FÚXNÕ‹FF‹F:

ÇWÅF]òFŒFFÊFYPºÇÅ⁄FFfi∂FU‹FºËFaŒFWF] PÊFÕF_∂Fk ∂F¤F:ıÊF‡—F¤Fh

6.0. EÕ‹FF‹F“ı∂FFÊF:ó
Eı¤FºU‹FW ⁄FFfi∂FÊFFWa ıF]“FòFUŒFFºWÊF ÇÅF·FF∂Fh ıFkıÇ_Å∂FW: ‹FF —Ffik—FfiF “òF·FŒ∂FU
ÊF∂Fa∂FW ıFF äF·F] ÊFWº¤F[P·FÇÅFó ıFÊFFaPμF äF·F] ÇÅFÊ‹FºËFaŒFÊ‹FFÇÅfiμFÕF¤FaËFFı∑FFPμF
ÊFWº“P∂F—FFPº∂F¤FªFa∂F∏ÊFk P˘ EÊF çF¤F‹FPŒ∂Fó E∑F ÇÅı∂FFÊFºh ÊFWºıFkıF[PòF∂FXNªFa
G∂‹F∂F: —F]flFFªFa: —Ffi¤F—F]flFFªFXa ÊFWP∂F PŒF:ıFkËF‹Fk ÊFÖ]ŤF·F¤Fhó ‹Fº]ÖÅk °F‹FŒ∂F⁄F™WŒF<iıFÊFXa
P˘ ËFFı∑FFªFa: —F]flFFªFa—F‹FaÊFıFF‹FU, ŒF ıÊF‡—FPŒFÚj1 GP∂Fó ÇÅFÊ‹FËFFı∑Fı‹FFP—F
—F]flFFªFXa—F‹FXPçF∂ÊFk “ºËFa‹FŒFh ŸFe[∂FW ıFFP˘∂‹Fº—FaμFÇ_źh PÊFÌFŒFFªF—FFº:<
òF∂F]ÊFaçFa◊Å·F“FP”F: ıF]äFFº·—FPÕF‹FF¤FP—Fó
ÇÅFÊ‹FFºWÊF ‹F∂Fı∂FWŒF ∂F∂ıÊF‡—Fk PŒF‡—‹F∂FWñ2 GP∂Fó
‹FªFF ÊFWºFPºËFFı∑Fk Ç_Å∂‹FFŒFFk ÇÅfiμFU‹F∂FFk ∂FªFF EÇ_Å∂‹FFŒFFk PŒFÊF_P∏Fk òF ºËFa‹F∂Fh
—F]flFFªFXa—F‹FXPçF, ∂FªFF ÇÅFÊ‹FFPŒF EP—F fiF¤FFPºÊF∂Fh “ÊFP∂Fa∂FÊ‹Fk ŒF fiFÊFμFFPºÊFºh GP∂F
“P∂F—FFº‹Fºh ÊFWº∂F]·‹F◊Å·F¤F]—F ººP∂Fó PÇkÅ ŸFCŒFF GP∂F˘FıF—F]fiFμFF⁄‹FF¤FP—F
H—FFä‹FFŒFFPºÊFμFaŒFWŒF ÊFYPºÇÅ JÊFFªFa: “F‹FWμF “ ∂FŒ‹F∂FWó ‹FPºº¤FF⁄FFŒFÇŤFh<
iGP∂F˘FıF—F]fiFμFF⁄‹FFk ÊFWºk ıF¤F]—F ŸF_k˘‹FWPºjP∂Fó E∂F: ıFÊFWaFFk ËFFı∑FFμFFk ÊFWºX—F°FUÊ‹F∂F‹FF
∂FWFFk ÊFWº“P∂F—FFPº∂F—F]flFFªFaçF¤FÇÅ∂ÊFk ıFk ıF[ò‹F∂FWó
ıFPŒ∂F EŒ‹FWNP—F ıFk“ºF‹FF Eı‹FF¤FWÊF ⁄FFfi∂F⁄F[¤FZ, ‹FW ∂F]
ÊFWºFŒ‹F∂Ffi¤FFçFFaÊF·F¤ŸFŒF¬FfiWμF —F]flFFªFb “ ÇÅ·—F‹FPŒ∂Fó ∂FW òF ıFk“ºF‹FF: ŒFFPı∂FÇÅF:

127
EÊFYPºÇźËFaŒFP¤FP∂F ÊFF ıFk£FFk ⁄F°FŒ∂FWó ∂FW òF ıÊF-ıÊF-ıFk“ºF‹Fı‹F “ÊF∂FaÇÅÊFòFŒF¤FWÊF
EF”F∂ÊFWŒF PÊFçFμ‹F ıÊF¤F∂Fk PÊF ∂FŒÊFPŒ∂Fó ‹FªFF ŸFZ F E˘a∂FFı∂FFÊFºh ÊFWºFªFb
P∂FfiıÇ_Å∂‹F ŸF] ÊFFμFUk P°FŒF⁄FPμFP∂Fk òF ‹FªFFtŤF¤FF”F∂ÊFWŒF ¤FŒ‹F¤FFŒFF ∂FºhÊFòFŒFFŒFFk
‹FFªFFª‹Fb “P∂F—FFºP‹F∂F]k ıÊFÇÅU‹Fk ∂FÇaÅ°FF·Fk “ —F®F‹FPŒ∂Fó PÇkÅ —F]ŒF: EFçF¤FıFk“ºF‹FF:
ŒFFÇ]Å·FUËFF: —FFËF]—F∂FF: EP—F EFçF¤FPŒFçF¤F∞F¤FfiÊFòFŒFFPºÇŤFF”F∂ÊFWŒF —FPfiÇÅ·—‹F
ıÊFÇÅU‹Fk “ıªFFŒFk Ê‹FF Ç]ÅÊFaPŒ∂Fó ıFÊFaºËFaŒFıFkçFe˘W JÊFkPÊFÕFFŒFF¤Fh EÊFYPºÇźËFaŒFFŒFF¤FP—F
∂F∏ÊFPÊF¤FËFa H—F ·F⁄‹F∂FWó ∂F∑F ‹FªFF Œ‹FF‹FıFFkä‹FÊFYËFWPFÇÅFºUŒFF¤FFËF‹F: ı◊]ÅPfi∂Fı∂FªFF
P˘ °FYŒFŸFZ òFFÊFFaÇÅ—FFËF]—F∂FFŒFF¤FP—F EÊFYPºÇźËFaŒFFŒFFk ıFk“ºF‹FçF∂F: EP⁄F“F‹F:
PıF FŒ∂FÎF ıF¤‹FçFh EFÇÅP·F∂F:ó EPı¤FŒFh çFeŒªFW ∂FºFŒFUk ÇÅF·FW ‹FW ∂FFÊFºhºËFaŒF“ıªFFŒF⁄FF°F:
EPÕF⁄FFfi∂Fk ÊF∂FaŒ∂FW ∂FWFFk ıFFfik ıF¤F]ºhÕF_∂‹F ıF¤F]—F Œ‹Fı‹FPŒ∂Fó EPı¤FœFÕ‹FF‹FW
ıFZçF∂F“⁄F_∂‹F-ÊFYPºÇźËFaŒFWF] ∂F¤Fı∂F∏ÊFk ÇÅUº_ËFk ı◊ÅFPfi∂Fk ∂Fºh ‹FªFF¤FP∂F H∂Fh—FË‹FF¤F:ó

6.1. ŸFZ ıFk¤F∂FF EPÊF√Fó

ıFÊFWaFFk ÊFı∂F[ŒFFk áFPμFÇÅ∂ÊFk ŸFe]ÊFFμFF: ıF]çF∂F¤FFçFFaŒF]ıFFPfiμF: ıFÊFb º]:äF¤Fh,

