Nzoia Cluster -Feasibility Report

Feasibility Report - Kakamega

Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

APPENDIX A.2.1

DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING FILTERS

The surface loading rate is the most important parameter in the design of filters. The recommended
surface loading rate for rapid sand filters is 4-6m 3/m2/hr. The adequacy of the existing filters will be
checked by checking the surface loading rate on the filters when the treatment works is operating at full
capacity. The existing filters will be deemed adequate if the surface loading rate does not exceed
6m3/m2/hr when the treatment works operates at full design capacity.

PHASE I (1956) FILTERS

Existing Filters:
- Nr of filters provided, n = 3 nr

- Effective Sand Area of filters = Length, L 2.59 m

Width, W 2.57 m

Design Calculations and Checks:

Surface Area of each filter, A (= L x W) = 6.66 m2

Total Surface Area of filtration (= A x n) = 20.0 m2

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 1680 m3/d

= 0.019 m3/s

Surface Loading Rate on Filters when 1680 m3/d

Operating at Design Capacity (= Q / A) 20.0 m2

= 84.13 m3/m2/d

= 3.5 m3/m2/hr

Water Design
Manual (MWI) Recommended Surface Loading Rate for Filters = 4 - 6 m3/m2/hr

Thus the existing filters ARE NOT ADEQ for a design capacity of 1680 m3/d

PHASE II (1972) AND PHASE IV (1992) FILTERS

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Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

Existing Filters:
- Nr of filters provided, n = 2 nr

- Effective Sand Area of filters = Length, L 4.26 m

Width, W 3.51 m

Design Calculations and Checks:

Surface Area of each filter, A (= L x W) = 14.95 m2

Total Surface Area of filtration (= A x n) = 29.9 m2

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 2880 m3/d

= 0.033 m3/s

2880 m3/d
Surface Loading Rate on Filters when
Operating at Design Capacity (= Q / A) 29.9 m2

= 96.30 m3/m2/d

= 4.0 m3/m2/hr

Water Design
Manual (MWI) Recommended Surface Loading Rate for Filters = 4 - 6 m3/m2/hr

Thus the existing filters ARE NOT ADEQ for a design capacity of 2880 m3/d

CONCLUSION: The Phase I, Phase II and Phase IV filters are all adequate for their respective
design capacities.

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 Nzoia Cluster -Feasibility Report
Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

APPENDIX A.2.2

DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING BAFFLED CHANNEL FLOCCULATION BASIN

Existing Flocculation Basin:

- Nr of flocculation basins provided = 1 nr
- Internal Dimension of flocculation basins Clear Length 9.55 m
Width 6 m
Depth 0.79 m {760mm at inlet, 810mm at outlet}
- Nr of baffles 24 nr
- Thickness of baffle walls = 150 mm
- Bottom slope: 1in 53
- Crossectional Area of channel = 0.338 m2
- Crossectional Area of slot = 0.137 m2
- Volume of basin = 60.9 m3
Required design parameters
- Detention Time, T = 39 - 20 min
- Vel. Gradient, G = 30 - 60 s-1
- G.t = 30000 - 100000
- Vel. of Flow in channel = 0.1 - 0.3 m/s
- Vel. of Flow in slots: - in first 2/3 of chamber = 0.5 - 0.6 m/s
- in last 1/3 of chamber = 0.3 - 0.4 m/s

Design Calculations and Checks:

Baffle Spacing: = [{total length of basin - (baffle thickness x nr of baffles)] / nr of spaces}

Baffle Spacing = 238 mm

Flow into Flocculation Basin, Q = 2880 m3/d

= 0.033 m3/s

Velocity in Channel = Q
V
A A = Cross sectional area of Channel (m2)

- Vel. of Flow in channel = 0.099 m/s

- Vel. of Flow in slots = 0.243 m/s

Design Manual for Calculation of Total Headloss

Water Supply in Where
Kenya
2
n = number of direction changes = 24
nV1  mV2
2 2
V1
Pg 75  m = number of baffles = 24
2g 2g V1 = Velocity in channel
V2 = Velocity in slot
h= 0.29m

Calculation of Power
Where
P  Q  gh

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Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

P  Q  gh
Q = Flow through basin (m3/s)
h = headloss in basin (m)

P= 0.095112 kW

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Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

Check the velocity gradient in the basin:

Design Manual for

Water Supply in Where
P
Kenya
G G = Velocity Gradient (s-1)
C
Pg 75 P = Power transmitted to the water (kW)
C = Volume of the flocculation tank (m3)
μ = Kinematic Viscosity of Water (m2/s) = 0.0000009 m2/s at 25o

G= 41.7 s-1

The flocculation basin is adequate for a flow of 2880 m3/d

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 Nzoia Cluster -Feasibility Report
Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

APPENDIX A.2.3

DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING SEDIMENTATION TANKS

The surface overflow rate is the most important design parameter for sedimentation tanks. The recommended surface
overflow rate for horizontal flow sedimentation tanks is 1.0m 3/m2/hr while for vertical flow sedimentation tank, the
recommended surface overflow rate is 1.3-4.3m 3/m2/hr. The adequacy of the existing sedimentation tanks will be
checked by determining the surface overflow rate on the sedimentation tanks when the treatment works is operating at
full capacity. The existing sedimentation tanks will be deemed adequate if the surface overflow rate does not exceed the
recommended rates when the treatment works operates at full design capacity.

PHASE I (1956) SEDIMENTATION TANKS

Existing Sedimentation Tanks:

- Type of sedimentation tanks provided: Vertical Flow Sedimentation Tanks

- Nr of sedimentation tanks provided, n = 2 nr

- Dimensions of sedimentation tanks = Length, L 4.3 m

Width, W 4.3 m

Design Calculations and Checks:

Surface Area of each sedimentation tank, A (= L x W) = 18.49 m2

Total Surface Area of sedimentation tanks (= A x n) = 36.98 m2

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 1680 m3/d

= 0.019 m3/s

Surface Overflow Rate on Sedimentation Tanks when Operating at 1680 m3/d

Design Capacity (= Q / A) 36.98 m2

= 45.43 m3/m2/d

= 1.89 m3/m2/hr

Water Supply Recommended Surface Loading Rate for Vertical Flow Sedimentation
(Twort) Tanks = 1.3 - 4.3 m3/m2/hr

Thus the existing sedimentation tanks ARE NOT ADEQUATE for a design capacity of 1680 m3/d

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 Nzoia Cluster -Feasibility Report
Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

PHASE II (1972) AND PHASE IV (1992) SEDIMENTATION TANKS

Existing Sedimentation Tanks:

- Type of sedimentation tanks provided: Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tanks

- Nr of sedimentation tanks provided, n = 1 nr

- Dimensions of sedimentation tanks = Length, L 17.45 m

Width, W 4.03 m

Design Calculations and Checks:

Surface Area of each sedimentation tank, A (= L x W) = 70.32 m2

Total Surface Area of sedimentation tanks (= A x n) = 70.32 m2

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 2880 m3/d

= 0.033 m3/s

2880 m3/d
Surface Overflow Rate on Sedimentation Tanks when Operating at
Design Capacity (= Q / A) 70.32 m2

= 40.95 m3/m2/d
= 1.7 m3/m2/hr

Water Design Recommended Surface Loading Rate for Horizontal Flow Sedimentation
Manual (MWI) Tanks = 1.0 m3/m2/hr

Thus the existing sedimentation tanks ARE NOT ADEQUATE for a design capacity of 2880 m3/d

The surface overflow rate in the sedimentation tanks of the Phase II and Phase IV Lines is too high when these lines
operate at full design capacity. This means that inadequate settling occurs in the sedimentation tanks and excess
sediment is passed on to the filters which then get clogged faster, necessitating more frequent backwashing. An extra
sedimentation tank should be provided to increase the total settling capacity of the sedimentation tanks. The size of the
additional sedimentation tank required is calculated below:

Phase II Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 2880 m3/d

= 120.0 m3/h

Water Design
Manual (MWI) Required Surface Overflow Rate on Sedimentation Tank, R 1.0 m3/m2/hr

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Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

Required Total Surface Area of Sedimentation Tanks in treatment works, = 120.00 m3/m2/d
A (= Q / R) 1.00 m3/m2/hr

= 120.0 m2

Surface Area of Existing Sedimentation Tank = 70.32

Surface Area of Additional Sedimentation Tank Required, Anew = 120.0 - 70.32

= 49.68 m2

The flow will be split between the old and new sedimentation tanks in the = 70.32 ÷ 49.68
ratio
= 1.42 : 1
Thus flow into the two sedimentation tanks will be:
Old sedimentation tank, Qold: = 70.32 m3/h
New sedimentation tank, Qnew: = 49.68 m3/h

Recommended Length to width ratio for horizontal flow sedimentation = 3 : 1

Water Design
Manual (MWI) tank

Therefore Provide Tank of Dimensions: Width = 4.10 m

Length = 12.30 m

Required depth of tank is dependent on the detention period required in the sedimentation tank.

Water Supply
(Twort) Recommended Detention Period in sedimentation tanks = 1.5 - 4 hrs

Take a detention period, T = 3 hrs

Total volume of tank required, V ( = T x Qnew) = 149.03 m3

Thus depth of tank required, D ( = V / A ) = 3.0 m

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 Nzoia Cluster -Feasibility Report
Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

APPENDIX A.2.4

DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING CLEAR WATER RESERVOIRS

The clear water reservoir is used to provide the necessary chlorine contact time for treated water prior to
distribution of treated water to consumers. It is recommended that a minimum of 30 minutes chlorine contact
time should be provided for treated water

PHASE I (1956) CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR

- Nr of clear water reservoirs provided, n = 2 nr

- Capacity of clear water reservoirs = 45 m3

- Total Storage Capacty provided for clear water, C = 90 m3

Design Calculations and Checks:

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 1680 m3/d

= 1.167 m3/min

Chlorine contact time provided by existing clear 90 m3

=
water reservoir (= C / Q) 1.167 m3/min

= 77.14 minutes

Water Design
Manual (MWI) Recommended minimum chlorine contact time = 30 minutes

Thus the existing clear water reservoirs ARE ADEQUATE for a treatment works design capacity of 1680 m3/d

PHASE II CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR

Note: The Phase II clear water reservoir is used by both the Phase II (2880m3/d) and Phase III (800m3/d)
Lines, total design capacity 3680m3/d

- Nr of clear water reservoirs provided, n = 1 nr

- Capacity of clear water reservoirs = 90 m3

- Total Storage Capacty provided for clear water, C = 90 m3

Design Calculations and Checks:

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q = 3680 m3/d

= 2.556 m3/min

90 m3
Chlorine contact time provided by existing clear =
water reservoir (= C / Q) 2.556 m3/min

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Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

= 35.22 minutes

Water Design
Manual (MWI) Recommended minimum chlorine contact time = 30 minutes

Thus the existing clear water reservoir IS ADEQUATE for a treatment works design capacity of 3680 m3/d

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 Nzoia Cluster -Feasibility Report
Feasibility Report - Kakamega
Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

APPENDIX A.2.5

DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING BACKWASH TANK

The backwash tank should have a capacity equal to the volume of water required to backwash at least one filter at a time.
The backwash rate for a filter is dependent on the filter media characteristics, mainly the effective size of the filter medium
grain. It is recommended that a filter be backwashed at the appropriate rate for a duration of at least 10 minutes. There is
1nr tank shared by the Phase I, II and IV filters. The capacity of the tank has been checked for adequacy to backwash
each size of filter.

Existing Backwash Tank:

- Nr of backwash tanks provided, n = 1 nr

- Capacity of existing backwash tank = 105 m3

- Total existing storage capacty for backwash water, C = 105 m3

Design Calculations and Checks:

PHASE I FILTERS

Existing filters: 3nr, each of dimension Length, L 2.59 m

Width, W 2.57 m

Area of one filter, A ( =L x W ) = 6.6563 m2

Efffective sand size in filter 0.8 mm

=

Water Design Recommended back wash rate for a filter with effective =
Manual (MWI) sand size 0.5mm, R 50 m3/m2/hr

Recommended backwash time, T = 10 minutes

Backwash Water Volume required for one filter

(= R xAx T) = 55.47 m3

Capacity of backwash tank provided = 105 m3

Thus the existing backwash tank IS ADEQUATE to backwash one Phase I filter at a time

PHASE II FILTERS

Existing filters: 2nr, each of dimension Length, L 4.26 m

Width, W 3.51 m

Area of one filter, A ( =L x W ) = 14.9526 m2

Efffective sand size in filter 0.8 mm

=

Water Design Recommended back wash rate for a filter with effective =
Manual (MWI) sand size 0.5mm, R 50 m3/m2/hr

Recommended backwash time, T = 10 minutes

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Phase II Towns - Kakamega, Busia Nambale

Backwash Water Volume required for one filter

(= RxAx T) = 124.61 m3

Capacity of backwash tank provided = 105 m3

Thus the existing backwash tank IS NOT ADEQUATEto backwash one Phase II filter at a time

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