Electrical Machines 2 (Alternating Current Motors) New2015

Electrical
Machines
Alternating-Current Motors
ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS
In our present day and age, most of the power generating systems produces AC
power. Hence, majority of motors used in residential, commercial and industrial
establishments are designed to operate on AC source. Industry builds AC motors in
different sizes, shapes, and ratings for many different types of jobs. These motors are
designed for use with either poly-phase or single-phase power systems.
SINGLE-PHASE AC MOTORS
1. Inductive Split-Phase Motor ( Split-Phase Motor)
2. Capacitive Split-Phase Motor (Capacitor Type Motors)
a. Capacitor-Start Motor
b. Permanent-Split Capacitor Motor ( Capacitor-Run Motor)
c. Two Value Capacitor Motor ( Capacitor Start and Run Motor)
3. Universal Motor
4. Shaded-Pole Motor
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 1

SPLIT-PHASE AND CAPACITOR TYPE MOTORS
The common single-phase motors used extensively for various applications that
require a small inexpensive motor are the split-phase and capacitor type motors.
MAIN PARTS
1. ROTOR
o It is the rotating part of the
motor
Elements:
a. Core – is made up of sheets of
high grade electrical sheet
called laminations.
b. Shaft – is the part of the rotor in
which the laminated iron core is
pressed. It is where the
mechanical energy is
transferred.
c. Squirrel-cage winding – this
consists of heavy cast aluminum
bars located in slots in the core
and connected to one another
by means of a heavy cast
aluminum rings located on both
ends of the core.

2. STATOR
o It is the stationary part of the
motor where the field windings
or coils are placed.
Elements:
a. Laminated steel core with semi-
closed slots.
b. Heavy cast-iron or steel frame
into which the core is pressed.
c. Stator windings which are made
up of insulated copper that
produce the magnetic field to
provide torque

3. END-PLATES OR BRACKETS
o It sustains the whole weight of
the rotor and keeping it
precisely centered within the
stator.
o It also houses the bearings to
lessen friction on the shaft during
operation.
4. CENTRIFUGAL MECHANISM o Its function is to disconnect the
start winding and the capacitor
from the line after the rotor has
reached a pre-determined
speed usually70% - 80% of full
speed.
Elements:
a. Centrifugal switch – this is the
switching part of the
mechanism.
b. Governor – this is the actuating
part of the mechanism, it
operates from the centrifugal
force that acts upon it.

5. CAPACITORS
o It store electric charges and
provide a leading current to the
start winding.
Types:
a. Electrolytic type – used
intermittently also called starting
capacitor.
b. Oil-filled type – used
continuously also called running
capacitor.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: MOTOR ACTION
Field produced by magnet poles
As the field poles are energized,
they develop magnet poles and
produce flux lines travelling from north
to south poles.
Field produced by current carrying
conductors
The conductors being in the
vicinity of a magnetic field will be
induced with current and therefore
produce its own magnetic field

Resultant field and force produced by
magnet poles and current carrying
conductors
The flux lines of the poles and the
current carrying conductors do not
cross. They interact in relation to the
direction they are travelling.
On the left side, the flux lines will
be denser on the bottom as the flux
lines add up. This in turn will produce a
force on the conductor and produce
rotation. If the field were made to
rotate the current carrying conductor
will also move in that direction.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule for Motors
This rule is also known as the motor
effect, it describes the relative motion of
a conductor in a magnetic field.

TWO-PHASE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
A rotating magnetic field is probably most easily seen in a two-phase stator. The
stator of a two-phase induction motor is made up of two windings (or a multiple of two).
They are placed at right angles to each other around the stator.
If the voltages applied to phases 1-1A and 2-2A are 90° out of phase, the currents
that flow in the phases are displaced from each other by 90°. Since the magnetic fields
generated in the coils are in phase with their respective currents, the magnetic fields
are also 90° out of phase with each other. These two out-of-phase magnetic fields,
whose coil axes are at right angles to each other, add together at every instant during

their cycle. They produce a resultant field that rotates one revolution for each cycle of
AC.
Two-Phase Rotating Magnetic Field
The arrow represents the rotor. For each point set up on the voltage chart,
consider that current flows in a direction that will cause the magnetic polarity indicated
at each pole piece. Note that from one point to the next, the polarities are rotating
from one pole to the next in a clockwise manner. One complete cycle of input voltage
produces a 360-degree rotation of the pole polarities.
The waveforms are of the two input phases, displaced 90° because of the way
they were generated in a two-phase alternator. The waveforms are numbered to
match their associated phase. Although not shown in this figure, the windings for the
poles 1-1A and 2-2A would be as shown in the previous figure.

