CLASS TEST – VIRUS AND BACTERIA

1. The image bellow shows bacteriophage infecting a bacteria - Graham Colm

(A) Since bacteria are living cells, the expression of their genes directs a much more complex process,
the business of life. Since viruses are acellular, or non-living infectious agents, their genomes direct a
somewhat different 'show.' Compare the expression of cellular versus viral genes. (3)

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(B) Draw a neat and well labeled representation of viral replication. (4)
(C) “If the virus happens to land on the right type of cell, it can enter and infect.” Choose the correct
intent/implementation for this statement. (1)

(i) Viruses are non-motile and infect the cell on which they land by chance.

(ii) Viruses choose the type of cells they want to infect and are motile and it is not a chance event.

(iii) Viruses choose the type of cells they want to infect but are non-motile.

(iv) Viruses are non-motile and infect only specific cells when they come in contact with them by chance.

(D) How are viruses responsible for Horizontal gene transfer? (3)

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2. The following is a diagrammatic representation of a virus cross section.

(A) Complete the table below:- (3)

Label Label Name Function

A A site for attachment with the host

Coat Protein

Carries the viral genes

(B) When are viruses termed “Virions”? What are the characteristics of virions? (4)

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(C) Out of the many ways to characterize viruses, virologists categorize these acellular particles on the
basis of their genetic material. Name the classes. (1)

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(D) HIV is a type of virus called a retrovirus. Like all viruses, it must invade the cells of other organisms to
survive and reproduce. HIV multiplies in the human immune system's CD4+ T cells and kills vast numbers
of the cells it infects.

Describe the life cycle of a retrovirus. (5)

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3. The following is a cartoon structure of a bacteria.

(A) Give differences between the following

(i) Flagellum and pilli (2)

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(ii) Plasmid and chromosomal DNA (2)

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(iii) Pilli and mesosome (2)

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(B) Vertical Gene Transfer (VGT) and Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) are two ways in which bacteria can
move around and mix up prokaryotic genetic material.

In the table below for each process write VGT or HGT to indicate the direction of gene flow in the
bacterial progeny. (4)

Process VGT/HGT

Binary Fission

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

(C) Define VGT and HGT (2)

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(D) In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered transformation while trying to develop a vaccine for
pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Griffith was working with two strains of Strep.
Colonies of the first strain appeared shiny and smooth (strain S) and colonies of the second strain had a
rough appearance (strain R).

(i) Suggest why mouse lives when injected with heat killed virulent strain but dies when the mouse is
injected with the mixture of heat killed virulent strain and the living non-virulent strain. (4)

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4. An investigation was carried out into carbon dioxide production during the decomposition
of a small dead mammal.
The volume of carbon dioxide was measured for one hour on alternate days over a period

of 13 days. The table below shows the rate of carbon dioxide production on these days.

(A) Plot a line graph on the grid below to show carbon dioxide production during the
investigation. Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines. (5)
(B) Name two factors that could affect the rate of decomposition of the animal. For each factor
explain how it would affect the rate. (4)
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(C) Suggest an explanation for the changes in the rate of carbon dioxide production during the
13 days. (3)
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