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Voltage, Current,
and Resistance
ISU EE C.Y. Lee
Objectives
Describe the basic structure of an atom
Explain the concept of electrical charge
Define voltage and discuss its characteristics
Define current and discuss its characteristics
Define resistance and discuss its characteristics
Describe a basic electric circuit
Make basic circuit measurements
or
Q1Q2
Coulomb’s law: F = k 2 (N)
d MOVIE
ISU EE 10 C.Y. Lee
Coulomb
A single electron has a charge of 1.6 × 10-19 C
One coulomb is the total charge possessed
by 6.25 × 1018 electrons
The total charge Q, for a given number of electrons
Q = (number of electrons) × (1.6 × 10-19) C
Example:
How many coulombs of charge do 93.8 × 1016 electrons
represent?
Q = (93.8 × 1016) × (1.6 × 10-19) C = 15 × 10-2 C = 0.15 C
Q
I= (A)
t
Example:
Ten coulombs of charge flow past a given point in a wire
in 2 s. What is the current in amperes?
I = 10/2 A = 5 A
ISU EE 19 C.Y. Lee
Resistance
The property of a material that restricts the flow of
electrons is called resistance (R)
Where there is current through any material that
has resistance, heat is produced by the collisions
of electrons and atoms
One ohm of resistance exists if there is one
ampere of current in a material when one volt is
applied across the material I
V
Ohm’s law: R= (Ω)
+ −
I V
ISU EE 20 C.Y. Lee
Resistivity
l l
R=ρ (Ω) , ρ : Resistivity (Ω⋅cm) A
A
身體各部份的電阻係數(以雙手間為100%)
生物組織器官的電阻係數
ISU EE 22 C.Y. Lee
Resistivity
l l2 l2 l
R= ρ = ρ =ρ A V1
A A× l V
ΔV
R02 V2
ΔR ≈ 2 ΔV
ρl (V1 ≈ V2 = V )
Example:
若手臂在心臟舒張時的阻抗是50Ω,在心臟收縮時阻抗改變
2Ω,如果手臂的長度是10cm,手臂的電阻係數是1.5Ωm,
則手臂在心臟收縮時體積改變量是多少?
ρl 2 150 ×10 2
ΔV = 2 ΔR = × 2 = 12 cm3
R0 50 2
ISU EE 23 C.Y. Lee
Conductance
Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance:
1
G= (S)
R
The unit of conductance is siemens (S)
Example:
What is the conductance for a 22 kΩ resistor?
部分金屬與人體組織(組織液)之導電係數(S/m)
Example:
相同電壓加在尺寸大小與形狀均相同的銀棒與肌肉時,通過
的電流相差多少倍? I σ 61×106
銀
= 銀
= = 1.5 ×108
I肌 σ肌 0.4
ISU EE 25 C.Y. Lee
Resistors
Carbon-composition resistor
R = 82000 Ω ± 5%
ISU EE 30 C.Y. Lee
Resistor 4-band color code
R = 8230000 Ω ± 2%
R = 327 Ω ± 0.5%
e− e−
(a) (b)