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Noun
identify people, places, things, and ideas. Nouns can be categorized as either common or proper
A.TYPES
1.Proper Noun
is a noun that in its primary application refers to a unique entity, such as London, Jupiter, Sarah,
or Microsoft, as distinguished from a common noun, which usually refers to a class of entities (city,
planet, person, corporation)
2.Common Noun
e.g.,
3.Compound Noun
e.g.,
4.Concrete Noun
A concrete noun is a noun which can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, touch, sight,
hearing, smell).
e.eg.,
a.phone b. cookies
5.Abstract Noun
words that name things that are not concrete. Your five physical senses cannot detect an abstract noun –
you can’t see it, smell it, taste it, hear it, or touch it. In essence, an abstract noun is a quality, a concept, an
idea, or maybe even an event.
e.g.,
a. knowledge
b. love
6.Countable Noun
a. dog/dogs
b. woman/women
7.Uncountable Noun
names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too amorphous to be counted.
e.g.,
a. soil
b. powder
B.Clauses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause
is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete propositiona particular and separate
article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract.
1.Nominative Clauses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case
is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a
verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective
e.g.,
2. He was seen.
2. Objective clause
is the form of a noun or pronoun used in the direct object, indirect object, object of preposition, object
complement, and subject of an infinitive.The word whom is also in the objective case.
e.g.,
2.Possesive Clause
e.g.,
1. Francine's sweater
2. George's grandfather
C.Gender Noun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender
system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the
language, such as adjectives, articles, or verbs.
Feminine
e.g.,
girl ,daughter,madam,princess,etc.
2. Masculine
e.g.,
boy,brother,king,sir,prince,etc.
3.Common
are nouns that are used for both males and females.
sow,boar,tom,queen,etc
4.Nueter
e.g.,
air,basket,car,cellphone,etc.
II.Pronouns
www.grammarbook.com/grammar/pronoun.asp
A.Types
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/types-of-pronouns.html
1. Personal
personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the
grammatical sense.
e.g.,
I,you,she,me,them
2.Reflexive
reflexive pronoun is a type of pronoun that is preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun
to which it refers, so long as that antecedent is located within the same clause. e.g.,
myself.yourself,themselves, ,
3.Demonstrative
adjectives modify nouns - the most popular are this, that, these and those. The only difference between
demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives is that demonstrative adjectives are followed by
nouns while demonstrative pronouns are not.
e.g., this,that,those,these
4.Interrogative
pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are five interrogative pronouns. Each
one is used to ask a very specific question.
e.g.,
what,which,who,whom,whose
5.Indefinite
indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount.
6.Relative
e.g.,
whoever,whomever,whichever
7. Possesive
e.g.,
my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your and yours.
http://www.mesacc.edu/~paoih30491/PointofView.html
III.Verbs
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/
signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs
always express activity.e.g,
A.Ten Tenses
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/verb_forms_and_tenses10.html
I study English.
He studies English.
2. PAST (past tense of main verb)
e.g.,
I studied English.
He studied English.
I am studying English.
He is studying English.
8. PAST PROGRESSIVE (past tense of form "be" verb + "ing" form of main verb)
e.g.,
e.g.,
B.Types
http://www.englishleap.com/grammar/verbs
Action Verbs
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/
Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to show action or discuss someone
doing something.
Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. These verbs always have direct
objects, meaning someone or something receives the action of the verb.
Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. No direct object follows an
intransitive verb.
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together with a main verb to show the
verb’s tense or to form a question or negative.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typically relate
to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements.
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and
obligations.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are used together to take
on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past
participle verbs.
simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both
need to be plural.
e.eg.,
IV.Adjective
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective
is a describing word, the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving
more information about the object signified.[1]
A.Types
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/gradable-and-non-gradable-adjectives
1.Gradable
e.g.,
2.Non-gradable
adjectives are those with meanings which cannot be modified by adverbs. For example:
e.g.,
1. He was really terrified.
2. It's pretty ridiculous when you think about it.
B.Sequence
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/order-of-adjectives/
1. General opinion
2. Specific opinion
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Age
6. Color
7. Nationality
8. material
For example:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/adjectives/order-
adjectives#sthash.lwXszysD.dpuf
V.Adverbs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb
A.Types
http://www.studyandexam.com/adverb2.html
Adverb of Place.
Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur.
Examples.
Adverb of time
These adverbs tell us about the time of action. e.g. now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight,
again, early, yesterday.
Examples.
I will buy a computer tomorrow.
Adverb of frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur.
Examples.
B. Rules in Positioning
Many adverbs can go in all three positions. Some adverbs can go in mid- and
Adverbs which join a clause to what came before usually go at the beginning.
Some of us wanted to go on a picnic; however, John did not like the idea.
literary writing.
VI.Preposition
In English, some prepositions are short, mostly containing six letters or fewer. There are, however,
many multi-word prepositions. Throughout the history of the English language, new prepositions
have come into use, old ones have fallen out of use, and the meanings of existing prepositions have
changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed class.
e.g.,
http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition2.html
e.g.,
e.g.,
VII.Conjunction
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm
join equals to one another: words to words phrases to phrases ,clauses to clauses.
e.g.,
They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.
A. Types
Coordinating
Types of Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect
two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses.
Both, and: Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year.
Neither, nor: Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year.
Not only, but also: Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also become one of the strongest
players.
Remember these three types of conjunctions - coordinate, subordinate and correlative conjunctions - and
you've got one part of speech down pat.
SOURCES:
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/types-
nouns/http://www.englishgrammar.org/position-adverbs-detailed-
rules/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions