should be aware that the most common lie detectors record a
breathing pattern of inspiration and expiration, a continuous pattern of relative blood pressure and pulse rate, and a
pattern of electro dermal activity.
iii) It is well known that the body adapts itself as efficiently as possible to its environment. If the environment changes,
the body will rapidly adjust itself to these changes. This is done by a complicated system of internal checks and
balance primarily involving the autonomic nervous system. This ability to adjust is necessary if the organism if the
organism or body is to survive in a constantly changing world. Those organisms that cannot adjust rapidly die out.
i) Since Mr. Trovillo’s article was written, there have been no great changes in lie detector instrumentation.
ii) The consensus among lie detector operators is that present instrumentation is adequate and any changes due must
come in techniques of question formulation and chart interpretation
iii) Most people have tendency to relate lie detection strictly to police activities. It is true that the police application have
received the most publicity and the results obtained have been most spectacular, however, it should be noted that
lie detectors are used by many modern hospitals abroad to aid in the study of mental conditions and emotionality.
iv) The most common of lie detection is in the field of business. Approximately 80% of lie detector examinations being
conducted in the United States today are related to the field of personal employment screening (job seekers), and
employee screening.
v) Obviously employers are interested in reducing their insidious drain of company’s funds and inventory due to
employees stealing of cash and property. The lie detector is being used to reduce this drain by periodically
screening employees. In other words, helping honest people to stay honest.
vi) As a rule, the results of a lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence. However, if a lie detector subject confesses
to the examiner during examination, this confession can be admitted in court subject to the provisions of the rules of
evidence.
vii) Reasons why the results of a lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence:
(a) Not standardized as to the qualifications of the examiner;
(b) Not standardized as to the test procedure; and
(c) Not standardized as to instrumentation.
1. What is Polygraphy?
It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument. This is the new name of LIE DETECTION.
2. What is Polygraph?
It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin
resistance of an examinee under controlled condition.
It is the popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. In Greek, Polygraph means “many writings” and the instrument was so
named because it make various ink recordings of a person’s body functions.
It is also called “Truth Verifier” since statistics show that is the vast majority of the instances the instrument verifies an innocent
person’s truthfulness.
a) Used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception or verify the truth of statement
b) Records identifiable physiological reactions of the subject, such as; blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance.
c) The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deceptions is based on the theory that a conscious mental effort on the
part of a normal person to deceive causes involuntary physiological changes that are in effect a body’s reaction to an imminent
danger to its well being.
a) Aid in investigation
b) Speeds up processing of investigation
c) Eliminates innocent suspects
d) Pre-employment screening
e) Honesty test (Periodic test)
a) This is the first assemblage of apparatus and some of his co-workers in the Berkeley Police Department.
b) A strip of paper on which the tracings are recorded is mounted on two drums, which are turned by a spring mechanism known as a
kymograph.
c) The paper is smoked to reduce the friction of the styluses or recording levers which are actuated by Marey Tambours.
d) A manometer is placed on the right shoulder of the subject, the function of whish is to indicate the pressure in the bag, the pressure
bag, encased in a leather cuff, is strapped pneumograph is strapped around the chest to record respiration. This type of
pneumograph or respiration applicator is sill being used in some of the modern instruments.
e) In a later model developed by Larson, a Jaquet polygraph replaced the kymograph and smoked paper, and the pens moved
horizontally instead of vertically as in the original apparatus. In a further modification, metal tambour stacks were substituted for the
Erlanger capsule and rubber covered tambours.
a) In 1925, Keeler developed a compact portal instrument using a modification of the Erlanger pressure reducer that permitted the
blood pressure changes to be recorded over a greater range. He later make further improvement by substituting metal bellows or
diaphragm capsules in place of the Erlanger type pressure reducer.
b) The instrument is housed in a steel case with wrinkle finish and chromium trim. The cover is attached to case by means of slip
hinges and can be removed when the instrument is to be used. Opening of the cover permits hinged doors at each end of the case
to open outward for access to the chart at one end and the accessories at the other.
c) All connections to the instrument are made directly under the right end of the panel, which include the hose connection for the cuff
inflation bulb, the tube from the blood pressure cuff, a connector for the hand electrodes of the electro dermal recording unit, an
extension cord, and a tube from the pneumograph.
d) Space is provided directly below the attachments for storage of the accessories, and they may be stored without disconnecting the
accessories form the instrument.
This instrument was designed by Captain Clarence D. Lee and known as the Berkeley Psychograph. It consists essentially of four units:
1) Chart drive or recording unit
2) Pneumograph or respiration unit
3) Cardiograph or pulse-blood pressure unit
4) Stimulus signal unit
a) All units are functionally similar to those in the Keepler Polygraph. Mechanically, the principal difference between the two lies in the
pulse-blood pressure unit. In the present instrument, the Erlanger principle is utilized with its objectionable feature eliminated, which
is to say it will function at practically any level, there being no high or low “dead” spots, and repairs when needed are very easily
made.
1) RI THEORY
3) PEAK-OG-TENSION TEST
LIE DETECTION
In every criminal investigation, the truth must be established to ensure proper prosecution of offenders. Criminal investigators must
exert all effort to determine lying not only on the part of the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act – witnesses, victims,
etc.
In establishing the truth, criminal investigators apply various methods such as: observation; mechanical lie detection; use of drugs
that inhibits the “inhibitor”; hypnosis; and interrogation.
LIE defined:
Any untruthful statement; Falsehood; Anything that deceives or creates false impression;
To make untrue statements knowingly, especially with intent to deceive; To give an erroneous or misleading impression;
DETECTION defined:
The act of detecting, discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering something obscure.
KINDS OF LIE:
1. BENIGN LIE OR WHITE LIE - Used to maintain the harmony, of friendship, harmony of the home or office.
2. RED LIE - Communist propaganda; Against the Government
3. MALICIOUS LIE - Chronic Lie; To mislead justice
TYPES OF LIAR:
A. PANIC LIAR
It is one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession
He/She is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it is a serious blow to his / her ego.
He/She believes that confession will just male the matter worst.
B. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
Is someone laid for spare years.
This person is a practical liar and lies when it has a higher “pay off” than telling the truth.
C. TOURNAMENT LIAR
Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected.
This person views an interview as another contest and wants to win.
This person realizes that he or she will probably be convicted bur will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or her
confesses.
He wants that people will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person.
D. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
The most difficult type.
This person has no conscience. He shows no regret for dishonestly and no manifestation of guilt.
E. ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR
Is one who is taught not to be a squealer.
*squealer – to cry or to shrill voice
Used by underworld gang in order for their member not to reveal any secret of their organization.
F. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong (his mind is sick.)
Is an insane person.
G. BLACK LIAR
A person who always pretends.
(What he thinks of himself, what kind of person he is, and what he is.)
Historically, early human beings have their own way of determining lying or guilt on the part of the accused and accuser. Their common
method is thru the application of “ORDEAL.”
ORDEAL defined:
A severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of experience.
A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or
immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.
ORDEAL
Is a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “Dei Indicum” meaning “Miraculous decision.”
Ancient method of trial in which the accused was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was
innocent.
AYUR-VEDA
o “Hindu book of health and science” The earliest known reference of the methods for detecting deception.
o Come before lie detection (seen through outside manifestation)
o Basis of the invention of polygraph machine.
o Traditional way not scientific.
2. Ordeal by balance
Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India.
Scale of balanced is used.
In one end of the scale, the accused is placed in the other end, a counter balance.
The person will step out of the scale listened to a judge deliver an extortion is the balance and her back in. If he were found to be
lighter than before then he should be acquitted.
7. Trial by Torture
The accused was put into a severe physical test.
8. Drinking Ordeal
The accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest – if innocent; no harm befalls him, but if guilty, will die.
Practiced in:
a. Nigeria
b. Brahamic India
c. India
Psychological theory, the donkey placed in one room alone and observed it, and if the donkey cried is a judged of guilty of crimes,
because deep in side and conscience he is guilty.
A. Burma
The accuser and accused were given each identical candle and both were lightened at the same time.
B. Borneo
The accuser and accused were presented by shell fish placed on a plate.
An irritating fluid was then poured on the shell fish and the litigant whose shell fish moved first was adjudged the winner.
C. Greece
A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects.
When the axe stopped, whoever was in line with the blade as supposed to be guilty as pointed out by the divine providence.
D. Nigeria
The priest greased a clock’s feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. If the feather passed through the tongue easily, the
accused was deemed innocent.