a. At position 1, the current flow and magnetic field in winding 1-1A is at maximum
(because the phase voltage is at maximum). The current flow and magnetic field
in winding 2-2A is zero (because the phase voltage is zero). The resultant
magnetic field is therefore in the direction of the 1-1A axis.
b. At position 2 (the 45-degree point), the resultant magnetic field lies midway
between windings 1-1A and 2-2A. The coil currents and magnetic fields are equal
in strength.
c. At position 3 (90°), the magnetic field in winding 1-1A is zero. The magnetic field in
winding 2-2A is at maximum.
d. Now the resultant magnetic field lies along the axis of the 2-2A winding as shown.
The resultant magnetic field has rotated clockwise through 90° to get from
position 1 to position 3. When the two-phase voltages have completed one full
cycle (position 9), the resultant magnetic field has rotated through 360°.
e. Thus, by placing two windings at right angles to each other and exciting these
windings with voltages 90° out of phase, a rotating magnetic field results.
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD IN A SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR
o A Single-Phase Split-Phase motor operates with single-phase current, but it divides or
splits the single-phase current into what appears to be a two-phase current; this is
where the motor took its name from. The two phases produces a rotating magnetic
field.
o The Single-Phase current is split by two windings, the main or running winding and the
auxiliary of the starting winding, the starting winding which is displaced in the stator
by 90 electrical degrees from the running winding. The starting winding is connected
in series with a switch, centrifugally or electrically operated, to disconnect it when
the starting speed reaches approximately 70% to 80% of full speed.

o Phase displacement is achieved by the difference in inductive reactance of the two
windings and the physical displacement of the windings. The starting winding
contains comparatively few turns of small wire. Few turns means reduced inductive
reactance and the small wire means increased resistance to limit current flow. Thus
limited current flow and few turns reduce inductive reactance in the starting winding
to a comparatively low value.
o The running winding contains a comparatively large number of turns of large size
wire and the inductive reactance is comparatively high.
o As stated earlier, the development of the rotating magnetic field needs that the
current producing the magnetic field be displaced from one another to provide
alternations in the weakening and strengthening of the field. In a split-phase motor
the current is displaced by at least 30 - 50 electrical degrees and the physical
placement of the coils are displaced by 90 mechanical degrees, This in turn provides
the displacement of the current on the running winding and starting winding
producing a two phase current.
The Start current leads the Run current by 30-50 electrical degrees.

o The current in the starting winding has already
begun to increase. It leads the running winding
current because its inductive reactance is
much lower.
o The magnetic field of the starting winding is
beginning to weaken while the magnetic field of
the running winding is increasing towards its
maximum value. This appears to shift the position
of the poles developed in the stator.
o The magnetic field of the starting winding of the
starting winding has dropped to zero while the
magnetic field of the running winding is near its
maximum.
o As the alternations in current (and magnetism)
continue, the position of the poles also changes
in what appears to be a clockwise rotation. The
poles do not physically move, it is the periodic
build-up and weakening of the poles that gives
the appearance of rotation. This therefore
produces a rotating magnetic field.

SPEED OF AC INDUCTION MOTORS
The speed of induction motors is dependent on motor design. The synchronous
speed (the speed at which the stator field rotates) is determined by the frequency of
the input ac power and the number of poles in the stator.
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
o It is the speed of stator field rotation. It is determined by the number of poles and the
frequency of the input voltage. Thus, for a given motor, synchronous speed is
constant.
o The definition tells us that; the greater the number of poles, the slower the
synchronous speed and the higher the frequency of applied voltage, the higher the
synchronous speed. Remember, however, that neither the frequency nor the
numbers of poles are variables. They are both fixed by the manufacturer.
The relationship between poles, frequency, and synchronous speed is as follows:
Where:
120 f
SS = SS o Synchronous speed in rpm
P F o Frequency of the applied voltage
in hertz
P o Number of poles in the stator
o Let's use an example of a 4-pole motor, built to operate on 60 hertz. The synchronous
speed is determined as follows:
120 f 120 (60)

SS = SS = SS = 1,800 rpm
P 4

Synchronous Speed of 60-Hz motors
Synchronous Speed
Number of Poles
(rpm)
2 3,600
4 1,800
6 1,200
8 900
SLIP
o It is the difference between actual rotor speed and the synchronous speed in
induction motors. Slip must exist for there to be torque at the rotor shaft.
o There must be a relative difference in speed between the rotor and the rotating
magnetic field. If the rotor and the rotating magnetic field were turning at the same
speed no relative motion would exist between the two, therefore no lines of flux
would be cut, and no voltage would be induced in the rotor.
o Slip is dependent on load. An increase in load will cause the rotor to slow down or
increase slip. A decrease in load will cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip.
Slip is expressed as percentage and can be determined with the following formula.
Where:
Ssl SA o Actual speed at no load ,rpm

SS = SA 1 - SS o Synchronous speed, rpm
100
Ssl o Slip, %
Slip (rpm) = Synchronous speed - Actual speed

Slip (%) =
Synchronous speed - Actual speed
X 100
Synchronous speed
o For example, a four-pole motor operated at 60 Hz has a synchronous speed of 1800
RPM. If the rotor speed at full load is 1765 RPM, then slip is 1.9%.
Slip (%) =
1,800 - 1,765 X 100
1,800
Slip (%) = 1.9%
NAMEPLATE
o The nameplate of a motor provides important information necessary for selection
and application. The following drawing illustrates the nameplate of a sample 30
horsepower AC motor. Specifications are given for the load and operating
conditions as well as motor protection and efficiency.

VOLTAGE AND AMPS
o AC motors are designed to operate at standard voltages and frequencies. This
motor is designed for use on 460 VAC systems. Full-load current for this motor is 34.9
amps.
RPM
o Base speed is the nameplate speed, given in RPM, where the motor develops rated
horsepower at rated voltage and frequency. It is an indication of how fast the
output shaft will turn the connected equipment when fully loaded with proper
voltage and frequency applied.
o The base speed of this motor is 1765 RPM at 60 Hz. It is known that the synchronous
speed of a 4-pole motor is 1800 RPM. When fully loaded there will be 1.9% slip. If the
connected equipment is operating at less than full load, the output speed (RPM) will
be slightly greater than nameplate.
SERVICE FACTOR (S.F.)
o A motor designed to operate at its nameplate horsepower rating has a service
factor of 1.0. This means the motor can operate at 100% of its rated horsepower.
Some applications may require a motor to exceed the rated horsepower. In these
cases a motor with a service factor of 1.15 can be specified.
o The service factor is a multiplier that may be applied to the rated power. A 1.15
service factor motor can be operated 15% higher than the motor’s nameplate
horsepower. The 30 HP motor with a 1.15 service factor, for example can be
operated at 34.5 HP. It should be noted that any motor operating continuously at a
service factor greater than 1 will have a reduced life expectancy compared to

operating it at its rated horsepower. In addition, performance characteristics, such
as full load RPM and full load current will be affected.
CLASS INSULATION
o The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has established insulation
classes to meet motor temperature requirements found in different operating
environments. The four insulation classes are A, B, F, and H. Class F is commonly used.
o Class A is seldom used. Before a motor is started, its windings are at the temperature
of the surrounding air. This is known as ambient temperature. NEMA has standardized
on an ambient temperature of 40° C, or 104° F within a defined altitude range for all
motor classes.
o Temperature will rise in the motor as soon as it is started. Each insulation class has a
specified allowable temperature rise. The combination of ambient temperature and
allowed temperature rise equals the maximum winding temperature in a motor. A
motor with Class F insulation, for example, has a maximum temperature rise of 105° C
when operated at a 1.0 service factor. The maximum winding temperature is 145° C
(40° ambient plus 105° rise). A margin is allowed to provide for a point at the center

of the motor’s windings where the temperature is higher. This is referred to as the
motor’s hot spot.
o The operating temperature of a motor is important to efficient operation and long
life. Operating a motor above the limits of the insulation class reduces the motor’s life
expectancy. A 10° C increase in the operating temperature can decrease the
motor’s insulation life expectancy as much as 50%.
MOTOR DESIGN
o The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has established standards
for motor construction and performance. NEMA design B motors are most commonly
used.
EFFICIENCY
o AC motor efficiency is expressed as a percentage. It is an indication of how much
input electrical energy is converted to output mechanical energy. The nominal
efficiency of this motor is 93.6%.
o The higher the percentage the more efficiently the motor converts the incoming
electrical power to mechanical horsepower. A 30 HP motor with 93.6% efficiency
would consume less energy than a 30 HP motor with an efficiency rating of 83%. This
can mean a significant savings in energy cost. Lower operating temperature, longer
life, and lower noise levels are typical benefits of high efficiency motors.

CONNECTIONS OF SPLIT-PHASE MOTORS
Note 1: The centrifugal switch can either be connected in series with the start winding
terminals. It will have the terminal marking of the lead that it is connected
with.
Note 2: The centrifugal switch is always connected in series with the start winding.
Note 3: The centrifugal switches can either connected internally (inside the motor) or
externally depending on the location of the centrifugal switch.
FORWARD ROTATION REVERSE ROTATION

CONNECTIONS OF CAPACITOR-START MOTORS
o A capacitor-start motor has the same parts and connections as the split-phase
motor except for the start winding and there is no capacitor.
o In comparison, the run windings of both motors of the same horse power ratings are
identical. They only differ on the size of wire and number of turns on the start
winding.
Run Winding Start Winding

Same Hp rating
Wire size Turns Wire size Turns
6 - 7 sizes smaller 20%-30% fewer turns

Split-phase motor same same
from the run winding from the run winding
Same - 4 sizes smaller 15%-25% fewer turns

Capacitor-start
same same
motor than the run winding from the run winding

1. SINGLE-VOLTAGE, REVERSIBLE AND NON-REVERSIBLE
FORWARD ROTATION REVERSE ROTATION
NOTE: All motors can be reconnected to reverse its rotation. This only means that, it
depends whether the terminal leads are accessible for reconnection without
opening the motor.
NON-REVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE

o The connections are FORWARD REVERSE
made inside the motor
making it inaccessible for
reconnection outside of
the motor.
2. DUAL-VOLTAGE CAPACITOR-START MOTOR
HIGH VOLTAGE, FORWARD LOW VOLTAGE, FORWARD

HIGH VOLTAGE, REVERSE LOW VOLTAGE, REVERSE
3. SINGLE-VOLTAGE, THREE-LEAD REVERSIBLE
FORWARD REVERSE
o Note that the start winding lead is
connected midway the running
winding

CONNECTIONS FOR PERMANENT-SPLIT CAPACITOR MOTOR
(CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR)
Comparison between Capacitor-Start Motor and Capacitor-Run Motor
Capacitor-Start Motor Capacitor-Run Motor
1. It has a centrifugal mechanism to 1. It has no centrifugal mechanism
disconnect the start winding and
capacitor from the line.
2. The capacitor and start winding is 2. The capacitor and start winding is
disconnected from the line after the always connected to the line.
rotor reached 70% - 80% of full speed
3. The capacitor is of the electrolytic 3. The capacitor is of the oil-filled type
type and value may range from 100 and value may range from 1 - 30 μF.
– 500 μF.

1. SINGLE-VOLTAGE, REVERSIBLE AND NON-REVERSIBLE CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR
NON-REVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE
o Non-reversible here means that the FORWARD REVERSE
terminal leads needed for reversing
the motor is not accessible outside
of the motor for the purpose of
reconnecting the motor for either
the forward or reverse direction of
rotation.

2. SINGLE-VOLTAGE SPECIAL DUTY REVERSIBLE CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR
o This type of motor has two sets of
identical winding which are
capable of being the run
winding.
o The set of winding connected in
series with the capacitor will serve
as the start winding.
o This type of motor is of the instant
reversible type.
FORWARD REVERSE

3. SINGLE-VOLTAGE 3-SPEED CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR

CONNECTIONS FOR TW0-VALUE CAPACITOR MOTORS
(CAPACITOR START AND RUN MOTOR)
SINGLE-VOLTAGE
DUAL-VOLTAGE
o The connections for a
capacitor satrt and run motor
is the same as that of any
capacitor type motors. It
should only be noted that the
centrifugal switch is
connected in series with the
starting capacitor
(electrlolytic type) and the
running capacitor (oill-filled
type) is still continuous duty.

UNIVERSAL MOTOR (SERIES AC MOTOR)
2-pole Universal Motor, 2-pole Universal Motor, armature winding
field winding in series connected in between the field poles
o The construction of the AC series motor differs slightly from the dc series motor.
Special metals, laminations, and windings are used. They reduce losses caused by
eddy currents, hysteresis, and high reactance. DC power can be used to drive an
AC series motor efficiently, but the opposite is not true.
o The characteristics of a series AC motor are similar to those of a series DC motor.
a. The field poles are connected in series with the armature and are made up of
few turns of large wire.
b. This motor does not provide good speed regulation.

c. It is a varying-speed machine. It has low speeds for large loads and high speeds
for light loads.
d. The starting torque is very high.
e. Series motors are used for driving fans, electric drills, and other small appliances.
f. Large universal motors cannot be operated without load as it will accelerate at
very high speed until the armature flies apart.
g. To reverse the rotation, interchange the connections of either the armature leads
or the series leads but not both.
o Since the series ac motor has the same general characteristics as the series dc
motor, a series motor has been designed that can operate both on AC and DC. This
AC/DC motor is called a universal motor. It finds wide use in small electric
appliances. Universal motors operate at lower efficiency than either the AC or DC
series motor. They are built in small sizes only. Universal motors do not operate on
poly-phase AC power.

SHADED-POLE MOTOR
o The shaded-pole induction motor is another single-phase motor.
o It uses a unique method to start the rotor turning. The effect of a moving magnetic
field is produced by constructing the stator in a special way. This motor has
projecting pole pieces just like some dc motors. In addition, portions of the pole
piece surfaces are surrounded by a copper strap called a shading coil.
o To reverse the rotation of a shaded pole motor, disassemble the motor and
reverse the position of the whole stator so that the position of the shading coil is
reversed , then re-assemble.
o It is noted that the direction of the rotor is from the un-shaded area towards the
shaded area of the stator pole.

FORWARD (clockwise) REVERSE (counter-clockwise)
OPERATION:
o As the alternating stator field starts increasing from zero, the lines of force expand
across the face of the pole piece and cut through the strap. A voltage is induced in
the strap. The current that results generates a field that opposes the cutting action
(and decreases the strength) of the main field.
This produces the following actions:
o As the field increases from zero to a maximum at 90°, a large portion of the
magnetic lines of force are concentrated in the un-shaded portion of the pole.
o At 90° the field reaches its maximum value. Since the lines of force have stopped
expanding, no emf is induced in the strap, and no opposing magnetic field is
generated. As a result, the main field is uniformly distributed across the pole

o From 90° to 180°, the main field starts decreasing or collapsing inward. The field
generated in the strap opposes the collapsing field. The effect is to concentrate the
lines of force in the shaded portion of the pole face.
o You can see that from 0° to 180°, the main field has shifted across the pole face from
the un-shaded to the shaded portion.
o The motion of the field back and forth between shaded and un-shaded portions
produces a weak torque to start the motor. Because of the weak starting torque,
shaded-pole motors are built only in small sizes. They drive such devices as fans,
clocks, blowers, and electric razors.

