9th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 25 –27 June, 2018, Possidi, Greece

INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards

The Hellenides: A complicated, multiphase deformed Alpine orogenic belt. Compression vs

extension, the dynamic peer for the orogen making

Kilias Adamantios1

1Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124-Thessaloniki, Greece, kilias@geo.auth.ghr

Abstract: We present the main geological structure and architecture of the Hellenic orogenic belt, as well as the new aspects
for its geotectonic evolution during the Alpine orogeny, based on our recent studies and experience about the deformational
history of the Hellenides but also on the more modern views, published from others colleagues, concerning the Alpine
geotectonic reconstruction of the Hellenides. From the Jurassic to present day compression alternated progressively with
extension leading to the making of the Hellenic orogen, while the Axios/Vardar suture zone should be traced along the northern
boundary of the Rhodope nappe stack with the Strandja/Sredna Gora massifs.

Key words: Hellenides, compression, extension, orogeny, deformation

Introduction schists unit the exhumation was followed during the

The Hellenides, as a branch of the broader Alpine orogenic
belt in Laurasia were resulted from the convergence and
final continental collision of Europe and Apulia (Africa)
plates in a complicated, multiphase deformational regime,
with the question around the existence of one or more
Tethys ocean basins between Europe and Apulia
continents to remain under debate until today (Fig. 1;
Gawlick et al. 2008, Kilias et al. 2010, Robertson 2012).
The goal of this work was to present the main geological
structure and architecture of the Hellenic orogenic belt, as
well as the new aspects for its geotectonic evolution during
the Alpine orogeny. We based on our recent studies and
experience about the deformational history of the
Hellenides but also on the more modern views, published
from others colleagues, concerning the Alpine geotectonic
reconstruction of the Hellenides.
Geological setting
According to the traditional subdivision of the Hellenides
in isopic zones they are, from the West to the East the
following (Fig. 1,2): I. Paxos zone, Ionian zone, Gavrovo
zone, Parnassos zone and Pindos zone (including the
Koziakas unit) forming the External Hellenides and II.
Pelagonian zone (or nappe), Sub-Pelagonian zone,
Axios/Vardar zone, Circum-Rhodope belt, Serbo-
Macedonian massif, Rhodope massif and Attico-Cycladic
massif belonging to the Internal Hellenides.
In a general view the Internal Hellenides are tectonically
emplaced onto the External Hellenides during the Tertiary
(Fig. 1). A Paleocene-Eocene age’s high-pressure
metamorphic belt marks the tectonic contact between the
Internal and External Hellenides in the Olympos-Ossa and
Cyclades area (Fig. 1; Okrusch & Broecker 1990, Schermer
1993, Kilias et al. 2002). While in the Olympos-Ossa area
an Oligocene-Miocene isothermal decompression
metamorphic path is recognized associated with rapid
exhumation of the high-pressure rocks, in the Cycladic blue
Oligocene-Miocene by a decompression path with an
initially increasing temperature gradient, migmatization
and granitoide intrusions (Okrusch & Broecker 1990,
Schermer 1993, Kilias et al. 2002, 2010). A younger high-
pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) metamorphic belt of
Oligocene-Eocene age is also recorded in between the
tectonostratigraphic domains of the External Hellenides in
the southern Peloponnese and Crete island. Isothermal
decompression path during the Early-Middle Miocene has
been described for the southern Peloponnese and Crete
island (Seidel et al. 1982). Furthermore, in the Serbo-
Macedonian and Rhodope massifs Tertiary high- to
ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks have been also
described. They are strongly affected by medium- to high-
temperature retrogressive metamorphism, partly reaching
migmatization conditions until granitoide intrusions.
Decompression evolved through an increasing
temperature gradient (Liati & Gebauer 1999). Early
Jurassic and Cretaceous ages have been also dated for
high-pressure parageneses in the Serbo-
Macedonian/Rhodope metamorphic province
(Wawrzenitz & Mposkos 1997, Jahn-Awe et al. 2010,
Froitzheim et al 2014).
Structural evolution
The Alpine structural evolution starts with the continental