If not, the accused is guilty.
Another Method (same country)
Pour corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accused who was supposed to remain unharmed if innocent.
Pour boiling oil over the hand of the accused with he usual requisites for guilt or innocence (if remain unharmed, he is innocent).
Triangle of Life
Heredity
Experience Training
2. Eugenics – science and art of improving human breeds by so applying the ascertained principles of genetics and inheritance as to
secure a desirable combination of physical characteristics and mental traits in the offspring of suitably mated parents.
Recommended Terminology
5. MUNSTERBURG (1908)
Proposed that lie test based on lie detector should be admissible as evidence in court.
The detection is based on using blood pressure variations for deception detection.
He advocates the used of lie detection in court.
But it was not known if the same was followed.
1. STICKER – 1897
He made the first suggestion for using galvanograph for detecting deception base on the works of several predecessors.
He theorized that galvanic skin reflex is influence by existing mental impression and that will had no effect upon it.
First Inventor of Polygraph Machine.
He invented the first lie detector using Electro dermal response.
2. VERGUTH – 1926
He was the first who used the term psycho-galvanic reflex.
He believed that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands.
3. FERE – (1888)
French Scientist
Discovered that electro dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and vital energy converted with human
emotions.
He asserted that human body has the ability to generate store, discharged high voltage of static electricity.
4. D’ARSONVAL
French Scientist
Declared that electricity is generated by the body and named External Friction as source of generation.
He assorted those sweat glands which the body at times store the electricity and at other times discharged them.
4. DARROW (1930)
Devised a research photo polygraph which records several responses simultaneously, which are;
A. Electro dermal response (skin)
B. Blood pressure
C. Heart Beat Frequency
D. Tine between verbal stimuli and verbal response.
E. Signal Marks
F. Involuntary tremors of one hand
G. Breathing amplitude and frequency
H. Voluntary movement of the hand.
This method did not however last long.
THE PIONEERS WHO USED BLOOD PRESSURE IN DETECTING DECEPTION ARE THE FOLLOWING:
A. Lombroso (1895)
B. Munster burg (1908)
C. Marston (1917)
D. John Larson (1921)
E. Darrow (1930 )
F. Leonard Keeler (1930)
2. Galileo (1581)
Devised a gadget called “Pulsilogium”
Instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency.
He did not use this device for lie detection purposes.
The instrument used in the proper application of the polygraph technique is essentially a pneumatically operated mechanical
recorder of changes in respiration, blood pressure/pulse heat supplemented with a unit for recording galvanic skin reflexes, or an additional unit
for recording abdominal respiration; muscular movements and pressures; or a plethymograph for recording changes in blood oxygenation.
Attachments for the human body comprises of a rubber convoluted tube for the chest area, a blood pressure arm-cuff on one bicep, and, in
some models, an electrode on two fingers or on the palmer side of one hand. These attachments act as the detectors of the physiological
changes and transmit the same to the instrument where it is connected into mechanical impulses and transformed into tracings of the
respiration, blood pressure and skin resistance or the likes.
What kind of man should be conducting the Polygraph Test? (Fred Inbau)
1. Good educational background
2. Intelligent and some degree of maturity
3. Possessed with sense of values
4. Adequate perid of training under someone who is experienced and skilled in the technique.
LIMITATIONS OF POLYGRAPH:
1. It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for investigation.
2. It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts, it record responses to that which the subject knows to be true.
4. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
5. The test will not be given until enough facts have been established to permit the examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable
questions.
6. The test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person will be considered guilty because he refused to take
the test.
8. A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained with the subject.
9. No attempt to use Polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. No examination will be conducted on unfit subject.
6. Unobserved application of muscular pressure which produces ambiguities and misleading indications in the blood pressure tracing.
B. CARDIO-SPHYMOGRAPH - Records the changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject.
C. GALVANOGRAPH - Records the changes in the skin resistance of the subject in a small a mount of electricity, attached in the index and
ring finger.
