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I.

Noun

identify people, places, things, and ideas. Nouns can be categorized as either common or proper

A.TYPES

1.Proper Noun

is a noun that in its primary application refers to a unique entity, such as London, Jupiter, Sarah,
or Microsoft, as distinguished from a common noun, which usually refers to a class of entities (city,
planet, person, corporation)

2.Common Noun

a noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual.

e.g.,

a. You broke my favorite vase.

b. I really want a new pair of shoes.

3.Compound Noun

a noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual..

e.g.,

It’s Honda, Tokyo, and Ms. Wong

4.Concrete Noun

A concrete noun is a noun which can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, touch, sight,
hearing, smell).

e.eg.,

a.phone b. cookies

5.Abstract Noun

words that name things that are not concrete. Your five physical senses cannot detect an abstract noun –
you can’t see it, smell it, taste it, hear it, or touch it. In essence, an abstract noun is a quality, a concept, an
idea, or maybe even an event.

e.g.,

a. knowledge
b. love

6.Countable Noun

Anything that can be counted, whether singular

a. dog/dogs

b. woman/women

7.Uncountable Noun

names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too amorphous to be counted.

e.g.,

a. soil

b. powder

B.Clauses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause

is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete propositiona particular and separate
article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract.

1.Nominative Clauses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case

is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a
verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective
e.g.,

1. The girl saw him.

2. He was seen.

2. Objective clause

is the form of a noun or pronoun used in the direct object, indirect object, object of preposition, object
complement, and subject of an infinitive.The word whom is also in the objective case.
e.g.,

Please send him immediately.

2.Possesive Clause

of a noun or pronoun shows ownership or association.

e.g.,
1. Francine's sweater

2. George's grandfather

C.Gender Noun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender

system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the
language, such as adjectives, articles, or verbs.

Feminine

are words for women, girls and female animals.

e.g.,

girl ,daughter,madam,princess,etc.

2. Masculine

are words for men, boys, and male animals.

e.g.,

boy,brother,king,sir,prince,etc.

3.Common

are nouns that are used for both males and females.

sow,boar,tom,queen,etc

4.Nueter

are words for things that are not alive.

e.g.,

air,basket,car,cellphone,etc.

II.Pronouns

www.grammarbook.com/grammar/pronoun.asp

A.Types

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/types-of-pronouns.html

1. Personal
personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the
grammatical sense.
e.g.,
I,you,she,me,them

2.Reflexive

reflexive pronoun is a type of pronoun that is preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun
to which it refers, so long as that antecedent is located within the same clause. e.g.,

myself.yourself,themselves, ,

3.Demonstrative

adjectives modify nouns - the most popular are this, that, these and those. The only difference between
demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives is that demonstrative adjectives are followed by
nouns while demonstrative pronouns are not.

Read more at http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/what-is-a-demonstrative-


pronoun.html#4C0iX4s8jDk71QyT.99

e.g., this,that,those,these

4.Interrogative

pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are five interrogative pronouns. Each
one is used to ask a very specific question.

e.g.,

what,which,who,whom,whose

5.Indefinite

indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount.

e.g. all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each,everybody/everyone, everything, few,


many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone.

6.Relative

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces arelative clause.

e.g.,

whoever,whomever,whichever

7. Possesive

all words that demonstrate ownership.

e.g.,
my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your and yours.

B. Table of Point of View

http://www.mesacc.edu/~paoih30491/PointofView.html

Point of View List of Pronouns Typical Writing Occasions


1st Person
-A Personal narrative
-It can be appropriate in a formal
(Typically where
I, me, mine, myself, we, academic essay ONLY WHEN
students use
us, ours, ourselves giving a specific personal
their"Spoken Voice"; in
experience as a form of
most cases 1st person
argumentative evidence
should be avoided)
2nd Person
-A letter or email
You, yours, yourself,
(This is NEVER -A written speech or public address
yourselves
appropriate in the -Directions (pamphlets, etc.)
formal academic essay)
3rd Person
-Formal academic writing, including:
he, she, it, him, her, his,
Argumentative, Summary/Response,
(Typically where hers, himself, herself,
Compare/Contrast, Expository
students use their itself, they, them theirs,
Essays, Descriptive Narrative,
"Written Voice"; this IS themselves
Research
appropriate)

III.Verbs

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/

signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs
always express activity.e.g,

1. Harold drove all the way to Toronto.

2. Sheila slept all the way to Toronto.

A.Ten Tenses

http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/verb_forms_and_tenses10.html

1. PRESENT (main verb)


e.g.,

I study English.
He studies English.
2. PAST (past tense of main verb)
e.g.,

I studied English.
He studied English.

3. FUTURE (will or shall + main verb)


e.g.,

I will study English.


He will study English.

4. PRESENT PERFECT (have or has + past participle of verb)


e.g,

I have studied English.


He has studied English.

5. PAST PERFECT (had + past participle of verb)


e.g.,

I had studied English.


He had studied English.

6. FUTURE PERFECT (will or shall + have + past participle of verb)


e.g.,

I will have studied English.


He will have studied English.

7. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (form of "be" verb + "ing" form of main verb)


e.g.,

I am studying English.
He is studying English.

8. PAST PROGRESSIVE (past tense of form "be" verb + "ing" form of main verb)
e.g.,

I was studying English.


He was studying English.

9. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (will or shall +be + "ing" form of main verb)


e.g.,
I will be studying English.
He will be studying English.

10. SIMPLE (tells you when the action happens.)

e.g.,

I run a marathon twice a year. I ran a marathon last year.

B.Types

http://www.englishleap.com/grammar/verbs

Action Verbs
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/

Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to show action or discuss someone
doing something.

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. These verbs always have direct
objects, meaning someone or something receives the action of the verb.

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. No direct object follows an
intransitive verb.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together with a main verb to show the
verb’s tense or to form a question or negative.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an action. They typically relate
to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and
obligations.

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that are used together to take
on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past
participle verbs.

C.Subject Verb Agre http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-subject-verb-ement

simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both
need to be plural.
e.eg.,

These clothes are too small for me.


Peter doesn’t like vegetables.

IV.Adjective
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective

is a describing word, the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving
more information about the object signified.[1]

A.Types

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/gradable-and-non-gradable-adjectives

1.Gradable

Gradable adjectives show that something can have different degrees.

e.g.,

1. Please don't forget! It'sreally important.


2. He's a fairly rich man.

2.Non-gradable

adjectives are those with meanings which cannot be modified by adverbs. For example:
e.g.,
1. He was really terrified.
2. It's pretty ridiculous when you think about it.

B.Sequence

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/order-of-adjectives/

1. General opinion
2. Specific opinion
3. Size
4. Shape
5. Age
6. Color
7. Nationality
8. material
For example:

1.Our teacher was ill.

2.My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.

3.The policeman seemed to be very annoyed –

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/adjectives/order-
adjectives#sthash.lwXszysD.dpuf

V.Adverbs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb

is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.


e.g.,

. "To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive."


(Robert Louis Stevenson)

"War puts its questions stupidly, peace mysteriously."


(Andre Malraux)

A.Types

http://www.studyandexam.com/adverb2.html

Adverb of Place.

Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur.

Examples.

He will come here.

The children are playing outside.

Adverb of time

These adverbs tell us about the time of action. e.g. now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight,
again, early, yesterday.

Examples.
I will buy a computer tomorrow.

The guest came yesterday. .

Adverb of frequency

Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur.

Examples.

He goes to school daily.

She never smokes.

B. Rules in Positioning

Different kinds of adverbs go in different positions in a sentence. Here are

some general rules.

Adverbs cannot go between a verb and its object.

He speaks English well. (NOT He speaks well English.)

An adverb can go in three positions:

1. At the beginning of a clause

2. With the verb (mid-position)

3. At the end of the a clause

Many adverbs can go in all three positions. Some adverbs can go in mid- and

end positions. Longer adverb phrases do not usually go in mid-position.

Adverbs that can go at the beginning of a clause

Adverbs which join a clause to what came before usually go at the beginning.

Examples are: however, then, next, besides, anyway etc.

Some of us wanted to go on a picnic; however, John did not like the idea.

He finished his work. Then he went home.

Mid-position is also possible in a formal style.

He then went home.

he, however, didn’t like the idea.


The adverbs usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally can go at the beginning or
end of a clause.

Sometimes I think I should find a better job.

Often I get headaches.

Adverbs of place can also go at the beginning of a clause, especially in

literary writing.

At the end of the street there was a toy store.

VI.Preposition

In English, some prepositions are short, mostly containing six letters or fewer. There are, however,
many multi-word prepositions. Throughout the history of the English language, new prepositions
have come into use, old ones have fallen out of use, and the meanings of existing prepositions have
changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed class.

e.g.,

'during' the lecture

'across' the yard

A.Types and Uses

http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition2.html

Prepositions for Time. (in, on, at)


Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on at etc.

e.g.,

He was born in 1945.


She will go to New York on 25th of March.

Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)


Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

e.g.,

Students study in library.

The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall.


Preposition for Direction.
(to, toward, through, into)
Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will
help in better understanding.
Examples.
He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

Preposition for Agent. (by)


Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions
are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.
Examples.
The tub is filled with water.
The work was completed by him.

Preposition for device, instrument or machine.


Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on
etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.
Examples.
She comes by bus daily.
He opened the lock with key.

VII.Conjunction
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm

join equals to one another: words to words phrases to phrases ,clauses to clauses.
e.g.,
They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.

"They gamble, and they smoke."

A. Types

Coordinating
Types of Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect
two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses.

John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.


The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch.
Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers.
Subordinating
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The
subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions “when” or “why” about the main
clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it.

I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)


Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why)
Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it
comes at the beginning of the first clause.
Correlative
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because
they join sentence elements that are similar in importance.

The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions:

Both, and: Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year.

Neither, nor: Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year.

Not only, but also: Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also become one of the strongest
players.

Remember these three types of conjunctions - coordinate, subordinate and correlative conjunctions - and
you've got one part of speech down pat.
SOURCES:
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/types-
nouns/http://www.englishgrammar.org/position-adverbs-detailed-
rules/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions

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