Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Thin-Walled Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tws
a
School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300372, China
b
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Civil Structure Protection and Reinforcement, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
c
Centre for Built Infrastructure Research, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
Keywords: This paper presents an experimental investigation on the cyclic behaviors of ultra-high performance steel fiber
Ultra-high-performance concrete filled thin- reinforced concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular columns under combined axial compression and cyclic lateral
walled steel tubular columns displacement loading. The failure modes, hysteretic behaviors, envelop diagrams, ductile performance, stiffness
Cyclic behavior degradation and energy dissipation capacity were analyzed in detail. Notably, the cyclic behaviors of referenced
Experimental investigations
high strength concrete and normal strength concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular columns were also studied to
High strength concrete
get a better illustration of the cyclic behaviors of ultra-high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete filled
Effects of main variables
thin-walled steel tubular columns. Furthermore, the effects of steel tube thickness, axial compression ratio,
volume ratio of steel fiber and slenderness on the cyclic behaviors of ultra-high-performance steel fiber re-
inforced concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular columns were also investigated in detail. The test results in-
dicate that the high strength concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular columns represent a poor cyclic behavior.
However, replacing high strength concrete with ultra-high performance steel fiber reinforced concrete to infill
thin-walled steel tubes can get an excellent cyclic behavior. Moreover, the cyclic behavior of ultra-high per-
formance steel fiber reinforced concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular columns is also much better than that of
normal strength concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular columns.
1. Introduction increase the available space of structures and decrease the self-weight
of structure. However, when the confinement coefficient of a HSCFST
Normal strength concrete (NSC) presents several inherent dis- column subjected to a low cyclic loading is less, the core concrete ex-
advantages that are difficult to be remedied, such as low tensile hibits a brittle shear failure mode resulting in a reduction in ductility of
strength, toughness and its brittle nature. Specially, its brittle properties the column [4–6]. Varma et al. [7,8] also found increasing the steel
become more notable with the increase in the compressive strength, tube b/t (width-to-thickness) ratio reduced cyclic curvature ductility of
especially for high strength concrete (HSC, 60 MPa ≤ compressive high strength concrete filled square steel tube columns significantly.
strength ≤ 100 MPa) [1,2]. However, HSC has been widely used in the The ductile performance of columns acting as the main bearing member
construction of modern buildings and bridges around the world in re- has a great effect on the seismic performance of the whole structure.
cent years. Therefore, the notably adverse effluence of its brittle Therefore, it is eager to improve the ductility of HSC filled thin-walled
property on the seismic performance of structural components needs to steel tubular columns further. Recent investigations [9–11] indicate
be further addressed. Researchers have made efforts to improve the that the properties of core concrete could significantly affect the duc-
brittle nature of HSC in terms of material properties, and filling con- tility of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns and a higher
crete in steel tube, which forms HSC filled steel tube (HSCFST), is one ductility can be achieved by replacing NSC with steel fiber reinforced
general method of improving the brittle properties of HSC [3,4]. concrete (SFRC). Furthermore, other researches show that the same
Over the last two decades, HSCFST has been widely used in the large effect on the HSCFST columns could be achieved by the addition of steel
span and high-rise structures to reduce the cross section of components, fibers in the matrix [12–14]. In the seismic performance, Chen [15]
⁎
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: Chengqing.wu@uts.edu.au (C. Wu), zhongxian1212@163.com (Z. Liu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.03.008
Received 28 May 2018; Received in revised form 18 January 2019; Accepted 4 March 2019
0263-8231/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
S. Xu, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 1–20
directly figured out that the seismic performance of steel fiber re- Table 2
inforced HSC filled steel tubular (SFRHSCFST) column is much better Properties of fly ash.
than that of HSCFST column. Therefore, it is comparatively of avail- Properties Description
ability to improve the seismic performance of the HSC filled thin-walled
steel tubular columns by adding steel fibers to HSC. Classification F
Grade First grade
As an innovative composite material, compared with steel fiber
Component SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O
reinforced HSC (SFRHSC), ultra-high performance steel fiber reinforced Al2O3 (%) 22.14
concrete (UHPSFRC) presents more extraordinary properties, i.e. su- SiO2 (%) 52.87
perior compressive (≥150 MPa) and tensile strength, excellent ducti- Average particle size (μm) 0.5–10
lity, toughness and energy dissipation capacity [16–23]. Therefore, Specific surface area (m2 g−1) 3
Table 1
Properties of silica fume.
