Department of Chemical

Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

Introduction to Heat Transfer

ChE 131 – Transport Processes

Reference:
Foust, A.S., Wenzel, L.A., Clump, C.W., Maus, L., Andersen, L.B. (1980).
Principles of Unit Operations. 2nd Ed. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons. (pp.
161-162)
§ 4.1B, Geankoplis, C.J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations,
3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
 Outline
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms

 Molecular Transport of Energy

 Conduction in Series/Parallel Resistances

 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Heat Transfer  Conduction
Mechanisms

Molecular  Convection
Transport of
Energy
 Radiation
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances

3
 Conduction
Heat Transfer  It is the transfer of the energy of motion between
Mechanisms
adjacent molecules with different energy levels.
Molecular
Transport of
 Energy is transferred from “hotter” molecules,
Energy which have greater energy and motions, to
molecules at lower energy levels.
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances  This type of transfer may occur in solids, liquids
and gases in which a temperature gradient exists.

4
 Conduction
Heat Transfer  In conduction, energy can be transferred in three
Mechanisms
ways:
Molecular
Transport of
 Molecular vibration (in solids, liquids, and gases)
Energy  Lattice vibration (in crystalline solids)
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances

 “Free” electron diffusion (in metallic solids)

5
 Convection
Heat Transfer  It is the transfer of heat by bulk transport and
Mechanisms
mixing of macroscopic elements of warmer
Molecular portions with cooler portions of a gas or a liquid.
Transport of
Energy
 It also involves energy transfer between a solid
Conduction in surface and a fluid.
Series/Parallel
Resistances

6
 Convection
Heat Transfer  In convection, energy transfer can be categorized
Mechanisms
into:
Molecular
Transport of
Energy
Forced Free/Natural
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances

7
 Radiation
Heat Transfer  It is a heat transfer mechanism
Mechanisms
achieved by electromagnetic
Molecular waves and requires no physical
Transport of
Energy medium to propagate.
Conduction in  Radiation is primarily important
Series/Parallel
Resistances in transfer through space or
gases because solids and liquids
tend to absorb heat from
radiation.

8
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Heat Transfer  Identify the mechanisms:
Mechanisms

Molecular
Transport of
Energy

Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances

9
 Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer  Recall: For one-dimension,
Mechanisms

Molecular
Fourier’s Law:
Transport of
Energy 𝛼𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑘𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑦 = − = −
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances
where: qy = heat flux
α = thermal diffusivity
k = thermal conductivity
T = temperature
dT/dy = temperature gradient
ρCpT = E, energy per volume
10
 Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer  Recall: For three-dimensions,
Mechanisms

Molecular

𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘𝛻𝑇
Transport of
Energy

Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
where: 𝛻𝑇 = 𝜹𝟏 + 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

11
 Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer  Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Mechanisms

Molecular
Quantity SI Units English Units
Transport of 𝑑𝑇 qy W/m2 Btu/ft2-hr
Energy 𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘
Conduction in
𝑑𝑦 k W/m·K Btu/hr·ft·°F
Series/Parallel T K or °C °F or °R
Resistances
 Some useful conversions

𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑊
1 = 0.29307 𝑊 1 = 3.1546 2
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑚

𝐵𝑡𝑢 W 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑙

1 = 1.73073 1 = .0041365
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 °𝐹 𝑚𝐾 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 °𝐹 𝑠 𝑐𝑚 °𝐶

12
 Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer  Recall: Heat transport properties
Mechanisms
 Thermal conductivity (k) is a measure of a
Molecular
Transport of material’s ability to transfer thermal energy by
Energy conduction.
Conduction in  Thermal diffusivity ( 𝛼 ) is a measure of a
Series/Parallel
Resistances
material’s ability to respond to changes in its
thermal environment.

13
 Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer  Thermal conductivity
Mechanisms
 Units: E/tLT (e.g. W/m-K, Btu/hr-ft-oR)
Molecular
Transport of  Magnitudes
Energy

Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances

14
 Conduction Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer  Thermal conductivity
Mechanisms
 Kinetic theory of
Molecular
Transport of
gases
Energy

Conduction in  Bridgeman’s equation

Series/Parallel (liquids)
Resistances

 Wiedemann-Franz-
Lorenz equation

15
 Exercises
Heat Transfer  Conduction Through a Flat Slab
Mechanisms

Molecular Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for an

Transport of insulating wall composed of 25.4-mm thick fiber
Energy
insulating board (k = 0.048 W/mK), where the inside
Conduction in temperature is 352.7 K and the outside temperature
Series/Parallel
Resistances is 297.1 K.

16
 Exercises
Heat Transfer  Conduction with Varying Thermal Conductivity
Mechanisms

Molecular A furnace wall is insulated by a material with thermal

Transport of conductivity expressed as
Energy

Conduction in 𝑘 = 0.08(1 + 0.003 𝑇)

Series/Parallel
Resistances
where k is in Btu/hr-ft-°F and T is in °F. During
operation, the temperature inside the furnace
reaches 1800°F, releasing heat at 3500 Btu/hr-ft2.
Determine the insulation thickness sufficient to
bring the temperature outside the wall to 300 °F.

17
 Exercises
Heat Transfer  Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder
Mechanisms

Molecular A steel pipe having an inside

Transport of
Energy
diameter of 1.88 cm and a wall
thickness of 0.391 cm is
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
subjected to inside and outside
Resistances surface temperature of 367 and
344 K, respectively. Find the heat
flow rate per meter of pipe length, and also the heat
flux based on both the inside and outside surface
areas (k = 42.90 W/m-K).

18
 Conduction in Series/Parallel Resistances
Heat Transfer  Recall that the molecular transport equations can
Mechanisms
also be written in terms of the ratio of a driving
Molecular force and a resistance Driving
Transport of
Energy
𝑑𝑇 −∆𝑇 Force
𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘 𝑞𝑦 =
Conduction in
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦
Series/Parallel
Resistances 𝑘
Thermal
FLUX Resistance
 The difference form of the equation is for valid for
constant cross-section and isotropic thermal
conductivity.

19
 Conduction in Series Resistances
Heat Transfer  Consider two flat slabs of constant cross-section
Mechanisms
but different k and thickness ∆𝑥.
Molecular
Transport of
𝑑𝑇 −∆𝑇
Energy
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 𝑞𝑥 = =𝑄
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
𝑘
Resistances

∆𝑥𝐴
𝑅𝐴 =
𝑘𝐴
∆𝑥𝐵
𝑅𝐵 =
𝑘𝐵

20
 Conduction in Series Resistances
Heat Transfer  Consider two flat slabs of constant cross-section
Mechanisms
but different k and thickness ∆𝑥.
Molecular
Transport of
Energy
Driving Force at A:

Conduction in −∆𝑇𝐴 = 𝑄 𝑅𝐴
Series/Parallel
Resistances Driving Force at B:
−∆𝑇𝐵 = 𝑄𝑅𝐵
Overall driving force:

−∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵

21
 Conduction in Series Resistances
Heat Transfer  Consider two flat slabs of constant cross-section
Mechanisms
but different k and thickness ∆𝑥.
Molecular
Transport of
Energy 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵

−∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −∆𝑇𝐴 + −∆𝑇𝐵

−∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡
 Equation for series conduction: 𝑄=
∆𝑥𝐴 ∆𝑥𝐵
+
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵
22
 Conduction in Parallel Resistances
Heat Transfer
Mechanisms
 Consider two flat slabs of constant thickness ∆𝑥
but different k and cross-sectional area.
Molecular
Transport of
Energy
Driving Force at A:

Conduction in −∆𝑇𝐴 = 𝑄𝐴 𝑅𝐴
Series/Parallel
Resistances Driving Force at B:
−∆𝑇𝐵 = 𝑄𝐵 𝑅𝐵
Overall driving force:
∆𝑥𝐴 ∆𝑥𝐵 −∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵 = = 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡

23
 Conduction in Parallel Resistances
Heat Transfer
Mechanisms
 Consider two flat slabs of constant thickness ∆𝑥
but different k and cross-sectional area.
Molecular
Transport of −∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −∆𝑇𝐴 = −∆𝑇𝐵
Energy

Conduction in
Series/Parallel
Resistances 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵

−∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 −∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 −∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡

= +
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
1 1 1
= +
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

24
 Conduction in Parallel Resistances
Heat Transfer
Mechanisms
 Consider two flat slabs of constant thickness ∆𝑥
but different k and cross-sectional area.
Molecular
Transport of
Energy 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵
Conduction in
Series/Parallel 1 1 1
Resistances = +
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵

−∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −∆𝑇𝐴 = −∆𝑇𝐵

 Equation for parallel conduction:
−∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 −∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡 −∆𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑄= = +
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
25
 Conduction in Parallel Resistances
Heat Transfer A composite wall consists of 2-in. corkboard (inner),
Mechanisms
6-in. concrete, and 3-in. wood (outer). The thermal
Molecular conductivities of the materials are 0.025, 0.8, and
Transport of
Energy 0.065 Btu/hr/ft/°F, respectively. The temperature of
the inner surface of the wall is 55°F while the outer
Conduction in
Series/Parallel surface is at 90°F. What are the temperatures in °F:
Resistances

a.) Between the cork and concrete?

b.) Between the concrete and wood?

26
 Combined Series and Parallel
Heat Transfer Four different materials were joined together as a block of
Mechanisms
constant width shown below. The cross-sectional area of B is
Molecular equal to that of C. Materials A, B, C, and D have k = 0.1, 0.5,
Transport of 0.4, and 0.1 W/mK, respectively. The thickness of blocks A and
Energy D is 1” and the thickness of blocks B and C is 6”. If the left of A
is exposed to 110°C and the right of D is exposed to 60°C,
Conduction in
Series/Parallel calculate (a) the temperature right after material A and (b) the
Resistances temperature right before material D.

27
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer A tube of 60-mm (2.36-in.) outer diameter is
Mechanisms
insulated with a 50-mm (1.97-in.) layer of silica
Molecular foam, for which k = 0.032 Btu/hr-ft-°F, followed by a
Transport of
Energy 40-mm (1.57-in.) layer of cork with k = 0.03
Btu/hr/ft/°F. If the temperature of the outer surface
Conduction in
Series/Parallel of the pipe is 150°C, and the temperature of the
Resistances outer surface of the cork is 30°C, calculate the heat
loss in W/(m of pipe).

28
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer Recall how we solved the example of conduction
Mechanisms
through a hollow cylinder: 𝑑𝑇
Molecular 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘
Transport of 𝑑𝑟
Energy

Conduction in 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
Series/Parallel
Resistances
𝑄
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑇
2𝜋𝑟𝐿

Integrating both sides:

𝑄 𝑟2
ln = −2𝜋𝑘 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐿 𝑟1
29
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer Recall how we solved the example of conduction
Mechanisms
through a hollow cylinder: 𝑑𝑇
Molecular 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘
Transport of 𝑑𝑟
Energy

Conduction in 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
Series/Parallel
Resistances
𝑄
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑇
2𝜋𝑟𝐿

Rearranging:
2𝜋𝑘𝐿
𝑄=− 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑄 is constant!
𝑟2
ln
𝑟1
30
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer Recall how we solved the example of conduction
Mechanisms
through a hollow cylinder:
Molecular
Transport of 2𝜋𝑘𝐿
Energy 𝑄=− 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑟2
ln
Conduction in
Series/Parallel 𝑟1
Resistances
𝑟2 −𝑟1
The right side of the equation is multiplied by
𝑟2 −𝑟1

2𝜋𝐿(𝑟2 −𝑟1 ) 𝑇2 −𝑇1

𝑄 = −𝑘 𝑟2 𝑟2 −𝑟1
ln
𝑟1

31
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer We now define the mean area as the area through
Mechanisms
𝑇 −𝑇
which the overall driving force 2 1 would produce
Molecular 𝑟2 −𝑟1
Transport of a constant 𝑄.
Energy
2𝜋𝐿(𝑟2 −𝑟1 ) 𝑇2 −𝑇1
Conduction in
𝑄 = −𝑘 𝑟
ln 2
Series/Parallel 𝑟2 −𝑟1
Resistances 𝑟1

Logarithmic mean area:

(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
𝐴𝐿𝑀 = 2𝜋𝐿
ln (𝑟2 𝑟1 )

32
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer Logarithmic mean area:
Mechanisms
(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
Molecular 𝐴𝐿𝑀 = 2𝜋𝐿
Transport of ln (𝑟2 𝑟1 )
Energy
… and a logarithmic mean radius:
Conduction in
Series/Parallel (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
Resistances 𝑟𝐿𝑀 = 𝐴𝐿𝑀 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑟𝐿𝑀
ln (𝑟2 𝑟1 )
The heat flow rate then becomes