rifting of the Pangaia Super-continent during the Permo-
Triassic and the opening of the Neotethyan ocean. Bimodal
magmatism and A-type granitoide intrusions associate the
initial stages of the continental rifting (Mountrakis et al.
1983, Koroneos et al. 2013). Subsequently, deformation
history and metamorphism are recorded in six main
deformational events from the Middle-Jurassic to present
day (D1-D6) showing in the Table I and Fig. 1,2 (Kilias et al.
2010, 2013, Katrivanos et al. 2013). Older Paleozoic
deformational events have been strongly overprinted by
the Alpine deformation. They are recognized only as rests
in some places in the Paleozoic basement rocks of the
Internal Hellenides.
9th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 25 –27 June, 2018, Possidi, Greece
INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards
Figure 1: Geological cross-section through the northern Hellenides. The D1 to D6 deformational events are shown (modified after Kilias et al.
2013)
Table 1. Summarized the structural evolution of the
Internal Hellenides during the Alpine orogeny
1. Permo-Triassic, continental rifting, bimodal
magmatism and A-type granite intrusion.
2. Triassic-Jurassic, passive margins extension and
sedimentation.
3. Middle Jurassic, intraoceanic subduction, amphibolite
sole, ophiolite mélanges, island arc magmatism.
4. Mid-Late Jurassic, ophiolite obduction, high-pressure
metamorphism, retrogression from greenschist to
amphibolite facies conditions metamorphism, W-ward
sense of movement and imbrication. E-ward sense of
movement? D1.
Deposition during extension? of the Upper Jurassic-
Lower Cretaceous sediments above the obducted
ophiolite belt or at the front of the obducted ophioites.
5. W-ward imbrication during the Albian-Aptian (Early
Cretaceous), syn-tectonic metamorphism, D2.
6. Upper Cretaceous extension, carbonate transgression
terminated in the Paleocene internal Hellenides flysch,
D3. Subduction of the Axios/Vardar ocean remnants
under the Europa margin.
7. Tertiary compression (Paleocene-Eocene), W-ward
sense of movement, HP/LT metamorphism and
building of the Internal Hellenides high pressure belt of
Paleocene-Eocene age, progressively, emplacement of
the Pelagonian nappe together with the HP/LT internal
metamorphic belt on the External Hellenides, D4. Syn-
orogenic extension associated with high-temperature
metamorphism, migmatization and magmatism in the
Serbo-Macedonian/Rho-dope metamorphic province.
8. HP/LT metamorphism and building of the External
Hellenides high pressure belt of Oligocene-Miocene
age associated with compression and nappe stacking
in the External Hellenides. Syn-orogenic extension,
high-temperature metamorphism and magmatism in
the Internal Hellenides (D5; Olympos-Ossa, Kyklades
and Serbo-Macedonian/Rhodope metamorphic
province).
9. Neogene-Quaternary, active Hellenic subduction,
extension and intramontagne basin formation, D6.
Recent neo-tectonic activity.
During the Alpine orogeny in the Hellenides compression,
nappe stacking and high-pressure metamorphism
alternated progressively through time with extension,
orogenic collapse and medium- to high-temperature
metamorphism that was leading to uplift and exhumation
of deep crustal levels. The deformation during the
extensional stages were progressively evolving from
ductile to brittle conditions. An S- to SW-ward migration
of the dynamic peer compression vs extension is clearly
recognized during the Alpine orogeny in the Hellenides. In
any case extension and crustal uplift follow compression
and nappe stacking (Kilias et al. 1999, Burg 2012, Kilias et
al. 2013).
The kinematic pattern of extension and compression
tectonics appears to be complicated, but nevertheless for
both stages, compressional and extensional, the
recognized stretching lineation is roughly perpendicular to
the Hellenic arc; that is NE-SW trending in the west and N-
S trending in the center, with a main movement direction,
at least for the compressional tectonics, SW- and S-ward,
respectively (Kilias 1991, Kilias et al. 1999, 2002, 2010,
Jolivet et al. 2004, Papanikolaou 2013). The sense of shear
during the extensional stages of deformation and the
nappes’ collapse appears in many places bivergent,
indicating an important component of bulk coaxial
deformation during extension (Fig. 1,2; Kilias et al. 1999,
2002).
9th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 25 –27 June, 2018, Possidi, Greece
INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards
Figure 2: The structural evolution of the Hellenides during the
Alpine orogeny (D1 to D6 events). Without scale (modified after
Kilias et al. 2010, Katrivanos et al. 2013, Froitzheim et al. 2014)
Geotectonic reconstruction
According to our more recent structural works (Kilias et al.
2010, 2013, Katrivanos et al. 2013, Michail et al. 2016), as
well as a lot of studies from others researchers, concerning
the geodynamic evolution of the Hellenides (e.g. Jolivet et
al. 2004, Gawlick et al. 2008, Jahn-Awe et al. 2010,
Froitzheim et al 2014), we suggest that all ophiolite belts
in the Hellenides, as well as the Middle-Late Jurassic island
arc magmatic products during the Neotethyan intra-
oceanic subduction (Michard et al. 1998, Michail et al.
2016), subsequently incorporated in between the
AxiosVardar zone units and the Circum-Rhodope belt,
were originated from a single source and this was the
Neotethyan Axios/Vardar ocean basin. The latter closed
finally during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene subducted
under the European continental margin, including the
Serbo-Macedonian and Strandja/ Sredna Gora massifs (Fig.
2). In this content, the ophiolite nappes and the island arc
magmatic products should be considered as far-travelled
nappes on the Hellenides continental parts (Pelagonian
nappe and Serbo-Macedonian massif), associated with
deposition of Mid- to Late Jurassic ophiolite mélanges in
basins at the front of the ophiolite thrust sheets (Fig. 1,2;
Gawlick et al. 2008, Kilias et al. 2010, Kostaki et al. 2013).
Furthermore, the deposition of the Upper Jurassic
sedimentary carbonate series (Gawlick et al. 2008,
Robertson 2012, Kostaki et al. 2013) on the top of the
obducted ophiolite nappe clearly determine the upper
limit of the ophiolite emplacement (?Kimmeridgian/Titho-
nian; Fig. 1,2). In this scenario we assume that the
Vardar/Axios ophiolites are also allochthones and they do
not mark a typical suture zone (Fig. 1,2).
The suture zone between the Pelagonian nappe and
External Hellenides (Apulia plate) was dated coeval in time
with the suturing taken place during the Tertiary along the
Nestos thrust between the Rhodopes nappes, in detail,
between the lower carbonate Pangaion unit and the
Sidironero unit (Fig. 2; Schermer 1993, Kilias, 1995, Dinter
1998, Jahn-Awe et al. 2010, Froitzheim et al. 2014, Gautier
et al. 2017). It is also supported by the existence of the
Paleocene-Eocene high- to ultrahigh pressure
metamorphic belt recognized in the Rhodope units (Liati &
Gebauer 1999, Froitzheim et al. 2014), as this Paleocene-
Eocene age`s high-pressure metamorphism has been
already described for the suture zone between Pelagonian
nappe and the Gavrovo carbonate platform of the External
Hellenides (Fig. 2,3; Schermer 1993, Kilias 1995). The main
difference is that the Rhodope units are under higher
metamorphic conditions metamorphosed than the
Pelagonian nappe and its suturing with the External
Hellenides. It can be easy explained due to their
geotectonic position in deeper and more internal
structural levels of the Hellenic orogen.
Regarding the above described structural architecture, the
lower-most Pangaion Rhodope unit should be the marginal
part of the Apulia plate, which was unterthrusted below
the Internal Hellenides, i.e. the Pelagonian and Serbo-
Macedonian massifs. The latter be supposed as the
European margin at the eastern part of the Neothethyan
Ocean realm (Fig. 2; Jahn-Awe et al. 2010, Froitzheim et al.
2014, Gautier et al. 2017). Therefore, the lower most
Pangaion Rhodope unit should be equivalent to the
Olympos-Ossa carbonate unit and the External Hellenides
Gavrovo zone. The higher, compared to the latter,
metamorphic conditions affected the Rhodope Pangaion
9th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA), 25 –27 June, 2018, Possidi, Greece
INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards
unit can be explained by the fact that the Pangaion unit
corresponded to the deeper buried, towards the East,
parts of the same Apulia carbonated platform under the
internal Hellenides nappe stack. The same Apulia
carbonate platform is also exhumed in the Attico-Cycladic
massif and in the same geotectonic position but here, was
metamorphosed during the Paleocene-Eocene under high-
pressure conditions. Additionally, in the Cyclades area is
exhumed the Paleozoic basement of the Apulia plate as
metamorphic core complexes under the carbonate
platform and the overlain Internal Hellenides nappe stack
but with the latter to be appear only as rests or as
deposited erosional material in the Neogene basins
(Jolivet et al. 2004).
In this scenario, the Internal Hellenides thrust stack (Serbo-
Macedonian/Rhodope metamorphic province) should be
rooted along the northern boundary of the Rhodope
massif, at its tectonic contact with the Strandja and Sredna
Gora massifs (suture zone). Cretaceous-Tertiary nappe
stacking and crustal thickening in the Internal Hellenides
were followed by syn-to late-orogenic extension, crustal
thinning and exhumation of the deeper structural units as
tectonic windows or metamorphic core complexes (Fig. 2;
Marchev et al. 2005, Burg 2012, Kilias et al. 2013,
Froitzheim et al. 2014). High-temperature metamorphism,
partly migmatization and intense magmatism associated
the Tertiary extensional tectonic regime (Kilias &
Mountrakis 1998, Liati & Gebauer 1999, Marchev et al.
2005, Burg 2012, Gautier et al. 2017). Extension occurred
simultaneously with compression and westward-verging
nappes’ stacking in the External Hellenides (Jolivet et al.
2004, Kilias et al. 2010, Froitzheim et al. 2014). As a result
External and Internal Hellenides are constructed from the
same thrust sheets, being progressively younger to the W-
SW but with higher metamorphic grade conditions in the
Serbo-Macedonian and Rhodope Internal Hellenides
(Jahn-Awe et 2010, Liati & Gebauer 1999, Dinter 1998).
A retreating subduction zone and roll back of the
subducted lithospheric slab, under the Pelagonian and the
other Internal Hellenides nappes stack related to orogenic
collapse of the overthricken crust or mantel delamination
(Marchev et al. 2005, Burg 2012) could explain well the
extensional tectonics in the Internal Hellenides taken place
simultaneously with compression in the External
Hellenides and the Hellenic vorland.
Conclusions
I. The Alpine structural evolution of the Hellenides starts
with the continental rifting of the Pangaea Super-
continent during the Permo-Triassic and the opening of the
Neotethyan ocean.
II. Deformation and metamorphism are recorded in six
main deformational stages from the Middle-Jurassic to
present day (D1-D6). Compression, nappe stacking and
high-pressure metamorphism alternated progressively
through time with extension, orogenic collapse and
medium- to high-temperature metamorphism partly
migmatization, that was leading to uplift and exhumation
of deep crustal levels as tectonic windows or metamorphic
core complexes. An S- to SW-ward migration of the
dynamic peer compression vs extension is clearly
recognized during the Alpine orogeny in the Hellenides. In
any case extension and crustal uplift follow compression
and nappe stacking.
III. The ophiolite belts in the Hellenides are considered as
far travelled nappes, originated from a single source and
this was the Neotethyan Axios/Vardar ocean basin. The
latter closed finally during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene
subducted under the European continental margin. The
upper limit of the ophiolite emplacement is the
Kimmeridgian/Tithonian.
IV. The lower-most Pangaion Rhodope unit should be the
marginal part of the Apulia plate, which was unterthrusted
below the Internal Hellenides, i.e. the Pelagonian and
Serbo-Macedonian massifs. The latter be supposed as the
European margin at the eastern part of the Neothethyan
Ocean realm.
V. The Vardar/Axios Neotethyan ophiolites are allochthon-
nes and the Axios/Vardar suture zone is traced in between
the Rhodopes nappes. The Internal Hellenides thrust stack
are rooted along the northern boundary of the Rhodope
massif with the Strandja and Sredna Gora massifs, being
progressively younger to the W-SW until the External
Hellenides thrust sheets.
VI. A retreating subduction zone and roll back of the
subducted lithospheric slab, under the Pelagonian and the
other Internal Hellenides nappes stack related to orogenic
collapse of the overthickened crust or mantel
delamination could explain well the Tertiary extensional
tectonics in the Internal Hellenides taken place
simultaneously with compression in the External
Hellenides and the Hellenic vorland.
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INQUA Focus Group Earthquake Geology and Seismic Hazards
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