Properties Description
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Table 3
Properties of steel fiber.
Diameter(mm) Length(mm) Tensile strength(MPa)
Table 4
Proportions of the used UHPSFRC, HSC and NSC mixtures (per m3).
UHPSFRC Cement (kg) Fly ash (kg) Silica fume (kg) Washed Sand (kg) Superplasticizer (kg) W/B (%) Water(kg)
550 412.5 137.5 1100 8 18 198
HSC Cement (kg) Fly ash (kg) Coarse aggregate (kg) Washed sand (kg) Superplasticizer (kg) W/B (%) Water (kg)
440 110 670 1006 1.6 30 165
NSC Cement (kg) Coarse aggregate(kg) Washed sand (kg) Superplasticizer (kg) W/B (%) Water (kg)
461 512 1250 1.6 38 175
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Particularly, two hinges were setup to ensure that the system moved LVDTs (NO.5 and NO.6) were placed on one side of the column pier to
together with the specimen in testing precisely. The devices of ground measure the horizontal displacement of the column stub.
reaction force and steel beams were used to prevent the foundation of Based on the slenderness, two different numbers of strain gages
the columns from sliding under the cyclic lateral loads. were adopted to measure the axial and hoop strains on steel tubes. A
All the specimens were instrumented with linear variable differ- total of 18 strain gages were attached onto the steel tubes for the spe-
ential transformers (LVDTs) and strain gauges to measure the lateral cimens with slenderness of 10.4, 28 strain gages for the specimens with
displacement, anchorage slips, axial and hoop strains on both steel slenderness of 17.3 and 24.2. Besides, half of the strain gages were
tubes as plotted in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. It is important to record the dis- setup on the steel tube surface parallel to the load direction and the
placement of the lateral loading point for evaluating the hysteretic other half were attached onto the surface perpendicular to the load
behavior of the specimen in a low cyclic loading test. Therefore, two direction, as illustrated in Fig. 8. The results from the strain gages will
LVDTs (NO.1 and NO. 2) were placed on the lateral loading point to be used in another study.
precisely monitor the horizontal displacement of the tested specimen.
Since a slight gap may exist between the horizontal loading end and the 2.4. Test procedure
specimen surface, the values of NO. 1 and NO. 2 LVDTs may experience
a sudden jump. In order to avoid this deviation, two more LVDTs (NO. 3 A predicted axial compressive load was applied to the specimen
and NO. 4) were set up on the 0.7 height of specimen and it can also before horizontal cyclic loading test. Firstly, with the speed of 1 kN/s,
inverse the displacement of the horizontal loading point in case of 100 kN axial compression was applied to eliminate the gap between the
failure occurred in NO. 1 and NO. 2 LVDTs. In addition, to eliminate the vertical loading end and the specimen top surface so as to make sure
negative effect of the relative displacement occurred in the specimen that there was no significant eccentricity by checking the values re-
and column pier on the hysteretic behavior of the specimen, two more corded by strain gages. Then the predetermined axial compressive load
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was applied with the speed of 2 kN/s. Afterwards, a small lateral force with a controlled periodical displacements load as shown in Fig. 9 after
was applied several times at this stage in order to stabilize the test above preparations completed. One cycle was imposed with the fol-
system. All specimens were tested by the low cyclic tests carried out lowing peak drift values ( ± %): 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1. When it was
Table 6
Properties of tested specimens.