D. KYMOGRAPH - Is a small motor that pull or dried the chart paper at the rate of 6 inches per minute.
E. PEN AND INKING SYSTEM – is used to make a permanent record of the test.
3. Pneumograph section:
a) Rubber jellows
b) Beaded chain
c) Rubber flexible tubing
d) Pneumograph tube connection
e) Pneumograph connecting tube
f) Pneumograph distributing ink
g) Pneumograph pipe line
h) Vent valve and vent bottom
i) Tambour assembly
j) Sphygmomanometer
k) Resonance control
4. Cardio section:
a) Pump bulb assembly
b) Blood pressure pump connection
c) Blood pressure cuff assembly
d) Connector block
e) Sphygmomanometer pipe line
5. Galvanograph section:
a) Hand electrode
b) Electrode jellow
c) Galvanometer
HEART RATE:
The normal heart rate in adult males is 70 – 75 beats per minute. Rate is slightly higher in female adults.
This forward movement provides power to move the penfork in the attached pen in a lateral clockwise or upward direction pen
in a lateral clockwise or upward direction of the chart surface.
2. Descending limb – when a pulsed wave passes beyond cuff bladder attendant drop in a surface pressure against bladder reverses
this processes permitting the below to return to or toward its original position. This return of the bellows to its original position is
transmitted to the penforks and attached pen as a lateral counter clockwise or downward stoke on chart surface.
3. Diacrotic notch – is cause by the minor secondary pulse wave passing under and beyond the blood pressure cuff. In the wake of
subsiding primary wave which momentarily halts or slow down the decrease in the surface pressure against the bladder in turn
causing a hesitation in the bellow movement back to or towards its original position.
2. Descending limb – cause by the exhalation thus reversing this process causing an increase in internal surface pressure against the
bellows, thus moving the bellow to or toward its original position and producing a lateral counter-clockwise or a downward
movement of the pen.
2. Descending limb:
a) Physical cause – is caused by a reverse in the subject resistance toward the original position thus bringing the circuit back to
or toward balance again producing a lateral clockwise or downward movement of the pen.
b) Mechanical cause – the fine coil springs attached to the pivot mountain pen cradle serve as counter balance for pen
movement either above or below the established base line and assists in returning the pen cradle to or towards the original
position.
COMPUTING RATE:
Graph paper is lined and spaced in seconds. It is moving under pens at a uniform rate of six inches per minute. Rate is kept uniform
through medium of synchronized motor. From one heavy vertical line constitute a five second period. It is also one half inch. Cont the beats
inside any five seconds scale multiply by twelve. This gave you number of heartbeats at any point in the test. For greater accuracy you count
the beats in two five seconds area multiply by six.
TEST PROCEDURE
(EFFECT) – Tension relieving activities of this sort detract from the effectiveness of this interrogation, especially during the critical
phase when a guilty subject may be trying desperately to suppress an urge to confess.
6. Estrange noise such as the ringing of a telephone or the conversation of persons outside the examination room, of the presence of
the arresting officers or other spectators in the room itself, may produce disturbances and distractions which will interfere with a
satisfactory diagnosis of deception.
IMPORTANT REMINDERS:
1. Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test.
2. Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense or about him.
3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the test.
4. If for some reasons, it must be temporarily taken, the investigator must continue investigating the case.
5. Do not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce a real or the guilty one.
6. Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will decide whether one is innocent or guilty. The court will make the decision.
7. If the test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person confesses after the test, do not think that the investigation is
over.
PHASE I (PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS) - Initial Interview with the investigator handling the case or person requesting it.
PHASE II - PRE-TEST INTERVIEW with the subject - The primary purpose of the pre-test interview of to prepare or condition the subject for
the test.
“When the blood pressure rise up to 150 over 100 do not conduct examination”
The examiner’s interview with the subject prior to the test is of considerable importance, both for the purpose:
(1) Conditioning the subject for the examination and also
(2) In order to provoke and observe the helpful indications of guilt and innocence which are often forthcoming at this time.
Following is the detailed outline of the pre-test interview which has been found to be effective. (We are assuming in the case
illustrated that the subject has already been advised of the fact that he is to be given a lie-detector test.)
1. As the examiner enters the waiting room to request the subject to accompany him into the examination room, the greeting which the
examiner extends should be cordial, but firm.
2. Upon entering the examination room the subject should be requested to sit down in a chair alongside the instrument, and
immediately thereafter the examiner should proceed to the taking of the consent of the subject.
3. Then fill up the necessary data asked in the interrogation log.
4. Afterwards inquire from the subject whether he has been on a lie detector test before. No further comment should be made by the
examiner but he should listen carefully to whatever the subject himself may say.
