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 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017 ISSN 0971-975X

Trichoderma : A Potential Fungal Antagonist

to Control Plant Diseases
G. Kumar1, A. Maharshi1, J. Patel2, A. Mukherjee2, H. B. Singh1 and B. K. Sarma*1
(Received : November 21, 2016; Revised : December 27, 2016; Accepted : January 05, 2017)

ABSTRACT
Trichoderma species are free-living fungi that are common in soil and root
ecosystems. They are highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environments,
and produce a variety of compounds that induce localized and systemic
resistance responses in plants. Trichoderma have long been recognized as
biocontrol agents for the control of plant diseases and for their ability to
enhance root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to
abiotic stresses, and uptake and use of nutrients. However, adoption rate
of biopesticides is very slow, compared to synthetic chemicals. Among
different biopesticides, Trichoderma is most important, having many
success stories. A number of successful products based on different species
of Trichoderma have been commercialized in India. Trichoderma isolates
are formulated using different organic and inorganic bearers either through
solid or liquid fermentation technologies. They are used for seed treatment,
seed bio-priming, seedling dip, soil application and foliar spray. For the
management of plant diseases, application of Trichoderma formulations
with strain mixtures performs better than individual strains.
Commercialization of biopesticide products is primarily hindered due to
poor shelf life. Whatever limitations Trichoderma biopesticide products may
have, it can be addressed by improving biocontrol through manipulation
of environment, accurate strain identification by molecular approach, using
consortium of beneficial organisms, physiological and genetic enhancement
of biocontrol mechanisms. Many small and large entrepreneurs have
entered into the commercial production of biocontrol agents, resulting
into the entry of various bio-control products into the global market.
Key words : Biological control, Plant diseases, Sustainable agriculture,
Trichoderma.

Introduction : destruction of natural resources,

Since beginning of agriculture plant contributing 20-30% losses in crop
diseases have been anxious with mankind production worldwide (Anon., 1993).
and found to play a crucial role in the Although chemical control of plant diseases
1
Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India, *E-mail: birinchi_ks@yahoo.com;
2
Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar
Pradesh, India

206
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017
can be effective, it is comparatively a short-
term measure with the additional concern
for the accumulation of harmful pesticide
residues that may pose serious ecological
problems along with environmental and
public health hazards. Use of such
chemical pesticides entails a convincing
cost to the nation and developing country
like India. Biological control of plant
diseases is risk-free when it results in
improvement of resident antagonists.
Moreover, an integrated pest management
(IPM) approach promotes a degree of
disease management similar to that
achieved with full fungicidal treatment.
Persoon (1794) first proposed Trichoderma
as a genus over 200 years ago in Germany.
Four species as proposed by him were
Trichoderma viride, T. nigroscens, T. aureum
and T. roseum. In India, Trichoderma was
isolated for the first time by Thakur and
Norris in 1928 from Madras. The potential
significance of the genus Trichoderma as
bio-control agent was first reported by
Weindling in 1932 (Pandya et al., 2011).
Trichoderma is found in all types of
temperate and tropical soils, and
commonly in different variety of soil types
such as forest soil, agricultural soil, prairie,
salt marsh and desert soils. It is also found
in colonizing roots, litter, decaying wood,
decaying bark and various plant materials.
For example, Trichoderma constituted up
to 3% of total fungal propagule in a wide
range of forest soils and 1.5% in pasture
soils in a broad range of crops (Domsch et
al., 1980). For about 70 years, Trichoderma
spp. are known to parasitize on other fungi
(Table 1), to produce different antimicrobial
products that affect other microbes, and
207
to act as bio-control microbes (Weindling,
1934). Antagonists of plant pathogenic
fungi have been used to manage plant
diseases and 90% of such applications
have been carried out with different strains
of Trichoderma (Monte, 2001). The success
of Trichoderma as bio-control agents is due
to their ability to survive under different
unfavorable conditions, high reproductive
capacity, efficiency in the utilization of
nutrients, capacity to modify the
rhizosphere, strong aggressiveness against
plant pathogenic fungi and efficiency in
promoting plant growth and defense
mechanisms. These properties of
Trichoderma have made a ubiquitous genus
present in any habitat and at high
population density (Misra and Prasad,
2003). A recent report by Singh et al. (2016)
suggested the role of Trichoderma in plant
growth promotion. Based on its potentiality
to control plant pathogens, a large number
of commercial products have been
developed in India with different
Trichoderma species (Table 2).
Need for Reduction of Pesticide
Application in Agriculture :
There are many traditional methods
used to protect plants from diseases, which
have been largely based on the use of
natural sources or by-products of the
farms. After green revolution, use of
chemical pesticides has been increased.
Application of chemical pesticides can have
drastic effects on the environment as these
are often applied in greater quantities.
Chemical methods are not economical in
the long run, because they harm the
atmosphere, pollute the environment, leave
harmful effect, and can lead to the
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017

Table 1. Different Trichoderma species effective against different plant disease causing
pathogens
Trichoderma Crop Effectiveness against References
spp. pathogens
T. viride, Rice Curvularia lunata, Bhat et al. (2009),
T. koningii, Rhizoctonia solani, Gomathinayagam et al.
T. harzianum Fusarium spp., (2010), Chakravarthy
Helminthosporium oryzae, et al. (2011), Bhramaramba
Trichoconis padwickii, and Nagamani (2013),
Drechslera tetramera, D. Biswas and Datta (2013),
halodes, Xanthomonas Gangwar and Sharma
oryzae pv. oryzae, (2013)
Alternaria alternata
T. harzianum Maize Penicillium notatum, R. Bhandari et al. (2013), Pal
solani, F. oxysporium, H. et al. (2013)
tetramera, A. alternata
T. viride, Wheat Ustiligo segetum, Tilletia Aggarwal et al. (1991),
T. harzianum, indica, Biopolaris Aggarwal et al. (1995),
T. koningii, sorokiaana Mandal et al. (1999),
T. hamatum, Amer et al. (1998),
T. harzianum, and Selvakumar et al. (2000)
T. lignorum
G. virens, Tomato F. oxysporum f. sp. Sreenivasaprasad and
T. longibrachiatum, lycopersici, P. aphanidermatum, Manibhushanrao (1990),
T. harzianum, R. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Dutta and Das (2002),
T. viride, A. solani Jayaraj et al. (2006)
T. longibrachiatum
T. viride, Potato R. solani, Streptomyces Basu (2009), Selvakumar
T. harzianum scabies, Ralstonia (2008), Pandey and
solanacearum, Phytophthora Pundhir (2013)
infestans
T. viride, Chilli S. rolfsii, F. oxysporum, Rini and Sulochana (2006),
T. harzianum, Pythium spp., R. solani Kapoor (2008),
T. pseudokoningii Vasanthakumari et al. (2013)

T. viride, Onion Stemphylium vesicarium, Mishra and Gupta (2012),

T. reesei, Cladosporium allii-cepae, Prakasam and Sharma
T. harzianum A. alternata, A. porri, (2012), Yadav et al. (2013),
A. tenuissima, C. circinans Shahnaz et al. (2013)
T. viride, Pigeon F. udum Hukma and Pandey (2011)
T. harzianum pea
T. harzianum Cowpea R. solani Pan and Das (2011)
T. viride, Chickpea F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, Mukherjee et al. (1997),
T. reesei, R. solani, Penicillum spp., Haware et al. (1999),
T. harzianum A. niger, Chaetomium spp., Pandey et al. (2003),
S. rolfsii, M. phaseolina, Poddar et al. (2004)
Botrytis cinerea