Specimen code D×t × H (mm) fcu(MPa) ff(MPa) λ nt Axial Load (kN) vf (%)
SpeUTH4 250 × 4 × 1250 149.3 152.6 30.2 31.3 17.3 0.24 1736.4 2
SpeUTH5 250 × 5 × 1250 150.9 155.4 29.4 32.6 17.3 0.24 1798.1 2
SpeUTH6 250 × 6 × 1250 146.8 152.2 28.5 31.5 17.3 0.24 1854.2 2
SpeUCR12 250 × 5 × 1250 147.4 150.4 31.2 32.4 17.3 0.12 899.1 2
SpeUCR36 250 × 5 × 1250 148.6 151.3 33.0 35.2 17.3 0.36 2697.2 2
SpeUSlR104 250 × 6 × 750 151.7 154.5 30.6 32.2 10.4 0.24 1854.2 2
SpeUSlR242 250 × 6 × 1750 153.2 156.7 28.6 31.4 24.2 0.24 1854.2 2
SpeUVF1 250 × 4 × 1250 152.6 154.8 29.5 31.5 17.3 0.24 1741.6 1
SpeUVF0 250 × 4 × 1250 148.2 150.5 30.7 33.0 17.3 0.24 1741.6 0
SpeHSC80 250 × 4 × 1250 80.2 82 6.2 6.2 17.3 0.24 1081 0
SpeNSC30 250 × 5 × 1250 32 32 4.5 4.5 17.3 0.24 684.2 0
Note: The UHPSFRC filled thin-walled steel tubular columns were identified by the notation “Spe” followed closely by the variables to be studied, such as “U” refers to
UHPSFRC, “TH” refers to the steel tube thickness (TH4 =4, TH5 =4 and TH6 =6), “SlR” indicates the slenderness (SlR104 =10.4, SlR173 =17.3 and
SlR242 =24.2), “CR” refers to the nominal axial load ratio (CR12 =0.12, CR24 =0.24 and CR36 =0.36), and “VF” refers to the volume ratio of steel fiber (VF0 =0,
VF1 =1.0% and VF2 =2.0%). The HSC and NSC filled thin-walled steel tubular column is designated as SpeHSC80 and SpeNSC30, respectively.
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beyond 1%, three cycles were adopted and the increment was increased 0.75–1%, 1.75–2.5%, 0.75–1%, 0.75–1%, 2.5–3.25%, 1–1.75% and
to 0.75%. When the horizontal bearing capacity dropped to 85% of the 1.75–2.5%, respectively, visible local buckling can be observed on the
peak lateral load or the specimen cannot resist the predicted axial compression region of the steel tube after yielding of the steel. However,
compressive load, the test was terminated immediately. the local buckling of specimens SpeUVF0 and SpeHSC80 occurred at drift
ratio 0.75–1.0% followed by yielding of the steel tube. Subsequently,
3. Test results when the lateral load was reversed, the initial local buckling could return
to the original state, but the opposite flange exhibited local buckling.
3.1. Experimental observations Furthermore, the local buckling become gradually severe with the in-
crease of lateral displacement and cannot be subsequently recovered.
In general, the failure modes, presented on the appearance, of the Fig. 10 shows the failure modes of the specimens, in which only the
specimens infilled with UHPSFRC is similar to that of the referenced HSC local pictures, about 1/3 height of the whole specimen, are exhibited
or NSC filled thin-walled steel tubular columns. All the specimens de- for a better illustration. It shows that the most extensive damage re-
veloped plastic hinges near the base stub with local bucking occurring in gions almost extended to 200 mm from the stub interface randomly.
this zone, specific performance as follows: (1) the steel tubes exhibit However, the most damage critical sections are not located on the bases
bulge and buckling; (2) cracks appear at the corner of the steel tubes, and of the columns but a certain distance away from the stub interface.
even butt weld fracture. However, the buckling process of the specimens Therefore, Fig. 10 illustrates that, similar to the observations reported
without steel fibers behaved differently as compared to those with larger previously [33–37], the stub effect could shift the most damaged cri-
volume ratio of steel fibers. Specifically, for the specimens with larger tical column section from the interface once again.
volume ratio of steel fibers (SpeUTH4, SpeUVF1), no local buckling before As can also be seen in Fig. 10, the two butt welds utilized to connect
longitudinal yield of the steel was observed; while for the specimens the steel tubes of specimens with 4 mm steel tube thickness are frac-
without steel fibers (SpeUVF0, SpeHSC80) local buckling occurred before tured except SpeUVF1 with serious cracking at the corner of steel tube.