5. If the subject has not told of the purpose of his appearance in the testing laboratories, the examiner should explain that a lie detector
test is desired of him as part of the investigation regarding the case. Much time should be spent in the preliminary interview as the
circumstances reasonably warrants.
PHASE III (THE EXAMINATION/INSTRUMENTAL TEST) – The conduct of Instrumentation and Actual Test.
After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to place the attachment on the subject. The first to be attached is
Pneumograph, then the Cardiosphymograph and the Galvanograph. Review all the questions with the subject before the actual examination is
made. The examiner should discourage any comments or statement by the subjects. Test instrument must be given to the subject.
1. Upon completion of the necessary preliminary preparation the instruments is attached to the subject.
2. The blood pressure pulse cuff is wrapped around snugly around the subject’s upper arm and the pneumograph tube adjusted
around the chest.
3. If female subjects or around the body, if male subjects or around the torso of male subjects.
4. The cuff is then inflated to a point approximate midway between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. That is midway between
the pressure produced by the output action of the heart and that maintained at the time of the hearts intake action.
5. The synchronous motor carrying the paper upon which blood pressure pulse respirations recording are made is then set in motion,
the motor being so timid that the paper moves along at the rate of a out six inches per minute, then ten to fifteen seconds after the
instrument has been set in motion, the inked filled pens of the instruments are permitted to make their blood pressure pulse
respiration tracings before the question are asked of the subject.
6. During the test period the subject is informed that he will be asked several questions which should be answered by either yes or no
answers, and that they are so brief and to the point.
7. Approximately five to ten seconds after this instruction first question is asked and then the other questions follows after or at the
interval of fifteen or twenty seconds.
The questions may be written out in advance of the test or in the course of the test during the intervals between the asking of each
question.
TEST QUESTION
The phraseology of the test question is an extremely important aspect of the examination. The questions, and every word used in
the questions must be unambiguous, unequivocal, and thoroughly understandable by the subject.
The questions must be states as simply as possible, and with a complete avoidance of such double inquires as “Did you shoot him
and then run into the house”?
All questions must have only a single, unambiguous meaning.
There should be an avoidance of lengthy questions.
Simplify questions. Avoid legal terms such as rape, murder, embezzlement, etc.
1. Irrelevant questions (unleaded/immaterial questions) – these are questions which have no bearing to the case under
investigation.
2. Relevant questions (leaded/material questions) – these are questions pertaining to the issue under investigation.
It is equally important to limit the number of relevant questions to avoid discomfort to the subject. Relevant
questions must be very specific to obtain an accurate result.
Examples: “Did you shoot Mr X?”; Did you take the ring/wrist watch of Mr. X after his death?”
3. Control questions – These are questions unrelated to the matter under investigation but are of similar nature although less
serious as compared to those relevant questions under investigation.
The use of control question is considered by many polygraphists to be the most reliable and effective
questioning technique. These are usually asked if there is doubt in the interpretation of the subject’s response to relevant
and irrelevant questions.
TEST PROCEDURE
The polygraph test consists of asking the subject/ person though the transducer of the instrument, a list of prepared questions in a
planned sequence; comprising of not more than twelve. At least 3 test charts are taken, each lasting not more than four (4) minutes with a rest
interval of five (5) to ten (10) minutes between charts.
THE GENERAL QUESTION TEST (General Series) - This consists of a series of Relevant & Irrelevant Questions asked in a planned order.
Questions are so arranged as to make possible a comparison of responses to relevant questions with a subject’s norm made during
the answering of irrelevant questions.
Weak Relevant Question – it concern some secondary element of the crime or problem and deals with mostly in guilty knowledge and
partial involvement.
Strong Relevant Question – it is defined as verbal stimulus of primary important projected in the form of a question which overcome a
psychological excitement level and causes pneumograph, cardiosphygmograph, and galvanograph tracings changes from the subject’s
physiological norms.
Evidence Connecting question – it is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus his attention on the probability of incriminating proof
that would tend to establish his guilt.
Knowledge question – this question is designed or begun to probe whether the subject possess information regarding the identity of the
offender, the location of evidences or items of secondary element of the case.
PHASE IV – POST–TEST INTERVIEW/ INTERROGATION - This includes all consideration that bears on the examination. This is done just
after the instrument is turned off. If the Polygraph test result indicates deception, the examiner will then proceed to conduct short
interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession. However, if the Polygraph indicates that the subject is innocent; the
examiner will just release the subject cordially and thanks him/ her for his/her cooperation.
SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS – Aside from the standard tests described above, the following special tests may be performed and incorporated
as part of the procedure or may be used as supplementary tests depending upon the result of the standard test in order to draw a
better conclusion.
A. PEAK-OF-TENSION TEST
The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of the offense for which he is being interrogated by the
investigation, or by other persons or from other sources like the print media.
This valid test is only made possibly when there is no widespread publicity about a crime where intimate details as to the methods of
commission or certain facts of the case is known from the victim and investigator.
The questions formulated are similar in nature and construction, only one of which is true and the perpetrator who would naturally be
in possession of such unpublicized knowledge will usually exhibit a rise in the tracing up to that particular question followed by a decline
thereafter, caused by the relief of knowing that a dreaded question dangerous to his well-being, is past.
a. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Allan is a Seiko? (This is an introductory phrase plus padding question)
b. Is it an Omega? (Padding)
c. Is it a Rolex? (Padding)
d. Is it Timex? (Relevant question)
e. Is it Alba quartz? (Padding)
f. Is it a Citizen? (Padding)
The subject is asked questions aside from the irrelevant, relevant and control questions, a new series of relevant questions dealing
with a real incident and that which the subject could not have committed.
If the subject does not respond to the added relevant questions, it indicates that the subject was being deceptive as to the primary
issue under investigation. However, no conclusion can be drawn if the response to added guilt complex is similar to the real issue questions.
C. Pre-employment Test
This test seeks to verify information contained in a job application and develop relevant information deliberately committed by the
subject.
D. Periodic Testing
This is conducted for the purpose of determining the honesty of employees assigned to sensitive position. It also acts as a constant
deterrent to employee’s dishonesty.
Step 2. – The absorption of the stimuli by the body senses which consist of hearing, seeing, smelling, feeling, testing and extra-sensory
faculties. (Body senses)
Step 3. – The complicated process that takes place in human being manifested itself in what is called emotion.
Step 5. – The actual physiological changes that takes place with in the body as a result of the autonomic nervous system and the well of
the subject.
Step 6. – The final occurrence in the reaction chain (Electro dermal Response)
A. Voluntary Response
Include those over which the subject has definite control and include breathing rate and amplitude. Eye movements, facial
expressions, muscular movements-contraction and relaxation, oral or implied answers, and the expressions of stipulated emotions.
B. Semi-Voluntary Response
Include metabolism changes emotional expressions reaction time in replies and eye-movements. The average subject has some
control over these.
C. Involuntary Response
Include electro dermal response, perspiration rates, adrenaline flow rates, blood pressure and pulse rate chemical changes of the
body fluids, psychological reactions, brain electrical currents, saliva flow rates, body temperature changes, genuine emotion, face color
changes, tremor and polarization of body currents. The average subject has no control over these phenomena.
1. Ink curves as shown on the heartbeat recorded on a moving graph paper of a polygraph represent the following:
1.a. beat frequency (pulse)
1.b. two pressures (blood pressures)
a. Systolic or high pressure - They exist when the heart is contracted and the values are open with the blood
rushing into the arteries.
b. Diastolic or Low pressure - This exists when the values are closed and the heart relaxed.
2. The Heart is an automatic organ that continues to bat even when removed from the body of provided with proper blood.
The rate and force of the heart beat as regulated by two sets of nerves;
It is also known that adrenaline, a certain hormone increases the heartbeat frequency.
1. Inspiration - caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and expansion of the chest cavity those results in the air
rushing into the lungs.
2. Expiration – caused by a relaxation of the diaphragm and contraction of the chest cavity resulting in the air rushing out
of the lungs.
C. Electrodermal Response
This is the most current popular name for the human body phenomenon in which the body, mainly the skin, changes resistance
electrically upon the application of certain external stimuli.
5. Deception Response
Abnormalities as a result of telling a lie (more on psychological and such also is accompanied by physical changes).
CHART MARKING
To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of test charts, markings are made with the use of signs and symbols to enable the
examiner to determine the following:
CHART INTERPRETATION
A. The accuracy of instrumental detection of deception is dependent upon the examiner’s ability to diagnose truth or
deception by reading and interpreting a subject’s charts.