208
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017

Table 2. Commercial products of Trichoderma species available in India

Trichoderma Trade name Formulation Distributor / Company
spp.
T. viride Bio Protectore WP ManiDhara Biotech Pvt. Ltd.
Agrigold Trichogold WP, Liquid Agri Gold Organics Pvt. Ltd.
Anoka WP K N Bio Sciences Pvt. Ltd,
Ranga Reddi
Bio-Shield WP Ambika Biotech
BioAgent ST-9 Seed treatment, soil Shree Biotech & Research
Inputs
Antagon- WP - seed treatment Omega Ecotech Products
Trichoderma root dip, soil treatment
Basderma WP Basarass Biocon (India) Pvt. Ltd
Biocure F WP, Solid & Liquid T. Stanes and Company Ltd.,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Bio-Tricure WP Chaitra Fertilizers & Chemicals
Pvt. Ltd.
Bioderma WP, seed, soil Biotech International Ltd.,
Criyagen Agri & Biotech
Pvt. Ltd.
Coimbatore WP - seed treatment GreenMax AgroTech; Tamil
root dip, soil Nadu Agricultural University,
treatment Coimbatore
Deepa Bio Plus- WP, Liquid Deepa Farm Inputs Pvt. Ltd.,
Tricho Trivandrum
Jai Vjai WP, Liquid Chaitra Fertilizers & Chemicals
Pvt. Ltd.
Bioveer WP Ambika Biotech
Prabhaderma Liquid Prabhat Fertilizer & Chemical
Works
KrishiBio. Seed soil application, Krishi Bio Products & Research
Nidan seedlings root dip Pvt. Ltd.
treatment
Sanjeevni WP Internationl Panaacea Ltd.
Trichoderma WP Ruchi Biochemicals
Bio-Fungicide
Tricho Shield WP Kan Biosys Pvt. Ltd.
Combat
Ecosom-TV* WP, Liquid, Agri Life SOM Phytophara
Lyophilized (India) Ltd.
T. harzianum Bioderma H WP Biotech International Ltd.,
Criyagen Agri & Biotech
Pvt. Ltd.
Bioharz Liquid International Panaacea Ltd.
Commander H. T. C. Impex Pvt. Ltd.
Fungicide
Sardar EcoGreen WP Gujrat State Fertilizers &
Chemicals Ltd.
Ecosom-TH** WP, Liquid,
Lyophilized Agri Life SOM Phytophara
(India) Ltd.
Tricone V WP Neuscire Biolab
T. viride/
T.harzianium Neemoderm A WP Shri Ram Solvent Extraction
Private, Ltd., Jaspur, India
*
TNAU Strain; **IIHR-Th-2; WP: Wettable powder

209
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017
development of resistant strains among the
target pathogen with repeated use. Today,
there are strict regulations on chemical
pesticide use in agriculture, and there is
pressure from green peace
environmentalist to ban the most
hazardous chemicals from the market. A
reduction of synthetic chemical pesticide
application in agriculture is most desirable.
One of the most promising means to
achieve this goal is by the use of new
methods based on bio-control agents for
disease management. Bio-control
technologies have gained importance in
disease management strategies of crop
plants in the twenty first century as these
technologies not only minimize or replace
the usage of harmful chemical pesticides
but also found to be efficient and cheaper
in certain disease control programs (Cook
and Baker, 1983). Two-third of today’s
world population depends upon agriculture
for their basic need, but now-a-days,
growth and production of agricultural
crops are getting interrupted (Elumalai and
Rengasamy, 2012). When farmers see their
agricultural crops decreasing in yield and
production, they often expect a magical
treatment to make them green and healthy
again for the productivity enhancement. As
a result, they start using chemical
pesticides, neglecting their future effects.
Extensive use of these synthetic organic
chemicals in the past decades has
responsible for long-term environmental
problems (Arora et al., 2012). With these
perspectives, a big challenge in the new
millennium is to produce more food from
shrinking capita-1 arable land, keeping the
environment safe. Agricultural production
has been intensified over the past few
decades, and producers have become more
210
and more dependent on synthetic
agrochemicals. Traditional chemical
pesticides have although enhanced the
food production, these have also affected
the environment and non-target
organisms. Chemical fertilizers and
pesticides are continuously accumulating
in the environment, causing pollution,
harming the ecosystem, and inflicting
diseases at alarming levels (Gerhardson,
2002). Therefore, it is very essential to
identify alternatives to chemical pesticides
for plant disease management without
eschewing the agricultural productivity
and profitability. Due to the hazardous
effects of chemical pesticides, sustainable
crop production through eco-friendly
management is required in the present
scenario.
Significance of Biological Control :
Microbial pesticides are differently
known as bio-control agents, which may
offer the advantages of higher selectivity
and negative or lower toxicity in
comparison to traditional chemical
pesticides (MacGregor, 2006).
Biopesticides offer a very powerful tool to
generation of sustainable agricultural
products. They are the most likely
alternatives to most problematic chemical
pesticides currently in use. Biopesticide
products offer solutions to concerns such
as pest resistance, traditional pesticides
and public concern about the side effects
of pesticides on the surrounding
environment. The challenges for the
biopesticide industries are to live up to the
promises and expectations of the end users
or the market and public. There are
unanswered questions and unexamined
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017
assumptions about these biological and
eco-friendly alternatives. There are
challenges to bio-pesticides from questions
about their efficacy and safety, public and
grower confusion about the bio-pesticide
products in the market, and current
market conditions that paradoxically both
hinder and favor the field growth. The
active ingredient of a microbial pesticide
is typically the microorganism. Microbial
ingredients can be either the spores of the
microorganisms or the organisms
themselves. The most commonly used
microbial biopesticides are living
organisms, which are parasites for the pest
of interest. These include biofungicides,
bioherbicides, and bioinsecticides (Gupta
and Dikshit, 2010). Application of certain
compatible plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR) with Trichoderma also
increases phenlyalanine ammonia lyase
(PAL) and peroxidase (PO) activities upto
50 and 25%, respectively (Sarma et al.,
2015; Singh et al., 2015). Seed biopriming
with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas
increases the growth of pulse crops,
especially in chickpea and Rajmash (Yadav
et al., 2013). Microbial pesticides were
made from naturally available or
genetically altered bacteria, fungi, algae,
viruses, or protozoans. They manage pests
either by producing many toxic metabolites
specific to the pest, causing disease,
preventing establishment of other
microorganisms through modes of action.
A recent short communication by Kumar
and Sarma (2016) summarized the
information about eco-friendly
management of soil-borne plant pathogens
by using bio-control agents against
different pathogens.
211
Trichoderma as Potential Biocontrol
Agent :
Trichoderma is a member of
ascomycetous fungi found in all soil types
with the known telomorph Hypocrea. Many
species of Trichoderma recognized as
opportunistic avirulent plant symbionts
(Harman et al., 2004). Several Trichoderma
species have been found to have a
mutualistic endophytic relationship with
several plant species, and have the ability
to behave as biocontrol agents against
fungal diseases of plants (Bae et al., 2011;
Harman et al., 2004). Trichoderma species
are able to establish easily in any
rhizosphere soils and can persist for a
longer period on plant propagules upto
several months (Elad et al., 1981). This is
the potentiality of Trichoderma to be a
strong and effective bio-control agent
because establishment of sufficient
population on target site is the major
limiting factor for utilization of any bio-
control agent. In case of Trichoderma,
persistent and aggressive behaviour leads
to more competitive and suppressive
nature for the other soil micro-community
responsible for its effective bio-control
ability (Vinale et al., 2008). Soil rhizosphere
comprises of diverse microbial species
including Trichoderma, and root exudates
are the main attractants for Trichoderma
colonization (Druzhinina et al., 2011).
Various Trichoderma spp. are able to
produce several plant defense eliciting
microbe associated molecular patterns
(MAMPs) such as xylanases, swollenins,
peptaibols, and cerato-platanins
(Druzhinina et al., 2011; Harman et al.,
2004; Shoresh et al., 2010). Various
mechanisms of biocontrol deployed by
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017
Trichoderma spp. include antibiosis,
parasitism, enhanced host-plant
resistance, and competition. A recent
report by Patel et al. (2016) suggested the
role of Trichoerma in checking progress of
the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe pisi.
Seed treatment and foliar spray of liquid
Trichoderma suspension was found
effective against stem gall disease in
coriander (Kumar et al., 2014a and
2014b).
Mechanism of action : Trichoderma
species are filamentous fungi which are
found in a large variety of ecosystems.
These fungi can easily culture in in vitro
culture medium. Trichoderma can be easily
identified by its green spore or by sweet
smell due to the presence of volatile
compound (6-pentyl-á-pyrone).
Mycoparasitism : Mycoparasitism (the
ability to attack other fungi and utilize their
nutrients) is a process that consists of
different events began with recognition of
the host fungi followed by attack,
penetration and killing them. During these
processes, Trichoderma produce cell wall
degrading enzymes (cellulases, chitinases,
etc.) that degrade cell wall of the host
fungus (Kubicek et al., 2001; Howell, 2003;
Woo et al., 2006). The ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)-binding cassette (ABC)
transporter proteins of Trichoderma work
both in mycoparacitism and nutrient
uptaking (Ciliento et al., 2006). A recent
review by Sarma et al. (2014) summarized
the mechanism adapted by Trichodema
against different pathogens.
Antibiosis : Trichoderma produce
secondary metabolites composed of
different groups of chemical compounds,
212
and the compounds help the organism to
compete with other micro- and macro-
organisms, symbiosis, metal transport,
differentiation, etc. (Demain and Fang,
2000). Antibiotic production is one of the
most important biocontrol abilities. The
secondary metabolites produced by
Trichoderma are of three types: (a) volatile
antibiotics (6-pentyl-a-pyrone that is the
iso-cyanide derivates), (b) water-soluble
compounds (heptelidic acid or koningic
acid), and (c) peptaibols (linear
oligopeptides of 15–22 amino acids long
and rich in aminoisobutyric acid, N-
acetylated at the N-side and an amino
alcohol at the C-side) (Le Doan et al., 1986;
Rebuffat et al., 1989).
Induced systemic resistance : Different
plants like mono and dicotyledonous
species showed a high degree of resistance
against pathogen attack when pre-treated
with Trichoderma (Harman et al., 2004).
Plant colonization with Trichoderma spp.
lowers disease efficiency that is caused by
different pathogens at the site of
inoculation (induced localized acquired
resistance, LAR). When the bioactive
organism is inoculated with seeds or plants
at different times or sites, it provided
resistance against pathogenic organisms
and the phenomenon is known as induced
systemic resistance (ISR).
Transgenic Plants : The endochitinase
genes of Trichoderma were cloned into
plants such as tobacco, potato, etc.,
resulting in an increase of their resistance
property against pathogenic fungal growth.
Specific transgenics are highly tolerant to
air-borne pathogens like Alternaria
alternata, A. solani, Botrytis cirerea and
 SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 21 : 2017
some soil-borne pathogens like
Rhizoctonia spp.
Conclusion :
The use bio-agents like Ttichoderma in
agricultural crop production is the best way
to replace synthetic chemicals which are
harmful to human health and our
surrounding environment. The success of
biological control of plant diseases depends
on the availability of effective formulations
of biocontrol agents, their survival during
storage and rapid multiplication and
colonization after inoculation. Biological
control seems to be the best alternative to
disease suppression. Bio-agents cause
disease suppression with no environmental
hazards. Researches have proved that the
bio agents also trigger growth of host
plants. Bio-agents themselves being non-
pathogenic to plants need to be formulated
in a way that favors the activity and
survival of microbes they contain.
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