POLY-PHASE AC MOTOR
o Poly-phase induction motors have two (2) windings, one on the stationary part of the
machine or the stator, and one on the revolving part called the rotor.
o The stator winding is embedded in slots in the inner surface of the frame of the
machine and is similar to the armature winding of a revolving-field type of AC
generator.
The rotor can be of two (2) types, Squirrel-Cage or Wound Rotors
o In a squirrel-cage machine, the rotor winding consists simply of copper or aluminum
bars embedded in the laminated iron core of the rotor and connected together at
each end by a copper or aluminum rings. The rotor winding thus forms a complete
circuit in itself.
o The rotor winding of a wound rotor machine is similar to the armature winding of a
revolving armature type of AC generator. The free ends are connected either
directly together or through some resistances external to the machine.

THREE-PHASE ROTATING FIELDS
o The three-phase induction motor also operates on the principle of a rotating
magnetic field. The figure below shows the individual windings for each phase and
how the three phases are tied together in a Y-connected stator. The dot in each
diagram indicates the common point of the Y-connection. You can see that the
individual phase windings are equally spaced around the stator. This places the
windings 120° apart.

o
Three-phase, Y-connected stator
Three-phase rotating-field polarities and input voltages

The results of this analysis are shown for voltage points 1 through 7.
o At point 1, the magnetic field in coils 1-1A is at maximum with polarities as shown. At
the same time, negative voltages are being felt in the 2-2A and 3-3A windings. These
create weaker magnetic fields, which tend to aid the 1-1A field.
o At point 2, maximum negative voltage is being felt in the 3-3A windings. This creates
a strong magnetic field which, in turn, is aided by the weaker fields in 1-1A and 2-2A.
As each point on the voltage graph is analyzed, it can be seen that the resultant
magnetic field is rotating in a clockwise direction.
o When the three-phase voltage completes one full cycle (point 7), the magnetic field
has rotated through 360°.
THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR (SCRIM)
o Three-phase squirrel cage-cage motors are the most commonly used motors for
industrial applications. This is especially true for motors rated 5 hp and higher and
voltage over 200-V. The construction of the rotor is essentially that of the single-phase
squirrel-cage motor.
o Three-phase motors, however, are self-starting and therefore require no starting
windings, capacitors or other separate starting methods. This simplicity in design, the
absence of brushes, slip rings, or commutators, and consequently its low
maintenance requirements are some of the reasons for this motors popularity.
o One of the drawbacks of this type of motor in the past was the difficultly in
controlling its speed. Modern solid state devices, however, are able to provide
effective accurate speed control by varying the voltage and frequency applied to
the motors.
o Squirrel-cage motors have good speed regulation and therefore are considered
constant-speed motors. However, speed does vary with load, and if zero percent
speed regulation is required, a synchronous motor is usually chosen.
o The stator winding of squirrel-cage motor is its only winding. It serves as the primary of
a transformer by inducing a voltage and current in the copper or aluminum bars of
the rotor. The magnetic poles produced by the rotor current and the magnetic poles
of the stator interact to produce the motor’s torque. To maintain its torque
characteristics and efficiency, three-phase motors must be supplied from an
essentially balanced three-phase system. Even a small unbalance (3 - 4 %) can
reduce efficiency to as much as 80% of the motors rated value.

THREE-PHASE WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR (WRIM)
o A wound-rotor motor, commonly called slip-ring motor, is an induction-type three-
phase motor with an insulated winding on the rotor. This winding, known as the
secondary winding, with the same number of poles as the stator, is wound lap or
wave and connected as either a wye or delta three-phase winding, the three
starting leads of the rotor winding are connected to three collector rings.
o The stator winding, which is the primary winding, is a three-phase winding,
connected either wye or delta, with the same number of poles as the rotor, and
usually arranged for dual-voltage connections.
o Brushes on the rotor collector rings conduct current, induced in the rotor winding by
the stator, to a control system of variable resistance. This arrangement makes it
possible to vary the resistance and current in the rotor circuits. As in the case of a
transformer, changes in the secondary current produce proportional changes in the
primary current. This makes possible the control of inrush stator current during starting
and provides for varying the starting torque and running speed. When starting this
motor makes sure that the connected variable resistance is at maximum.