The polygraph chart is the composite record of the pneumograph, cardiograph and galvanograph tracing from one series of
questions. The chart is ruled vertically to represent time element at an interval of either in second, five seconds of ten seconds division and
horizontally in fractions of ¼ inch for amplitude measurements. There are three heavy spaced horizontal lines that serve as the guideline for
the 3 tracings. The motor that pills the chart under the recording pens has a constant speed of either 6 or 12 inches per-minute. A single test
may consist of three or more charts taken from one series of questions.
B. The pnuemograph tracing normally, found at the top of the chart, is a record of a subject’s respiratory action during the
questioning process and is classified as normal or abnormal. The pneumograph pattern consists of inhalation and exhalation strikes with a
normal amplitude of form ½ to ¾ inches. The normal cyclic rate is from 13 to 18 breaths per minute and may vary in reasons of exceptional
physical build condition or respiratory defect. The classification of abnormal is generally applied to those patterns that deviate from the norm
established by the individual.
2. Pneumograph changes from the individual norm which may be considered indicative deception are:
a. Change in rhythm or regularity
b. Change in amplitude or volume
c. Change in the inhalation / exhalation ratio
d. Notched or serrated inhalation / exhalation strokes.
e. Change of base line
f. Loss of base line
g. Hyperverventilation
h. Suppression
i. Respiratory block
C. The galvanograph tracing, normally located at the center position. If the chart, when properly balanced takes from of as
lightly wavering line across the middle portion of the chart with a minor response to spoken stimuli. Galvanic tracings which may be indicative
of deception:
1. Vertical rise at point of deception
2. Double saddle response
3. Long duration and / or degree of response following point of deception
4. Plugging salvo tracing
D. The cardiosphygmograph tracing normally found at the bottom of the chart, is the three physiological phenomena, a
systolic stroke, a diastolic strokes and a dichotic notch. Normal pulse rate of the average individual is 72 to 80 beats per minute and may vary
due to the emotional tone of the subject. Amplitude or volume is also subject to variation and dictated by the physiological structure of the
person and the cuff pressure. Tracing taking the form of specific responses indicative of deception are:
1. Increase or decrease in blood pressure
2. Increase or decrease in pulse rate
3. Increase or decrease in amplitude
4. Change in position or disappearance of dichotic notch
5. Extra systoles (premature contradition of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental rhythm of the heart is maintained)
E. In the interpretation and analysis of charts taken in a Peak of Tension Test, the following area considered in the evaluation
of the level tracings:
1. An increase or decrease to point of deception then a level tracing.
2. An increase to point of deception and the an increase
3. A decrease to point of deception and then an increase
4. Level tracing to point of deception and then a decrease or increase
5. Erratic to point of deception and then an erratic tracing
6. Smooth to point of deception and then an erratic tracing
7. Any changes that may occur at point of deception
F. Other factors; that specific response to be considered as possible deception in chart evaluation is:
1. Distribution of reactions
2. Degree of reactions
3. Trend of gross curve
4. Rate of change of the curve
5. Latent period of reaction
6. Duration of reaction
Ten years after the Fry case decision the Wiscons Supreme Court was called upon to consider the admissibility of the results of a
Polygraph examination. In this case, State V. Bohner, defense counsel offered to prove that the results of a Polygraph examination established
the truthfulness of the defendant’s alibi to a robbery charge, which offer the trial court refused. Upon appeal the Wiscons in Supreme Court
sustained the trial court’s ruling and held that although the Polygraph technique may have some utility at present, or may ultimately be of great
value in the administration of justice a too hasty acceptance of it during this stage of its development may be assumed to have.”
Two cases regarding the admissibility of the results of tests conducted with a galvanic skin reflex recorder were decided by the New
York court in 1938. One of the cases, People V. Kenny, was a trial court decision; the other, People V. forte, a decision of New York’s highest
court, the Court of Appeals. In the Kenny case the defendant (on trial of robbery) offered in evidence the testimony of the late Father Summers
of Fordham University regarding the results of a test conducted with a galvanometer. Over the objection of the prosecuting attorney, the trial
court admitted the evidence and permitted the jury to consider the witness opinion as to the defendant’s innocence or guilt. The court in the
Kenny case apparently was impressed with Father Summer’s assertion to the effect that this “pathometer” was “effectively 100 percent
efficient.” Moreover, the effect of the Kenny case must viewed in the light of the latter and more authoritative decision of the New York Court of
Appeals in the Forte case.
