ChE 131 Transport Processes

Momentum, Heat and Mass

Transfer Analogies

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 Outline

¤ Review: Transport Mechanisms

¤ Review: Equations of Change
¤ Review: Dimensionless Numbers
¤ Transport Analogies
¤ What’s next after ChE 131?

References:
¤ Bergman, T.L., Lavine, A.S., Incropera F.P., Dewitt, D.P. (2011). Chapter 6, Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
¤ Cengel, Y.A., Ghajar, A.J. (2011). Chapter 14, Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and
Applications, 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education
¤ Welty, J.R., Rorrer, G.L., Foster, D.G. (2015). Chapter 19 and 28, Fundamentals of Momentum,
Heat, and Mass Transfer, 6th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2
Transport Mechanisms

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 Equations of Change

¤ Equation of Continuity:

¤ Equation of Motion: (constant ρ, μ)

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 Equations of Change

¤ Equation of Energy: (Newtonian; constant ρ, k)

¤ Equation of Continuity of A: (constant ρDAB)

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 Equations of Change

¤ For steady, 2D, incompressible, Newtonian fluid with

constant properties
– With body forces (e.g. gravity) negligible
– Without thermal energy generation in the fluid
– Non-reacting flows

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 Boundary Layer Equations

¤ Consider the development of the boundary layer:

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 Boundary Layer Equations

¤ Introduce characteristic parameters, L and V

¤ Non-dimensionalize P, T and CA

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Boundary Layer Equations

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 Boundary Layer Equations

¤ Velocity profile: “Geometry”

¤ Wall shear:

¤ Friction factor (coefficient of friction):

– For a given geometry:

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 Boundary Layer Equations
“Geometry”
¤ Temperature profile:

¤ Heat transfer coefficient:

¤ Nusselt number:

– For a given geometry:

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 Boundary Layer Equations
“Geometry”
¤ Concentration profile:

¤ Mass transfer coefficient:

𝑘𝑐

¤ Sherwood number:

– For a given geometry:

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 Dimensionless Numbers

¤ Reynolds number
– Ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces
– Re > 2100  turbulent, additional transport by eddies
¤ Prandtl number
– Ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity
– a measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and
energy transport by diffusion in the velocity and thermal
boundary layers, respectively
– For gases, Pr~1. For liquid metals, Pr << 1. For oils, Pr >> 1

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 Dimensionless Numbers

¤ Schmidt number
– Ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity
– a measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and
mass transport by diffusion in the velocity and concentration
boundary layers, respectively
¤ Lewis number
– Ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity
¤ Thus, for laminar BL, it is expected that

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 Transport Analogies

¤ If two or more processes are governed by

dimensionless equations of the same form, the
processes are said to be analogous.

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Reynolds Analogy
– Let V = u∞
– For dP*/dx* = 0 (e.g. flow past flat plate) and Pr = Sc = 1

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Reynolds Analogy
– Same form of CE and BC  solutions have same form!

– Defining Stanton number:

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Chilton-Colburn Analogy
– Extension of Reynolds analogy for a range of Pr and Sc
Heat transfer
j-factor

Mass transfer
j-factor

– If form drag is absent,

– If form drag is present,

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Chilton-Colburn Analogy
– Lewis Relation: application for humidification and air-
conditioning operations

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Ex. During a certain experiment involving the flow of

dry air at 25°C and 1 atm at a free stream velocity of 2
m/s over a body covered with a layer of naphthalene, it
is observed that 12 g of naphthalene has sublimated in
15 min. The surface area of the body is 0.3 m2. Both
the body and the air were kept at 25°C during the
study. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 25°C is 11
Pa and the mass diffusivity of naphthalene in air at
25°C is 0.61x10-5 m2/s. Determine the heat transfer
coefficient under the same flow conditions over the
same geometry.

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Prandtl Analogy
– Considers fully turbulent flow (eddy diffusivities) in the
absence of form drag

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Von Kármán Analogy

– Extension of Prandtl analogy to include effects of transition
layer

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Transport Analogies

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 Transport Analogies

¤ Ex. Water at 50°F enters a heat-exchanger tube having

an inside diameter of 1 in. and a length of 10 ft. The
water flows at 20 gal/min. For a constant wall
temperature of 210°F, estimate the exit temperature of
the water using (a) the Reynolds analogy, (b) the
Colburn analogy, (c) the Prandtl analogy, and (d) the
von Kármán analogy. Entrance effects are to be
neglected, and the properties of water may be
evaluated at the arithmetic-mean bulk temperature.

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Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

¤ Ex. Evaporation over a surface

(evaporative cooling)

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 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

¤ Ex. Evaporation over a surface ¤ Energy balance:

(evaporative cooling)
¤ Assuming convection is the
major heat transfer mechanism,

¤ Mass flux:

¤ Using Chilton-Colburn analogy:

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 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

¤ Assuming ideal gas and converting to molar units:

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 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

¤ Ex. During a hot summer day, a canned drink is to be

cooled by wrapping it in a cloth that is kept wet
continually, and blowing air to it by a fan. If the
environment conditions are 1 atm, 30°C, and 40%
relative humidity, determine the temperature of the
drink when steady conditions are reached.
– Data:
𝑘𝐽
Water: Δ𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 20℃ = 2454 , 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 20℃ = 2.34 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 30℃ = 4.25 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑚2 𝑚2
Air: 𝐶𝑝 25℃ = 1.007 , 𝛼 = 2.141 × 10−5 , 𝒟𝑊𝐴 = 2.50 × 10−5
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑠 𝑠

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 What have we learned?

¤ Conservation laws are applicable at all scales (micro,

meso, macro)
¤ Constitutive equations relate rates of diffusional
processes to driving forces (Newton’s, Fourier’s, Fick’s)
¤ Momentum, heat and mass can be transported by
different mechanisms (diffusion, convection,
interphase)

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 What’s next?

¤ Momentum Transfer (Fluid Flow)

– Design of piping systems
– Flow over particles
– Design of fluid-solid systems

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 What’s next?

¤ Heat Transfer
– Other mechanisms of heat transfer (boiling, condensation,
radiation)
– Design of heat exchangers
– Simultaneous heat and mass transfer

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 What’s next?

¤ Mass Transfer
– Transfer between phases
– Design of separation processes
– Simultaneous reaction and mass transfer

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What’s next?
 See you around!

Good Luck!