o Speed control is obtained by increasing the resistances in the rotor circuits which
decreases rotor current and increases slip at the lower speeds. At no load, a wound-
rotor motor runs near synchronous speed. Although resistances in the rotor circuits do
usual speed control consists of a variable three-phase rheostat that varies the
resistance equally in each rotor circuit.
a. At maximum resistance, the speed is low.
b. When the resistance is decreased, the speed is fast.
c. When the three brushes are short circuited, the speed is at maximum.
d. When the brushes are opened, the rotor will not rotate.
e. When two brushes are shorted and the remaining brush is open, the rotor will
sway or quiver due to unbalanced phase current. This will increase the current
and may lead to the rotor winding being damaged.
THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR (SM)
o A synchronous motor is an AC motor that operates at synchronous speed within its
load range regardless of the variation of its load. It is more efficient than any other
electric drive. It is especially suited for heavy low-speed loads served by direct drives.

o A synchronous motor is equipped with a regular three-phase winding in its stator. The
rotor is equipped with two collector (or slip) rings and DC poles, which are sometimes
called rotating fields. Direct current is supplied through the collector rings to the DC
poles, which maintain a fixed polarity. The rotor is also equipped with a squirrel-cage
winding which functions as a starting winding. Except for the induction winding in
some cases, a synchronous motor and an AC generator or alternator are of the
same construction.
o In operation;
a. Three-phase current is supplied the stator winding, and the motor starts as a
squirrel-cage induction motor on the squirrel-cage winding.
b. At about 95-98% of synchronous speed, direct current is supplied to the DC poles.
c. The poles lock the rotor in step with the three-phase rotating magnetic field which
“rotates” at synchronous speed. Attraction of unlike three-phase rotating
magnetic poles and DC rotor poles supplies running torque.
o Rotor starting equipment can consist of a type of a double-throw switch to supply
direct current to the rotor for running and short-circuit the rotor DC windings during
starting or stopping. The DC winding is shorted during starting or stopping to prevent
buildup of destructively high voltages by induction from the AC winding.
o Synchronous motors, with or without load, are frequently used for power-factor
correction. Over-exciting the DC fields can create a leading power factor which is
used to neutralize the lagging power factor produced by inductive loads.

THREE-PHASE MOTOR STATOR WINDING CONNECTIONS
THREE-PHASE MOTOR 6-LEADS OUT
Terminal Leads Marking of 3Ø Terminal Leads Marking of 3Ø Supply

Motors Lines
USA EUROPE USA EUROPE
1 U (U1) L1 R
2 V (V1) L2 S
3 W (W1) L3 T
4 X (U2)
5 Y (V2)
6 Z (W2)
7 U’
8 V’
9 W’
10 X’
11 Y’
12 Z’

THREE-PHASE MOTOR 6-LEADS OUT POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS
DELTA (Δ) Connection
EP = 220-V
EL = EP
EL = 220-V
WYE (Y) Connection
EP = 220-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 220-V X 1.732
EL = 380-V
SUMMARY OF CONNECTIONS
Voltage
L1 L2 L3 Tie
Operation
Low Voltage
1,6 2,4 3,5 none
(220-V)
High Voltage
1 2 3 4,5,6
(380-V)

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RELATIONSHIP IN A DELTA AND WYE CONNECTION
DELTA (Δ) Connection

Where:
EL – Line Voltage
EP – Phase Voltage
IL – Line Current
IP – Phase Current
EL = EP
IL = IP X 1.732
IP = IL X 0.58
WYE (Y) Connection

Where:
EL – Line Voltage
EP – Phase Voltage
IL – Line Current
IP – Phase Current
IL = I P
EL = EP X 1.732
EP = EL X 0.58

STANDARD TERMINAL BLOCK ARRANGEMENT
LOW VOLTAGE (Δ) HIGH VOLTAGE (Y)
o Standard arrangement before

connection
THREE-PHASE MOTOR 9-LEADS OUT WYE

THREE-PHASE MOTOR 9-LEADS OUT WYE POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS
SERIES Y (SINGLE Y) Connection
EP = 254-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 254-V X 1.732
EL = 440-V
PARALLEL Y (DOUBLE Y) Connection
EP = 127-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 127-V X 1.732
EL = 220-V

Voltage
L1 L2 L3 Tie
Operation
Low Voltage
1,7 2,8 3,9 4,5,6
(220-V)
(4,7)
High Voltage
1 2 3 (5,8)
(440-V)
(6,9)
LOW VOLTAGE (2Y) HIGH VOLTAGE (1Y)
o Standard arrangement
before connection

THREE-PHASE MOTOR 9-LEADS OUT DELTA
THREE-PHASE MOTOR 9-LEADS OUT DELTA POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS
SERIES Δ (SINGLE Δ) Connection
EL = EP
EP = 220-V
EL = 220-V

PARALLEL Δ (DOUBLE Δ) Connection
EL = EP
EP = 110-V
EL = 110-V
Voltage
L1 L2 L3 Tie
Operation
Low Voltage
1,7,6 2,8,4 3,9,5 none
(110-V)
(4,7)
High Voltage
1 2 3 (5,8)
(220-V)
(6,9)

LOW VOLTAGE (2 Δ) HIGH VOLTAGE (1 Δ)
o Standard arrangement
before connection
THREE-PHASE MOTOR 12-LEADS OUT DELTA

THREE-PHASE MOTOR 12-LEADS OUT POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS
SERIES Y (SINGLE Y) Connection
EP = 440-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 440-V X 1.732
EL = 760-V
PARALLEL Y (DOUBLE Y) Connection
EP = 220-V
EL = EP X 1.732
EL = 220-V X 1.732
EL = 380-V
SERIES Δ (SINGLE Δ) Connection

EL = EP
EP = 440-V
EL = 440-V
PARALLEL Δ (DOUBLE Δ) Connection
EL = EP
EP = 220-V
EL = 220-V
Connections L1 L2 L3 Tie
SERIES Y (SINGLE Y)
1 2 3 10,11,12
Connection
PARALLEL Y (DOUBLE (4,5,6)
1,7 2,8 3,9
Y) Connection (10,11,12)
(4,7)
SERIES Δ (SINGLE Δ)
1, 12 2,10 3, 11 (5,8)
Connection
(6,9)
PARALLEL Δ (DOUBLE
1,7,6,12 2,8,4,10 3,9,5,11 None
Δ) Connection

Electrical Machines 2 (Alternating Current Motors) New2015

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Electrical Machines 2 (Alternating Current Motors) New2015

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Electrical

power. Hence, majority of motors used in residential, commercial and industrial

establishments are designed to operate on AC source. Industry builds AC motors in

designed for use with either poly-phase or single-phase power systems.

1. Inductive Split-Phase Motor ( Split-Phase Motor)

2. Capacitive Split-Phase Motor (Capacitor Type Motors)

b. Permanent-Split Capacitor Motor ( Capacitor-Run Motor)

c. Two Value Capacitor Motor ( Capacitor Start and Run Motor)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 1

a. Core – is made up of sheets of

high grade electrical sheet

b. Shaft – is the part of the rotor in

which the laminated iron core is

pressed. It is where the

c. Squirrel-cage winding – this

consists of heavy cast aluminum

bars located in slots in the core

and connected to one another

by means of a heavy cast

aluminum rings located on both

ends of the core.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 2

motor where the field windings

or coils are placed.

a. Laminated steel core with semi-

b. Heavy cast-iron or steel frame

into which the core is pressed.

c. Stator windings which are made

up of insulated copper that

produce the magnetic field to

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 3

o It sustains the whole weight of

the rotor and keeping it

precisely centered within the

o It also houses the bearings to

lessen friction on the shaft during

4. CENTRIFUGAL MECHANISM o Its function is to disconnect the

start winding and the capacitor

from the line after the rotor has

speed usually70% - 80% of full

a. Centrifugal switch – this is the

switching part of the

b. Governor – this is the actuating

part of the mechanism, it

operates from the centrifugal

force that acts upon it.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 4

provide a leading current to the

a. Electrolytic type – used

intermittently also called starting

b. Oil-filled type – used

continuously also called running

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: MOTOR ACTION

Field produced by magnet poles

As the field poles are energized,

they develop magnet poles and

produce flux lines travelling from north

Field produced by current carrying

The conductors being in the

vicinity of a magnetic field will be

induced with current and therefore

produce its own magnetic field

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS)| 5

magnet poles and current carrying