º]:äFıF¤F]ºF‹F:, º]:äFPŒFfiXÕF:, º]:äFPŒFfiXÕFX—FF‹F GP∂F òF∂ÊFFPfi EF‹FaıF∂‹FFPŒF EF
P∂FÚŒ∂FWó ∂F∑F ıFÊFWaFFk °FFçFP∂FÇÅÊFı∂F[ŒFFk º]:äFYÇÅ◊Å·FP¤FP∂F EFPı∂FÇÅŒFFPı∂FÇÅF⁄‹FFk
ıF¤F¤FWÊF ıÊFUÇ_Å∂F¤Fhó ∂FFP∂ÊFÇÅ-º_ËFF ıFÊFFaμ‹FWÊF ÊFı∂F]PŒF º]:äF—FfiFPμF GP∂F ıFŒº⁄Faı‹FFı‹F
òF∂F]ªFFaÕ‹FF‹FW “—FP®F∂FP¤FP∂F ŒF —F]ŒFPfi˘ “ ∂FŒ‹F∂FWó ∂F JÊF ºËFaŒFËFFı∑Fı‹FFPÕFÇÅFPfiμFX
‹FW ¤FF∂FF—F]∏FeºFfi⁄F_∂‹F—FPfiÊF_∂FF: EŒFŒ∂FıF]äFFıFUŒFF EP—F G¤Fk ıFkıFFfi¤FıFFfik, Çź·FUı∂F¤⁄F
GÊF PŒF:ıFFfik, Ç]ÅP—F∂F◊ÅPμF◊ÅμFòöF‹FF¤Fμ∞·F“P∂F¤Fk, ÊFF ¤FŒ‹FŒ∂FWó J∂Fı‹FF JÊF

128
ºËFF‹FF HºhPºÕFUFaÊF: tÅFŒ∂FºPËFaŒF: ËFFı∑FÇÅFfiF: ıÊF-ıÊFËFFı∑Fk “ PμFŒ‹F]:3ó ‹FPº
ŒFF¤F Gºk º]:äFk ıFºF∂FŒF EŒF]òöWºk ÊFF ı‹FF∏FP˘a ıFÊFWaFF¤FWÊF ËFFı∑FFμFFk ÊFY‹Fª‹Fb ÇWÅŒF
PŒF ÊFF‹Fa∂FW? E∂F: º]:äFı‹FFPı∂F ˘W∂F]:, ∂Fı‹F ˘W∂FXflòöWº JÊF ıFÊFb º]:äFk PÊF·F‹Fk
‹FFP∂Fó ŸFZ ¤F∂FW º]:ä‹Fı‹F ÇÅF‹Fa‡—F∂ÊFF∂Fh ıF˘W∂F]ÇkÅ ∂F∂Fhó ÇÅı∂FFÊF∂Fh ˘W∂F]Pfi∂‹F∂F
EFC: ∂F_μFWP∂Fó ıFF òF ∂F_μFF P∑FÕFF, ∂F√ªFF ÇÅF¤F∂F_μFF, ⁄FÊF∂F_μFF, PÊF⁄FÊF∂F_μFF
òFWP∂Fó ıFF P˘ ∂F_μFF PÊFF‹Fk “P∂F EF ıFßF‹FP∂F °FŒFFŒFhó ‹FF P˘ ËFŸºËFPÖÅ: ŸFZ FŒFFk
PŒFÇÅF‹FW ∂F_μFF—FºÊFFò‹FF, ıFF P˘ JFμFFËFŸºWŒF Ê‹F—FPºÒF ⁄FÊFP∂F E¬Y∂FŒF‹FWó ‹Fº]ÖkÅ
ŸF_˘ºFfiμ‹FÇÅX—FPŒFFºh⁄FF‹FW ËFkÇÅfiFòFF‹FWaμF i‹FºF ıFÊFWa “ ¤F]ò‹FŒ∂FW ÇÅF¤FF ‹FWNı‹F BPº
PÍF∂FF:4 GP∂F ¤FŒ∑F—FFºı‹F Ê‹FFä‹FFŒFW<i‹FºF ‹FPı¤FŒFh ÇÅF·FW ıFÊFWa ıF¤Fı∂FF: ÇÅF¤FF:
∂F_μFF“⁄FWºF: “ ¤F]ò‹FŒ∂FW...G˘F¤F]∑FFªFFa: —F]∏ eFPÊF∏F·FXÇYÅFμFF·FáFμFF Eı‹F “PıF ı‹F
—F]flFı‹F BPº ŸF] Z PÍF∂FF EFPÍF∂FFj5 GP∂Fó E∂F:ÇÅF¤F: JFμFF G∂‹FFº‹F: ËFŸºF:
“ÊF_P∏F°FŒFP‹F∑FUk ∂F_μFF¤FWÊF EÊF ŸFXÕF‹FP∂F GP∂F E∑F ŒFFPı∂F P˘ PÊF“P∂F—FP∏F:ó E∂FX
P˘ ∂F_μFF ∂FFÊFŒFh ¤F[·Fk º]:äFFŒFFP¤FP∂F PıªF∂F¤Fhó ∂F_μFF¤FWÊF º]:äF˘W∂F]‡—FWμF PŒFμFUa‹F
ıFZçF∂FF: ıÊFÇÅU‹Fk “∂FU∂‹FıF¤F]∂—FFº∂F∏ÊFk Ê‹FF Ç]ÅÊFaPŒ∂Fó “P∂F—F[ÊFaÇÅ GÕFF∂F]: ·‹FÊFŒ∂F:
“∂FU∂‹FËFŸº: “F”FFÊF—FWáFF‹FFk ÊF∂Fa∂FW, EPı¤FŒFh ıF∂FUºk ⁄FÊFP∂F, Eı‹FX∂—FFºFº‹F¤F]∂—F√∂F
GP∂F Gºk “∂‹F‹FFªFa: “∂FU∂‹FıF¤F]∂—FFºFªFa:ó ıF¤FFıF∂F: “∂FU∂‹FıF¤F]∂—FFºı∂F]
ıFF—FWáFÇÅFfiμF∂FF¤FP⁄F ºÕFFP∂Fó ıFÊFFaμ‹FWÊF °FFçFP∂FÇÅÊFı∂F[PŒF ÇÅF‹FaÇÅFfiμF⁄FFÊFFŒFh EF
P∂FÚŒ∂F GP∂F ŸFZ PıªFP∂F:ó PÊFŒFF P˘ ÇÅFfiμFk ŒF PÇŤFP—F H∂—F√∂FWó ÇÅFfiμFk ∂F] ÇÅF‹Fb
°FŒF‹Fºh PÊF ŒFË‹FP∂Fó G‹Fk P˘ ÇÅF‹FaÇÅFfiμF—Ffik—FfiF PŒFfiŒ∂Ffik “òF·FŒ∂FU ÊF∂Fa∂FWó
°FçF∂Fh äF·F] º]:äFF∂¤FÇÅP¤FP∂F “FçFWÊFX—FÊFPμFa∂Fk, ∂F∑F º]:äFı‹F ÇÅFfiμFk °FFP∂F:

129
—F]ŒF°FaŒ¤F ÊFFó —FËF]∂ÊF—FPáF∂ÊFFº‹FX °FFP∂F⁄FWºF:ó °FŒ¤FF—FF‹FW ∂F] °FF∂‹F—FF‹F GP∂Fó ŒFŒF]
ÇÅı∂FFÊFºh °FFP∂F˘W∂F]Pfi∂‹FF˘ ⁄FÊF —F]ŒF°FaŒ¤Fó E∑F °FFP∂F⁄FÊF‹FX: ıF¤‹FçFŒ∂Ffi¤FPı∂Fó
°FFP∂FŒFFa¤F °FŒ¤F, ⁄FÊFı∂F] —F]ŒF°FaŒ¤F GP∂F ‡—FÊFWºŒFFPº—F®FıÇÅŒºı‹F ıF¤FŒÊF‹FF∂Fh
ı◊]ÅfiμFFºh ÊFF °FUÊFX °FF‹F∂FW, Gºk òF °FŒ¤F ⁄FÊFÇÅFfiμF¤Fhó ∂F∑F —F]ŒF°FaŒ¤FŒF:
ÇÅFfiμF¤F]—FFºFŒF¤Fhó ÇÅF¤Fº_PÒËFU·FF∂¤F⁄FWºF∂Fh òF∂ÊFFPfi H—FFºFŒFFPŒF ⁄FÊFıFFÕFŒFFPŒF,
J∂FWF] PÇŤF—‹FWÇŤFÊF·F¤Ÿ‹F —F]ŒF°FaŒ¤F ⁄FÊFP∂Fó ÇÅF¤FF√]—FFºFŒFWF] ‹Fk “P∂F °FUÊF:
PÊFËFWFWμFFP⁄F“ ‹FPŒ∂F ∂Fı‹F ⁄FXçFF‹F ‹F∂F∂FW ıF:ó G‹Fk P˘ ⁄FXçFÊFFıFŒFF ∂F_μFWP∂F
ÇŪ‹F∂FWó ⁄FXçFWòöF“WPfi∂Fı‹F PÊFF‹FWPŒΩ‹FıFk‹FXçFF°Fh °FF‹F¤FFŒFFŒF]⁄F[P∂F: ÊFWºŒFF, ıFF
P∑FÕFF ıF]äFFP∂¤FÇÅF º]:äFFP∂¤FÇÅF ∂F©ıªFF ÊFFó EŒF]⁄F[P∂F“WPì~∂Fı‹F òFáF]fiFPºŒFWPŒΩ‹FWμF
fl—FFPºPÊFF‹Fı‹F çFe˘μFk ı—FËFa GP∂Fó Eı‹F ı—FËFaPŒFºFŒFı‹F ˘W∂F]ÊFWaºŒFFó ı—FËFaı‹F
ÇÅFfiμFk òFáF]fiFPº-—F®FWPŒΩ‹Fk ∂FªFF ¤FŒF: GP∂F ıFFÇÅ·‹FWŒF FP∞PŒΩ‹FFPμF, ‹FFPŒF
F∞F‹F∂FŒFP¤FP∂F ÇÅPªF∂Fk ⁄FÊFP∂F ËFFı∑FWó Eı‹F F∞F‹F∂FŒFı‹F ˘W∂F]-—F]aŒF: ŒFF¤F‡—FWó
G¤FW ŒFF¤F‡—FW PÊF£FFŒFFºW Ê F ıF¤F] º W ∂ F:ó °FŒ¤FFŒ∂FfiÇŤFa Ê FËFF∂Fh ¤FFŒFÊFı‹F
∂F∏FºhPÊFF‹FWPŒΩ‹FFŒF]çF∂F£FFŒFı‹F “FP”F⁄FaÊFP∂Fó ∂F∂◊Å·F¤FŒF]ıF_∂‹F EPı¤FŒFh °FŒ¤FPŒF ∂FFº_ËF¤FWÊF
òFY∂FŒ‹Fk “F—F–XP∂F, ∂FP  PÊF£FFŒFP¤FP∂F ÇŪ‹F∂FWó E∂FX PÊF£FFŒFı‹F ÇÅFfiμFk ⁄FÊFFŒ∂FfiU‹Fk
ÇŤFa ‹F∂Fh ıFkıÇÅFfiËFŸºWŒFXò‹F∂FWó E‹Fk P˘ ıFkıÇÅFfi: EPÊF√F∂F: ıF¤F]ºWP∂Fó EPÊF√F
ŒFF¤F EF‹FaıF∂‹Fı‹F PÊF—FfiU∂Fk £FFŒF¤Fhó EPÊF√F“⁄FFÊFWμF ıFkıÇÅFfi: ıFkıÇÅFfiÊFËFFºh
PÊF£FFŒFP¤F∂‹FW Ê Fk tŤFW μ F EŒ∂F∂FX çF∂ÊFF º] : äF¤FW Ê F EÊFF—F– X P∂F °FUÊF
GP∂F EPÊF√F P˘ ¤F[·Fk º]:äFı‹FWP∂F ŸFZ FŒFFk ¤FP∂F:ó EPÊF√FŸF·FWŒF °FUÊF:
ÊFı∂F]ıÊF‡—Fk ‹FªFFªFa∂FXN°FFŒFŒFh º]:äF¤FF—F–XP∂F ıFkıFFfiòFtWÅ —F]ŒF: —F]ŒF: ıFk ıFfiP∂F GP∂F

130
EFPı∂FÇźFËFaPŒFÇÅFŒFFk ıF¤FWFFk PıªFP∂F: ∂FªFF‡—F∂ÊFk ŸFZ ŒF‹FWNP—F Eî~UÇ_Å∂F¤Fhó E∂FX
P˘ EFPı∂FÇźËFaŒFP¤FÊF ıFZçF∂F¤F∂FWNP—F º]:äF˘W∂F]‡—FWμF EPÊF√F —Fºk ÇÅFPfi∂FF, ‹FF
äF·F] PÊFPÕF¤F]äFWŒF “∂‹FW∂FÊ‹FFó G¤Fk òF “∂FU∂‹FıF¤F]∂—FFºÊFFº¤FFPÍF∂‹F ¤FÕ‹F¤FFÇÅFº‹F:
‹FªFF¤FP∂F ıÊF-ıÊF-ÊFFºFŒFh Ê‹FF Ç]ÅÊFaŒFhó ∂F∑F ËF[Œ‹FÊFFPºP⁄F: “∂FU∂‹FÊFFº¤FÊF·F¤Ÿ‹F
ËF[Œ‹F∂FFk Ê‹FFÇÅFPfió
i‹F: “∂FU∂‹FıF¤F]∂—FFº: ËF[Œ‹F∂FFk ∂FFk “ òFá¤F˘Wó
ıFF “£FP”F‡—FFºF‹F “P∂F—Fı‹FYÊF ¤FÕ‹F¤FFñ6 GP∂F

6.2. ËF[Œ‹FPÊF£FFŒFÊFFPºŒFFk ∂F¤FPÎFŒ∂FŒF¤Fhó

ŒFFçFF°F]aŒF—FPfi“ÇÅP·—F∂FW ¤FÕ‹F¤FÇÅËFFı∑FWNP—F HºF˘fiμF“ıFîW~ ∂F¤F:—FºFªFa: —FºÊFUk

“F—F–XP∂F<
EªF ËF[Œ‹FÊFFPºP⁄F: °FçF∂F: ıFÊFaıF∏ÊFËF[Œ‹F∂ÊF¤FF ıªFU‹F∂FWó J∂FWŒF
¤FFŒF¤FW‹FPŒF‹F¤FXNP—F PÊF·F‹Fk çFòöP∂Fó º_Ë‹F∂FW P˘ ·FXÇWÅ “¤FFμFk P˘ °FFçFP∂FÇkÅ ÊFı∂F]
“∂‹FF‹F ‹FP∂Fó ıFÊFaÊFı∂F[ŒFFk ËF[Œ‹F∂FF—FFºFŒFF∂Fh “¤FFμFı‹FFP—F “F¤FFμ‹FËFYPªF·‹FW ∂FºhŸF·FWŒF
ÇŪFk “¤FFμFı‹F “F¤FFμ‹F¤F⁄‹F]—FW‹F∂FWó E∂F: “¤FFμFk ŒF P˘ ÊFı∂F]“P∂F—FFºÇŤF˘aP∂F
⁄FPÊF∂F]¤Fhó E∑F ŒFFçFF°F]aŒF—FFºı‹FFËF‹Fk Ê‹FF ÇÅfiXP∂F PÊFçFe˘Ê‹FFÊF∂FaŒFUçF∂FF ÇÅFPfiÇWÅ‹Fk<
‹FPº òF “¤FFμF∂Fı∂FWFFk ∂FWFFk “PıFP fiªFFaŒFF¤Fhó
∂FWFFk —F]ŒF: “PıFP k ŸFe[P˘ ÇŪFk ∂FW “¤FFμFFŒFF¤Fh?7 GP∂Fó
E∑FF‹Fk ∂FFÊFºFËF‹F:<‹FªFF ∂F]·F‹FF ÊFı∂F]°FF∂Fı‹F —FPfi¤FFμFk PŒFμFUa‹F∂FWNªFFa∂Fh
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134
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136
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24. ∂FºWÊF. —F_. 138ó
25. —FfiU. ¤F]. ıF[. 2/6ó
26. “. ÇÅ. ¤FF. —F_. 139ó
27. ∂F∑FYÊFó
28. Œ‹FF. Ç]Å. —F_. 5ó

147
29. ∂F. ·FX. 1/25ó
30. ∂FºWÊF 9/175ó
31. ∂FºWÊF 9/221, 222ó
32. ∂FºWÊF 9/153ó
33. ¤F. PŒF. ∂F.<2/34, 40, 41ó
34. “. —FF. PÊF. —F_. 3ó
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148