In the case the defendant (on trial for murder) requested the court’s permission to be tested on the same instrument and by the
same examiner (Summers) as in the Kenny case. This request was denied on the ground that despite the view taken by the court in the Kenny
case, the validity of such a test judicial acceptance. Upon appeal the trial court’s ruling was affirmed by the New York Court of Appeals.
1. Pre-employment Screening – it provide a safe method in verifying statements of a job applicant, prevent false evaluation and
false judgment as reported by previous employer who carry a personal grudge against him Done when the subject is applying for a
job.
2. Periodic Screening – conducted to organic employees only, act as constant deterrent to employee’s dishonesty and create a bond
of mutual strength among employees. We call it as personnel check.
3. Intelligence Testing – provide a scientific method of testing the intelligence of a person.
When the subject is asked questions with reference to his name, address, civil status, nationality, etc. which has no relation to the
subject-matter of the investigation, the tendency is to answer quickly. But when the questions bear some words which have to do with the
criminal act the subject allegedly committed, like knife, gun or hammer which was used in the killing, the tendency is to delay the answer.
The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a “yes” or “no”. The important factor is the time of response in relation to stimulus or
non-stimulus words.
Like the use of the lie detector, the subject cannot be compelled to be subjected to the test without consent.
1. Procedure:
a. The examiner meets the requesting party to determine the specific purpose of the exanimation and to begin formulation of relevant
questions.
b. A pre-test interview is conducted with the subject to help him or her feel at ease with the examiner, to provide an opportunity to
specify matters, to eliminate outside issues, and to review questions that will be asked.
c. An oral test of about 12 to 15 “yes” or “no” questions is given which is recorded on a tape recorder. The questions are a mixture of
relevant an irrelevant questions.
d. Immediately following the test or are a late time, the tape is processed through the Psychological Stress Evaluator for analysis of
answer.
e. If stress is indicated, the subject is given authority to provide additional clarification. A retest is given to verify correction and
clarification.
a. It does not require the attachment of sensors to the person being tested.
b. The testing situation need not be carefully controlled to eliminate outside distraction
c. Normal body movement is not restricted.
B. NARCOANALYSIS OR NARCOSYNTHESIS
This method of deception detection is practically the same as that of administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug
used. Psychiatric sodium amytal o sodium pentothal is administered to the subject. When the effects appear, questioning starts. It is claimed
that the drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subject talks freely.
The administration of the drug and subsequent interrogation must be done by a psychiatrist with a long experience on the line. Like
the administration of truth serum, the result of the test is not admissible in court.
HYPNOSIS is the alternation of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened of suggestibility while
awareness is maintained.
Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subject who are compulsive-depressive.
HYPNOTIC STATE
That it is a comfortable state or complete relaxation in which the subject will readily and willingly to cooperate in every way with the
hypnotizer.
That it is not actually a sleep.
That the subject will do whatever he is told to do.
That the hypnotizer will not order him to do anything injurious.
After the test, the subject will wake up with feeling of comfort and refreshment.
Reason Why Deception Detection Obtained Through Hypnosis Is Not Admissible in Court:
1. It lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis per in ascertaining the truth from falsity.
2. The fear that the truer of fact will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a scientific device without consideration of its flaw in
ascertaining veracity.
3. The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately fabricate.
4. The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject is suspended will produce distortion of the
fact rather than the truth.
5. The state of the mind and professionalism of the examiner are too subjective to permit admissibility of the expert testimony.
OBSERVATION
A good criminal investigator must be keen observer and a good psychologist. A subject under stress on account of the stimulation
of sympathetic nervous system may exhibit changes which may be used as a potential clue of deception. And since just one or a combination
of the following signs and symptoms is not conclusive or a reliable proof of guilt of the subject, their presence infers further investigation to
ascertain the truth of the impression.
1. Sweating
2. Color Change
3. Dryness of the mouth
4. Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple
5. Fidgeting
6. “Peculiar feeling inside”
7. Swearing in the truthfulness and assertion
8. “Spotless past record”
9. Inability to look at the investigator “straight in the eye”
10. “Not that I remember” expression