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴𝐿𝑀
𝑟2 − 𝑟1

33
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer  When to use logarithmic mean area and when to use
Mechanisms arithmetic mean area? r /r2 r1 r
LM M
Molecular
1 #DIV/0! 1
Transport of (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
Energy 𝐴𝐿𝑀 = 2𝜋𝐿 1.05 1.024797 1.025
ln (𝑟2 𝑟1 ) 1.1 1.049206 1.05
Conduction in
Series/Parallel
𝒓𝑳𝑴 1.15 1.073254 1.075
1.2 1.096963 1.1
Resistances
1.25 1.120355 1.125
(𝑟2 + 𝑟1 ) 1.3 1.143448 1.15
𝐴𝑀 = 2𝜋𝐿
2 1.35 1.16626 1.175
𝒓𝑴 1.4 1.188805 1.2

 For BWG pipes, the usual r2/r1 is 1.1 to 1.5.

 If A2/A1 < 1.5, then the arithmetic mean is within 1.5%
error from logarithmic mean.

34
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer A tube of 60-mm (2.36-in.) outer diameter is
Mechanisms
insulated with a 50-mm (1.97-in.) layer of silica
Molecular foam, for which k = 0.032 Btu/hr-ft-°F, followed by a
Transport of
Energy 40-mm (1.57-in.) layer of cork with k = 0.03
Btu/hr/ft/°F. If the temperature of the outer surface
Conduction in
Series/Parallel of the pipe is 150°C, and the temperature of the
Resistances outer surface of the cork is 30°C, calculate the heat
loss in W/(m of pipe).

35
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer  We first calculate for the logarithmic mean radius
Mechanisms
and the logarithmic mean area of each layer.
Molecular
Transport of  For the silica layer,
Energy
80 − 30 𝐴 = 2𝜋 0.05097 𝐿 = 0.3203𝐿
Conduction in 𝑟𝐿 = = 50.97 𝑚𝑚
80
Series/Parallel ln 30
Resistances
 For the cork layer,
120 − 80
𝑟𝐿 = = 98.64 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 = 2𝜋 0.09864 𝐿 = 0.6198𝐿
120
ln 80

36
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer
Mechanisms
 Let A  silica, B  cork

Molecular 𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑥 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝑥 −𝑇𝑜

Transport of 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 =
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵
Energy

Conduction in 𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑥
Series/Parallel  Then, 𝑄𝐴 =
Resistances 𝑥𝐴
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑥
= 0.055 𝑥 0.3203𝐿 = 0.3522 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑥
0.050
𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑄𝐵 =
𝑥𝐵
𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜
= 0.05 𝑥 0.6198𝐿 = 0.7748 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜
0.040
37
 Conduction Through Concentric Cylinders
Heat Transfer  Hence,
Mechanisms 2.839𝑄𝐴
= 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑥
Molecular 𝐿
Transport of
Energy
1.291𝑄𝐵
= 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜
Conduction in 𝐿
Series/Parallel
Resistances
 Since 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑄 , we can add the two
equations above to give,
4.13𝑄
= 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 = 150 − 30 = 120
𝐿

 Therefore, 𝑄
= 29.1 𝑊/𝑚
𝐿
38
 Conduction Through Hollow Spheres
Heat Transfer  Now, consider the flow of heat through a hollow
Mechanisms
sphere: 𝑑𝑇
Molecular 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘
Transport of 𝑑𝑟
Energy

Conduction in 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Series/Parallel
Resistances
𝑄
2
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑇
4𝜋𝑟

Integrating both sides:

1 1
− 𝑄 = −4𝜋𝑘(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑟1 𝑟2
39
 Conduction Through Hollow Spheres
Heat Transfer  Recall how we solved the example of conduction
Mechanisms
through a hollow cylinder: 𝑑𝑇
Molecular 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘
Transport of 𝑑𝑟
Energy

Conduction in 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Series/Parallel
Resistances
𝑄
2
𝑑𝑟 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑇
4𝜋𝑟

Rearranging,
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄 = −4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
40
 Conduction Through Hollow Spheres
Heat Transfer In the same way we did in hollow cylinders, we
Mechanisms
define a geometric mean area:
Molecular
Transport of
Energy 𝐴𝐺𝑀 = 4𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2
Conduction in
Series/Parallel … and a geometric mean radius:
Resistances

𝑟𝐺𝑀 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 2
𝐴𝐺𝑀 = 4𝜋𝑟𝐺𝑀
The heat flow rate then becomes

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴𝐺𝑀
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
41