the steel yielding. This indicates that the steel fibers could effectively Furthermore, similar to the specimen SpeNSC30, the series specimens
avoid premature local buckling caused by insufficient thickness of the with 6 mm thickness of steel tube just experienced slight corner
steel tube. In addition, it may indicate that the three kinds of concrete cracking whereas the butt weld still remained integrity. However, butt
represent different damage evolution, and this affects the buckling of weld fracture or corner crack could be observed on the specimens with
steel tube. Particularly, for the specimens SpeUTH4, SpeUTH5, SpeUTH6, 5 mm steel tube thickness. Therefore, it indicates that whether corners
SpeUCR12, SpeUCR36, SpeUSlR104, SpeUSlR242,SpeUVF1 and cracking or butt weld fracture occurred on the steel tube is dominated
SpeNSC30, when the drift ratios achieved to 1–1.75%, 1–1.75%, by the steel tube thickness and the volume ratio of steel fibers. Specific
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performance as follows: (1) when the minor steel tube thickness was reversed failure was observed on the specimens without steel fibers; (2)
employed, butt weld fracture instead of serious corner cracking oc- when the steel tube thickness reaches 5 mm and the volume ratio of
curred on the steel tubes of specimens with steel fibers whereas steel fibers achieves to 2%, the corner cracking and butt weld fracture
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yielding and buckling described in Section 3.1 again. In addition, it variables considered, i.e., the steel tube thickness, axial compression
also indicates that both the yielding and buckling would be pro- ratio, volume ratio of steel fibers, slenderness and types of core concrete
moted by the decrease of steel tube thickness and steel fibers vo- filled steel tubes. In this paper, the ultimate displacement is utilized to
lume ratio. The same effect also could be achieved by increasing the estimate the ductile performance which reflects the deformation capa-
axial compression ratio. city of an element (structure) suffered from large amplitude cyclic de-
formations in the inelastic range without a substantial strength decrease
[39,40]. For a more meaningful comparison between columns with
3.3. Envelope diagrams and ductile performance different characteristics, non-dimensional parameters are used [40].
Therefore, the drift ratio (ultimate displacement normalized with the
Fig. 13 compares the envelopes of the hysteretic loops based on the
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effective length of columns) is utilized to estimate the ductile perfor- where Δμ is the ultimate displacement when the load carrying capacity
mance of the specimens, as shown in Eq. (4): has undergone a 15% reduction, and he is the effective length
+
(750 mm,1250 mm and 1750 mm) of the specimens.
1 u u Based on Fig. 13, it can be concluded that:
u = +
2 he he (4)
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(1) The initial lateral stiffness of composite columns is considerably af- decreases with slenderness. However, compared to HSC and NSC,
fected by the steel tube thickness (4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm), axial UHPSFRC has little effect on the lateral initial stiffness of the speci-
compression ratio (0.12, 0.24 and 0.36) and slenderness (10.4, 17.3 mens. Particularly, it is worth noting that the initial lateral stiffness
and 24.2). Specified as follows: the initial lateral stiffness increases could be improved slightly, but the influence of steel fiber volume
with the increase of steel tube thickness, axial compression ratio, and ratio from 1% to 2% on the initial lateral stiffness is not evident.
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Table 7
The characteristic points of the hysteretic hoops.
Specimen code Coordinates Pull Push
YP BP PP YP BP PP
(2) Fig. 13(a) shows the lateral strength of the specimens filled with early loading stage is gradually transferred to the core concrete.
UHPSFRC only increases slightly compared with that of the column Therefore, the transferred axial compression to the core concrete
filled with HSC. However, the envelope of the specimen filled with increases with the increase of steel tube thickness which induces
UHPSFRC becomes smoother, especially for the descending branch. adverse effect on the post-peak performance [42].
This obviously means UHPSFRC could improve the ductile perfor- (5) Fig. 13(d) compares the envelops of the specimens suffered from
mance as expected, which is reflected in the post-peak performance different axial compression ratios. It obviously shows that the lat-
of the thin-walled composite columns. For better calibrating this eral strength increases with the increase of axial compression ratio.
conclusion, the ultimate drift ratios are compared, as following: the However, it decreases faster with the increase of axial compression
ultimate drift ratio of the specimen SpeUTH4 is 3.7%, which in- ratio after peak lateral strength which indicates a more brittle post-
creases 12.1% compared with that of the specimen SpeHSC80 peak performance. In addition, the ultimate drift ratios of the spe-
(3.3%). cimens are also compared for a better illustration of the conclu-
(3) Fig. 13(b) illustrates the lateral strength of the specimen SpeUTH5 sions. Compared with the ultimate drift ratio of the specimen
increases significantly compared to the specimen SpeNSC30. More SpeUCR12 (5.96%), the ultimate drift ratios of the specimen
importantly, it also shows the descending branches of the envelope SpeUTH5 and SpeUCR36 decrease 28.7% and 35.9–4.25% and
of specimen SpeUTH5 is somewhat smoother than that of specimen 3.82%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing
SpeNSC30. The ultimate drift ratio of the specimen SpeUTH5 the axial compression ratio would impair improve the ductile per-
(4.38%) just increases about 3% compared with that of the spe- formance of the UHPSFRC filled thin-walled steel tubular columns
cimen SpeNSC30 (4.25%). This clearly means, dissimilar to the HSC significantly.
filled thin-walled steel tubular columns, the ductile performance of (6) As can be seen in Fig. 13(e), the lateral strength changes with the
the UHPSFRC filled thin-walled steel tubular columns is much increase of steel fiber volume ratio, as analyzed in Section 3.2.
better than that of NSC filled thin-walled steel tubular columns. Furthermore, the descending branches of these envelops become
(4) It can be seen in Fig. 13(c) that the lateral strength of the UHPSFRC smother smoother with the increase of steel fiber volume ratio,
filled thin-walled steel tubular columns increases with the increase which indicates a better post-peak performance. For a better illus-
of steel tube thickness. However, the post-peak slope in the envelop tration of the enhancement effect of increasing steel fiber volume
curves does not always become more gradual with increase of the ratio on the ductile performance, the ultimate drift ratios are also
steel tube thickness whereas even steeper for some cases. For in- compared in detail. The ultimate drift ratio of specimen SpeUVF0 is
stance, the descending branch becomes smoother with the increase 0.031, compared with that, the ultimate drift ratios of specimens
of steel tube thickness when the steel tube thickness is below 5 mm, SpeUVF1 and SpeUTH4 are 3.4% and 3.67% which increases 9.7%
but it becomes steeper when the steel tube thickness increases to and 19.4%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that in-
6 mm. This conclusion could be further validated by comparing the creasing the volume ratio of steel fibers has a positive effect on
ultimate drift ratios, as following: the ultimate drift ratios of the improving the ductile performance of UHPSFRC filled thin-walled
specimen SpeUTH4, SpeUTH5 and SpeUTH6 are 3.67%, 4.25% and steel tubular columns as expected.
3.64%, respectively. The above observations reflect that the ductile (7) Fig. 13(f) clearly shows the slenderness has a great effect on lateral
performance does not necessarily improve with increase of the steel strength of the specimens as analyzed in Section 3.2. It also ob-
tube thickness and it is somewhat contradictory to common intui- viously indicates the lateral strength experiences a dramatic drop
tion [7,41]. This may be due to the actually applied axial com- when the slenderness decreases to 10.4. However, the descending
pression on the core concrete after steel tube buckling is sig- branches of the other envelops are rather smoother. This means
nificantly different when the axial compression keeps a constant increasing the slenderness could improve the ductile performance
value. In other words, after steel tube buckling, a large portion of of the UHPSFRC filled thin-walled steel tubular columns. For a
the axial compression originally supported by the steel tube at the better illustration, the ultimate drift ratios are also compared. The
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ultimate drift ratio of the specimen SpeUSlR104 is 3.18%, compared Earthquake Resistance” is 0.01–0.025 based on the importance
with that, the ultimate drift ratios of specimens SpeUTH6 and factors in terms of buildings service period [44]. The limits are
SpeUSlR242 are 3.67% and 4.4% which increases 15.4% and 18.4%, utilized as references to evaluate the ductile performance of the
respectively. tested specimens in this paper since they are not necessarily relative
(8) The limiting plastic drift ratio for CFST frame structure suffered to structural damage or collapse [45]. Fig. 14 clearly shows that the
from rare earthquake in the Chinese seismic design code “Technical ultimate drift ratio of all specimen changes from 3.2% to 5.96%,
Code for Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Structures” is 0.02 (1/50) which is larger than the limits restricted in the current seismic
[43], and that defined in Eurocode8 “Design of Structures for design guidelines. Therefore, it indicates that the UHPSFRC filled
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tubular columns. Meanwhile, it is also observed that UHPSFRC re- thickness. In addition, the lateral strength, lateral stiffness and cu-
presents a certain degree of completeness whereas the NSC and HSC mulative dissipated energy also increase with the increase of steel
are almost crushed after columns failure. tube thickness, but the ductile performance represents deterioration
(3) The hysteretic loops become plumper with the increase of steel tube when steel tube thickness is beyond 6 mm. Therefore, the
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recommended steel tube thickness should be between 4 mm and (5) By increasing the volume ratio of steel fiber, the narrow hysteretic
6 mm in comprehensive consideration. loops can be converted to plump hysteretic loops. Moreover, the
(4) Similar to the specimens suffered low axial compression ratio, lateral strength is improved when the steel fiber volume ratio in-
plump hysteretic loops can also be derived for the specimens under creases to 1% from 0, but little difference exists in the lateral
higher axial compression ratio. strength when the volume ratio of steel fiber changes to 2% from
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