Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF
L.I. SCHEMES
by
J. Gunakar Rao
Executive Engineer
CDO
MAJOR TOPICS RELATED TO L.I. SCHEME
➢ Discharge and the pumping head are within the limits to suit
the capacity of pumps
➢ These pumps are best suited for lifting from canals or from
tanks with shallow depth of water
Vertical TurbinePumps
■ When the suction is more than 6.0m
■ When the discharge is considerable and some times suction
is less than 6.0m and requiring many no. of horizontal
pumps, then VT pumps may also be provided.
■ May be adopted when the discharge of pump is less than 3
cumecs and total pumping head is less than 75.0m
■ When the fluctuation of water levels in the source / river is
more than 25.0m, these pumps are not desirable
■ Max manufactured HP of pump is 4000 HP only.
Concrete / Metallic Volute Pumps
■ When the discharge is more than 3 cumecs and less than 10
cumecs with pumping head upto 75.0m Concrete volute are
preferable and Metallic volute are preferable when the head
is between 75.0m to 150m
■ When fluctuation is more than 20.0m, these are preferable
over VT
■ For HP of pumps more than 4000 HP
■ Static head
■ Frictional losses in pressure mains
■ Losses due to exit, entry and bends
■ System resistance losses due to the combined / operation of
pumps and pressure mains
Finalization Of Static Head
For every 0.50 m/s rise in Velocity of pipe, pumping head rises by 75% to 100%
with reduction of dia by 11% to 13%. Hence, it is desirable allow higher velocities in
shorter length of pipes and lower velocities in lengthy pipes ( particularly when the
length of pipe is in KM ) owing to the recurring power consumption annually ).
ADVANTAGES OF MINIMUM NUMBER OF PIPES
It is been reflected that more number of pipes increases the capital cost along
with the pumping head ( i.e., More pipes with smaller dia causes more frictional
losses and initial cost as well as recurring power cost over lesser no. of pipes with
bigger dia with same velocity ).
Thickness of Pipe
■ The thickness of the pipe shall be determined for the internal fluid
pressure as well as for the probable head generated from the water
hammer analysis and often head due to water hammer effect will be
critical.
■ The head from the water hammer analysis may be approximately 1.5
times total pumping head with provision of pressure relief
arrangements and without the arrangements the head may be 10
times of total head, which underline the necessity of the measures to
be taken against water hammer effects. Economical design of pipe
thickness is must for financial viability of the scheme.
■ Thickness of pipe shall also be verified for pipe buried condition
with over burden pressure.
■ However, thickness of pipes shall not be less than specified values
given in IS 1916 for various diameters of MS pipes.
Conditions of Verification to Buried pipeline
■ Allowable Permissible Stresses & Deflection of MS Pipe :
■ Control Panels
■ Self Wt of Structure
i) For 10 Cumecs Discharge for a single row of pipe with Velocity 2.0 m/s, dia of
pipe required is 2.523 m for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe is
0.89 m. ( i.e., for 10 km , it is 8.90 m )
ii) For 10 Cumecs Discharge for two rows of pipes with Velocity 2.0 m/s, dia of
each pipe required is 1.784 m for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe
is 1.33 m. ( i.e., for 10 km , it is 13.30 m )
iii) For 10 Cumecs Discharge for three rows of pipes with Velocity 2.0 m/s, dia of
each pipe required is 1.456 m for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe
is 1.68 m. ( i.e., for 10 km , it is 16.80 m )
iv) Difference of HP of Pumps for 10 km length of pipes between above i & ii cases
is 650 HP, between ii & iii is 525 HP and between i & iii is 1150 HP.
v) Further, lesser no. of pipes results in economy due to requirement for smaller
width of trench for laying, land acquisition and CM & CD works.
Importance of Velocity in Pressure main
■ Velocity of pipe does have bearing on the pumping head, functionality of the scheme as
well as on the over all cost of the project.
■ The allowable velocity in the PSC pipes is 1.50 m/s and in the MS pipes is 2.0 m/s.
■ Higher velocity creates severe water hammer problems
■ Higher velocity increases pumping head abnormally, particularly when the velocity is
more than 1.50 m/s
■ Higher velocity necessitates higher thickness of pipes as well as more number of surge
protection devices
i) For 10 Cumecs Discharge in a single row of pipe with 3.0m dia, the velocity in the pipe
would be 1.4147 m/s for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe is 0.38 m. (
i.e., for 10 km , it is 3.10 m ). Quantity of steel for 1Km is 1183 t.
ii) For 10 Cumecs Discharge in two rows of pipes with 2.12m dia, the velocity in the pipe
would be 1.416 m/s for which the frictional loss for 1.0 km length of pipe is 0.573 m. (
i.e., for 10 km , it is 5.73 m ). Quantity of steel for 1Km is 1254 t.
Lesser dia has more frictional losses and also un-economical compared to
higher dia.
With the above calculations, it can be inferred that more number of rows
increases not only the pipe cost but also the pumping head and in turn pump capacity
& running cost of the scheme annually.
POTHARLANKA L.I. SCHEME