See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/261561893

Study type of Cracks in construction and its controlling

Article · August 2012

CITATIONS READS

6 3,731

2 authors, including:

Kazem reza kashyzadeh

Sharif University of Technology
59 PUBLICATIONS   62 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Diffusion characteristics of metallic materials after severe plastic deformation View project

Clutch dynamical analysis and improvement of its dynamical characteristics View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Kazem reza kashyzadeh on 16 April 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

  
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012)

Study type of Cracks in construction and its controlling

Kazem Reza Kashyzadeh #, Neda Aghili Kesheh *
# Advisor Professor, Young Researchers Club, Semnan branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
*
Department of Civil Engineering, Hekmat University, Qom-Iran
1
kazem.kashyzadeh@gmail.com

Abstract: Perform a detailed characteristic of the structural
analysis or distinguishing feature of internal structures such
as cracks in the building is very important for a civil
engineer and useful in its careers. Although it seems less
important, but its financial feedback is necessary for the
employer. Moreover, contrary to public perceptions about
professional issues and professional work as possible should
be done very professionally.
In present paper, shortly describe about what should know
every civil engineer in the face of the building has been
cracking. Mostly, useful life of many building is lower than
strength loading. Despite the weakness of the skeleton
indicate that the Turks are a Sakhnman. Often, the cracking
phenomenon and until that outcome is very important to be
left disabled, all the work that needs to be done include:
filling out simple repairs or re Bndkshy. But quitting can be
a first sign of a serious weakness in the building so that the
potential benefit or affect the structural stability. The
importance of proper evaluation is necessary to leave.
Obviously, the evaluation of restorative work done
improperly can lead to costly and unnecessary. In some
cases, restorative work can cause more serious problems and
extend the results to be more cracking and more make
damage in buildings.
Keywords: Crack, Building, Damage, Controlling.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cracking in reinforced concrete structures of various
types can be divided into two main groups:
1 - Non-structural cracks
2 – Structural cracks
In early-stage charisma and charisma into the fresh
concrete is plastic and the mold is of concrete road Can be
pointed out that the following three categories:
¾ Shrinkage cracking
¾ Cracking due to reinforcement corrosion
¾ Cracking due to drying during the curing
II. SHRINKAGE CRACKING
This type of horizontal cracks due to evaporation of
moisture from the concrete surface in ambient air is
created. And when the evaporation rate of the concrete
surface is very high, high evaporation rate within the
concrete and plastic shrinkage cracking of type is created.
This type of concrete cracks depend on several factors
including temperature, ambient temperature, relative
humidity of air, sun and wind, steam velocity inside the
concrete mix and water cement ratio and .....
III. CRACKING DUE TO REINFORCEMENT CORROSION
Environments are very corrosive effect on reinforced
concrete structures in the past two decades has been
considered highly such effects on the environment of
reinforced concrete structures, creating cracks in the
concrete cover and bond strength is reduced.
In corrosive environments, the influence of chloride
irons causes an electrochemical corrosion is that this
process will be subsequently oxidized steel. Various
materials such as ferrous and ferric oxidation of steel that
is formed these products occupy a greater volume of steel
consumed and when the corrosion continues, These
products accumulated in the reinforcement and expansion
causes pressure on surrounding concrete reinforcement
are.
Corrosion progresses, the pressure builds to such an
extent that it caused internal cracks in concrete and can
even cause cracking of the coating.

1

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012)
IV. CRACKING DUE TO DRYING DURING THE CURING
These cracks are caused due to the impact on load
carrying capacity. Turkish also greatly reduces the
structural stability safety factors. These cracks may lead
to failure of the structure become possible. Factors in
creating this type of cracks are:
1 - Failure Design
2 - Change Service
3 - Increase the time to design
4 - Use of poor quality materials
5- Make mistakes in construction technology
6 – Bang
Types and location of structural cracks are in the
member’s area.
1 - Flexural cracks in the area occur in the low shear
and bending plays a major role (the middle two birds head
tingly)
2- Cracks in flexural - shear, bending and cracking
started, but they turned around and completed ways to
make tracks. This type of cracks growth direction
perpendicular is to the main tensile stress and spread.
Shear and bending stresses play a role in expanding
leaves.
3 - Secondary cracks: they are parallel to the
longitudinal steel Bashndkh separation force is the result
of the shear stresses are transmitted through the cracks.
4- Shear cracks died Thursday in the Persian month Tir
John region without the presence of flexural cracks are
created.
Istanbul in a non-pre-stressed beams and rarely come
into place. According to the above model is shown in
figure.1
Fig1. The crack size and location
V. THE CRACKS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BUILDING
Other types of crack that a separate division to
investigate the structural cracks above, are as follows:
Semi-deep cracks, deep cracks, a horseshoe around the
port and crack the steel columns following the loss due to
factors such as humidity and pressures of classes, soil and
not resist it comes to performance.
The type of materials used and the non-led sessions
will follow. Overall, the effects of the earthquakes, the
structure moves and failures that are caused by deep
cracks or even the hair is normal, they appear.
A. Crack positions
Sometimes crack permanent structures such as occur
following the regular meeting and the reason is that in this
case, residents of the building is dangerous and to say its
crack deep.
In the following session, cause a decrease in building
activity. This phenomenon is certainly due to surface
moisture and compression occurs.
Consequently, failure and drop off the walls and the
structural skeleton, and crack the state, which remains
constant due to leave the Turks have a fixed name. But
cracks in the structure and the effect of small drops due to
the forces and in some cases because there are types of
coating materials or moisture expansion and contraction
resulting in drying wet surfaces, can cause hair cracks.
B. Crack states
There are several methods for testing and study crack
While the amount of dangerous cracks can be identified
using the following criteria:
The first criterion of the crack growth rate: The deep
cracks on the walls of the two parts are separated, with
plaster mortar by hand, so we only have two parts
separated by rubber floor covering; It does not penetrate
the cracks, After drying mortar and plaster, the wall is
removed, the skeleton is the complete loss In that case it
should be treated with caution.
The second criterion of the crack growth rate: In the
above cases, the cracks on the wall in two parts separated
by a thin strip of paper with dimensions of 30 x 3
centimetres reduction of the form X (*) can be mounted
2
  
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012)
with thumbtacks. In this case, the building must be empty
of inhabitants.
The third criterion of the crack growth rate: Dangerous
sessions, ram pressure force of the window, lever and ...
Deformation occurs, Due to high coefficient of
brittleness, cracking the glass windows break.
The fourth criterion of the crack growth rate:
Following the persistent pests and times of silence,
sounds of "individual" which crack the brickwork,
especially materials that can be heard with the ears.

C. Crack port in a horseshoe

In order to investigate the causes of failure can be

following the horseshoe Brshmard port and the following
levels:
A) Meeting of the horseshoe port column, due to its
leverage, there is a horizontal incision. Fig2. Shows a conceptual model of crack
B) Vertical sections due to transplantation and the
effect of compressive forces along the horseshoe-port The top crack of the bottom is wider frontage. As can
beam and there are longitudinal sections of the shoe stuck be proposed for the entire range follow-up meetings were
to the port. considered a gable roof. The building of the center may
In both cases, the wall cracks Trashym, we open it and be affected by the lift
then we round Next, place the wet plaster so Tyzvn (fast
harden) are filled. And breeding grounds with the dead
and then ready to build and repair, we repair cracks VI. CRACK STUDY AND DISCUSSION
respectively. Crack pattern should be studied.
Most low height buildings in England are made of At this stage, crack the status quo should be reviewed
masonry materials that are weak in tension. Therefore, the and analysed. Crack width should be measured. It is
cracking in the masonry as a force perpendicular to desirable to crack the meter gauge only (Figure 3) is used
appear. Although, the relative hardness of Germany along and then any withdrawal must be drawn on a map or
the existing building to be diverted. schema structure (Figure 4).
Turks tend to proceed in the direction of weak lines
and routes; For example, cracks in the wall panels in the
interface between the openings appear in the window.
Most are old and weathered inside edge crack by the dust
and sand and is filled with spider Some of them have the
same width, Which must have some taper to narrow them
to be careful. Cracks caused by shear forces, to separate
the pieces of one of its edges (see Figure.2).

Fig3. Crack Measuring Tool

3
  
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012)

VIII. REFERENCES

[1] G. Reinforced Concrete Structure, MUST, Ulaanbaatar; 2006.

[2] R. Park, W. L. Gamble, Reinforced Concrete Slabs, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 2000; 2000.
[3] C. C. Roberts, Jr., Ph.D., P.E, Evaluating Cracks in Buildings,
http://www.croberts.com
[4] Causes, Evaluation and repair of cracks, ACI 224.IR, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
[5] P. Dickinson, N. Thornton, Cracks Caused By Foundation
Movement, BRE, ISBN: 978-1-86081-097-8

Fig4. Draw cracks in the building plan

Among the characteristics that should be recorded are:

how narrow, number of crack and position.

VII. CONCLUSION

Monitoring should be possible to crack very early

starts. The monitoring period is greater, more data to
come out to diagnose the cause. Should be monitored
during data collection, research and maintenance
operations and the operations continue to function beyond
its completion is approved.
The next stage, the decision to crack is used the type of
equipment to crack monitoring. Crack a special gauge that
accuracy of it is 1 mm and interpolation capability, to 0/5
mm have. It should also be able to record the movements
of opening and cracks closing are vertical shear. Some of
these devices along the drawing direction and determine
the adequacy of operations and maintenance, Also read
the numbers with the camera or binocular mapping, when
the distance between the instrument readings to be
installed, must exist.
Left crack corner at the junction of the walls usually
come into existence. Here, the gauge should be hinged
crack gauge. Walls, most corners are exactly 90 degrees
angle. Swing gauge corner cracking, but easily in any
angle, even in the vicinity of a window with a 45 ° angle
fits.
If the measuring equipment used in pairs and hand out
the possibility of measuring the movements in three
dimensions of crack are also provided.

View publication stats