UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-MANILA

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

RELAY OPERATION
EXPERIMENT 1

SUBMITTED BY: ALAURIN, JULIUS O. I. PRESENTATION (25%) ____

CASTAÑEDA, MICHAEL FRANCIS R. II. COMPLETENESS (25%) ___

DATE SUBMITTED: JULY 4, 2019 III. DISCUSSION (25%) _____

IV. CONCLUSION (25%) ____

ENGR. DARWIN D. ALPIS

Instructor
TABLES & GRAPHS
RUN I:

PICK UP RATED RELEASE

TYPES OF COIL R
RELAY OHMS V A V A V A

DC 18.6KΩ 145 7.8m 240 5 160.3 8.62m

RELAY
MAGNETIC 536.7Ω 141.9 0.26 220 25 71.7 0.13
CONTRACTOR
TIMING 2.519Ω 143 0.06m 250 3 108.5 0.43m
RELAY

RUN II:
A. ON-DELAY TIMER

TRIAL TIMER SETTING STOPWATCH

READING
1 10s 10.91
2 15s 16.06
3 20s 20.4

B. OFF-DELAY TIMER

TRIAL TIMER SETTING STOPWATCH

READING
1 10s 10.10s
2 15s 15.03s
3 20s 20.14s
DISCUSSION
What is a relay?

A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn on and turn off a circuit
by a low power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

We know that most of the high-end industrial application devices have relays for
their effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically
and mechanically. Relays consist of an electromagnet and a set of contacts. The
switching mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also
other operating principles for its working. But they differ according to their applications.
Most of the devices have the application of relays.

Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can
be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used
to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of
telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges.
They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal
coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of computers,
they were also used to perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high-end
applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on.
Such relays are called contactors.

Relay Design

There are only four main parts in a relay. They are

 Electromagnet
 Movable Armature
 Switch point contacts
 Spring

Working Principle of Relay

It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit

of the relay senses the fault current, it energizes the electromagnetic field which
produces the temporary magnetic field.
 This magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the
connections. The small power relay has only one contacts, and the high-power relay
has two contacts for opening the switch.

The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has an iron core
which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil through the
contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flows through the coil
produces the magnetic field around it.

Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of the magnet attracts the lower
arm. Hence close the circuit, which makes the current flow through the load. If the
contact is already closed, then it moves oppositely and hence open the contacts.

Construction of Relay

The relay operates both electrically and mechanically. It consists

electromagnetic and sets of contacts which perform the operation of the
switching. The construction of relay is mainly classified into four groups. They are
the contacts, bearings, electromechanical design, terminations and housing.

Contacts – The contacts are the most important part of the relay that affects the
reliability. The good contact gives limited contact resistance and reduced contact
wear. The selection of the contact material depends upon the several factors like
nature of the current to be interrupted, the magnitude of the current to be
interrupted, frequency and voltage of operation.
Bearing – The bearing may be a single ball, multi-ball, pivot-ball and jewel bearing.
The single ball bearing is used for high sensitivity and low friction. The multi-ball
bearing provides low friction and greater resistance to shock.

Electromechanical design – The electromechanical design includes the design of

the magnetic circuit and the mechanical attachment of core, yoke and armature.
The reluctance of the magnetic path is kept minimum for making the circuit more
efficient. The electromagnet is made up of soft iron, and the coil current is usually
restricted to 5A and the coil voltage to 220V.

Terminations and Housing – The assembly of an armature with the magnet and
the base is made with the help of spring. The spring is insulated from the
armature by molded blocks which provide dimensional stability. The fixed
contacts are usually spot welded on the terminal link.
CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we learned how to manage and manipulate when
operating three kinds of relay namely DC Relay, Magnetic Contractor, and Timing
Relay. As we gradually increase the applied voltage the motor starts to make a
winding noise and then suddenly the relay starts to pick-up. This led us to the
ohmmeter reading from zero to infinity. We also learned that the lowest value of
voltage at which the relay will operate is called the pick-up voltage and the
corresponding current is called pick-up current.
REFERENCES
 http://www.circuitstoday.com/working-of-relays
 https://circuitglobe.com/relay.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay